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physics
college physics 2nd
College Physics 2nd Edition OpenStax - Solutions
The length of nylon rope from which a mountain climber is suspended has a force constant of 1.40 × 104 N/m(a) What is the frequency at which he bounces, given his mass plus and the mass of his equipment are 90.0 kg? Ignore the change in gravitational potential energy after the cord begins to
Name an example from daily life (different from the text) for each mechanism of heat transfer.
Many figures in the text show streamlines. Explain why fluid velocity is greatest where streamlines are closest together.
Two samples (A and B) of the same substance are kept in a lab. Someone adds 10 kilojoules (kJ) of heat to one sample, while 10 kJ of work is done on the other sample. How can you tell to which sample the heat was added?
If 25 kJ is necessary to raise the temperature of a block from 25°C to 30°C, how much heat is necessary to heat the block from 45°C to 50°C?
Truck brakes used to control speed on a downhill run do work, converting gravitational potential energy into increased internal energy (higher temperature) of the brake material. This conversion prevents the gravitational potential energy from being converted into kinetic energy of the truck. The
Why does snow remain on mountain slopes even when daytime temperatures are higher than the freezing temperature?
How does the rate of heat transfer by conduction change when all spatial dimensions are doubled?
Explain why using a fan in the summer feels refreshing!
What is the change in the rate of the radiated heat by a body at the temperature T1 = 20°C compared to when the body is at the temperature T2 = 40°C?
Would the previous question make any sense for an isochoric process? Explain your answer.Data given in Previous QuestionOne method of converting heat transfer into doing work is for heat transfer into a gas to take place, which expands, doing work on a piston, as shown in the figure below.(a) Is
What is the rate of heat transfer by radiation, with an unclothed person standing in a dark room whose ambient temperature is 22.0°C. The person has a normal skin temperature of 33.0°C and a surface area of 1.50 m2. The emissivity of skin is 0.97 in the infrared, where the radiation takes
Calculate the cold reservoir temperature of a steam engine that uses hot steam at 450°C and has a Carnot efficiency of 0.700. (a) What is unreasonable about the temperature? (b) Which premise is unreasonable?
Envision holding the end of a ruler with one hand and deforming it with the other. When you let go, you can see the oscillations of the ruler. In what way could you modify this simple experiment to increase the rigidity of the system?
Fish are hung on a spring scale to determine their mass (most fishermen feel no obligation to truthfully report the mass).(a) What is the force constant of the spring in such a scale if it the spring stretches 8.00 cm for a 10.0 kg load?(b) What is the mass of a fish that stretches the spring 5.50
We can use a toy gun’s spring mechanism to ask and answer two simple questions: (a) How much energy is stored in the spring of a toy gun that has a force constant of 50.0 N/m and is compressed 0.150 m? (b) If you neglect friction and the mass of the spring, at what speed will a 2.00-g
If you apply a deforming force on an object and let it come to equilibrium, what happened to the work you did on the system?
Identify an event in your life (such as receiving a paycheck) that occurs regularly. Identify both the period and frequency of this event.
We can use the formulas presented in this module to determine both the frequency based on known oscillations and the oscillation based on a known frequency. Let’s try one example of each.(a) A medical imaging device produces ultrasound by oscillating with a period of 0.400 μs. What is the
Suppose you pluck a banjo string. You hear a single note that starts out loud and slowly quiets over time. Describe what happens to the sound waves in terms of period, frequency and amplitude as the sound decreases in volume.
(a) The springs of a pickup truck act like a single spring with a force constant of 1.30 × 105 N/m. By how much will the truck be depressed by its maximum load of 1000 kg?(b) If the pickup truck has four identical springs, what is the force constant of each?
What is the acceleration due to gravity in a region where a simple pendulum having a length 75.000 cm has a period of 1.7357 s?StrategyWe are asked to find given the period and the length of a pendulum. We can solvefor g, assuming only that the angle of deflection is less than 15° T = 2π- | 100
A babysitter is pushing a child on a swing. At the point where the swing reaches , where would the corresponding point on a wave of this motion be located?
An engineer builds two simple pendula. Both are suspended from small wires secured to the ceiling of a room. Each pendulum hovers 2 cm above the floor. Pendulum 1 has a bob with a mass of 10 kg. Pendulum 2 has a bob with a mass of 100 kg. Describe how the motion of the pendula will differ if the
A spring has a length of 0.200 m when a 0.300-kg mass hangs from it, and a length of 0.750 m when a 1.95-kg mass hangs from it. (a) What is the force constant of the spring?(b) What is the unloaded length of the spring?
What is the period of 60.0 Hz electrical power?
You are observing a simple harmonic oscillator. Identify one way you could decrease the maximum velocity of the system.
If your heart rate is 150 beats per minute during strenuous exercise, what is the time per beat in units of seconds?
Identify an object that undergoes uniform circular motion. Describe how you could trace the simple harmonic motion of this object as a wave.
Find the frequency of a tuning fork that takes 2.50 x 10-3 s to complete one oscillation.
Why are completely undamped harmonic oscillators so rare?
A stroboscope is set to flash every 8.00 × 10-5 s. What is the frequency of the flashes?
Describe the difference between overdamping, underdamping, and critical damping.
A tire has a tread pattern with a crevice every 2.00 cm. Each crevice makes a single vibration as the tire moves. What is the frequency of these vibrations if the car moves at 30.0 m/s?
A famous magic trick involves a performer singing a note toward a crystal glass until the glass shatters. Explain why the trick works in terms of resonance and natural frequency.
Each piston of an engine makes a sharp sound every other revolution of the engine.(a) How fast is a race car going if its eight-cylinder engine emits a sound of frequency 750 Hz, given that the engine makes 2000 revolutions per kilometer?(b) At how many revolutions per minute is the engine rotating?
Why is it important to differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves?
A type of cuckoo clock keeps time by having a mass bouncing on a spring, usually something cute like a cherub in a chair. What force constant is needed to produce a period of 0.500 s for a 0.0150-kg mass?
Imagine you are holding one end of a jump rope, and your friend holds the other. If your friend holds her end still, you can move your end up and down, creating a transverse wave. If your friend then begins to move her end up and down, generating a wave in the opposite direction, what resultant
If the spring constant of a simple harmonic oscillator is doubled, by what factor will the mass of the system need to change in order for the frequency of the motion to remain the same?
Define nodes and antinodes.
You hook up a stereo system. When you test the system, you notice that in one corner of the room, the sounds seem dull. In another area, the sounds seem excessively loud. Describe how the sound moving about the room could result in these effects.
By how much leeway (both percentage and mass) would you have in the selection of the mass of the object in the previous problem if you did not wish the new period to be greater than 2.01 s or less than 1.99 s?
Which measurement of a wave is most important when determining the wave's intensity?
Suppose you attach the object with mass m to a vertical spring originally at rest, and let it bounce up and down. You release the object from rest at the spring's original rest length.(a) Show that the spring exerts an upward force of 2.00 mg on the object at its lowest point. (b) If the spring
A diver on a diving board is undergoing simple harmonic motion. Her mass is 55.0 kg and the period of her motion is 0.800 s. The next diver is a male whose period of simple harmonic oscillation is 1.05 s. What is his mass if the mass of the board is negligible?
The device pictured in Figure 16.42 entertains infants while keeping them from wandering. The child bounces in a harness suspended from a door frame by a spring constant.(a) If the spring stretches 0.250 m while supporting an 8.0-kg child, what is its spring constant?(b) What is the time for one
Suppose a diving board with no one on it bounces up and down in a simple harmonic motion with a frequency of 4.00 Hz. The board has an effective mass of 10.0 kg. What is the frequency of the simple harmonic motion of a 75.0-kg diver on the board?
A 90.0-kg skydiver hanging from a parachute bounces up and down with a period of 1.50 s. What is the new period of oscillation when a second skydiver, whose mass is 60.0 kg, hangs from the legs of the first, as seen in Figure 16.43.
What is the length of a pendulum that has a period of 0.500 s?
Some people think a pendulum with a period of 1.00 s can be driven with “mental energy” or psycho kinetically, because its period is the same as an average heartbeat. True or not, what is the length of such a pendulum?
What is the period of a 1.00-m-long pendulum?
How long does it take a child on a swing to complete one swing if her center of gravity is 4.00 m below the pivot?
The pendulum on a cuckoo clock is 5.00 cm long. What is its frequency?
Two parakeets sit on a swing with their combined center of mass 10.0 cm below the pivot. At what frequency do they swing?
(a) A pendulum that has a period of 3.00000 s and that is located where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.79 m/s2 is moved to a location where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.82 m/s2. What is its new period?(b) Explain why so many digits are needed in the value for the period, based on the
A pendulum with a period of 2.00000 s in one location (g = 9.80 m/s2) is moved to a new location where the period is now 1.99796 s. What is the acceleration due to gravity at its new location?
Find the ratio of the new/old periods of a pendulum if the pendulum were transported from Earth to the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is 1.63 m/s2.
At what rate will a pendulum clock run on the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is 1.63 m/s2, if it keeps time accurately on Earth? That is, find the time (in hours) it takes the clock's hour hand to make one revolution on the Moon.
Suppose the length of a clock’s pendulum is changed by 1.000%, exactly at noon one day. What time will it read 24.00 hours later, assuming it the pendulum has kept perfect time before the change? Note that there are two answers, and perform the calculation to four-digit precision.
If a pendulum-driven clock gains 5.00 s/day, what fractional change in pendulum length must be made for it to keep perfect time?
A suspension bridge oscillates with an effective force constant of 1.00 x 108 N/m.(a) How much energy is needed to make it oscillate with an amplitude of 0.100 m? (b) If soldiers march across the bridge with a cadence equal to the bridge's natural frequency and impart 1.00 x 104 J of energy each
Storms in the South Pacific can create waves that travel all the way to the California coast, which are 12,000 km away. How long does it take them if they travel at 15.0 m/s?
Waves on a swimming pool propagate at 0.750 m/s. You splash the water at one end of the pool and observe the wave go to the opposite end, reflect, and return in 30.0 s. How far away is the other end of the pool?
Wind gusts create ripples on the ocean that have a wavelength of 5.00 cm and propagate at 2.00 m/s. What is their frequency?
(a) What is the maximum velocity of an 85.0-kg person bouncing on a bathroom scale having a force constant of 1.50 x 106 N/m, if the amplitude of the bounce is 0.200 cm?(b) What is the maximum energy stored in the spring?
(a) A novelty clock has a 0.0100-kg mass object bouncing on a spring that has a force constant of 1.25 N/m. What is the maximum velocity of the object if the object bounces 3.00 cm above and below its equilibrium position?(b) How many joules of kinetic energy does the object have at its maximum
At what positions is the speed of a simple harmonic oscillator half its maximum? That is, what values of x/X give v =± vmax/2, where X is the amplitude of the motion?
A ladybug sits 12.0 cm from the center of a Beatles music album spinning at 33.33 rpm. What is the maximum velocity of its shadow on the wall behind the turntable, if illuminated parallel to the record by the parallel rays of the setting Sun?
How much energy must the shock absorbers of a 1200-kg car dissipate in order to damp a bounce that initially has a velocity of 0.800 m/s at the equilibrium position? Assume the car returns to its original vertical position.
If a car has a suspension system with a force constant of 5.00 x 104 N/m, how much energy must the car's shocks remove to dampen an oscillation starting with a maximum displacement of 0.0750 m?
(a) How much will a spring that has a force constant of 40.0 N/m be stretched by an object with a mass of 0.500 kg when hung motionless from the spring?(b) Calculate the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the 0.500-kg object when it descends this distance.(c) Part of this gravitational
Show that I cal/g. °C = 1 kcal/kg.°C.
To sterilize a 50.0-g glass baby bottle, we must raise its temperature from 22.0°C to 95.0°C. How much heat transfer is required?
The same heat transfer into identical masses of different substances produces different temperature changes. Calculate the final temperature when 1.00 kcal of heat transfers into 1.00 kg of the following, originally at 20.0°C: (a) Water; (b) Concrete; (c) Steel; and (d) Mercury.
Rubbing your hands together warms them by converting work into thermal energy. If a woman rubs her hands back and forth for a total of 20 rubs, at a distance of 7.50 cm per rub, and with an average frictional force of 40.0 N, what is the temperature increase? The mass of tissues warmed is only
A 0.250-kg block of a pure material is heated from 20.0°C to 65.0°C by the addition of 4.35 kJ of energy. Calculate its specific heat and identify the substance of which it is most likely composed.
Suppose identical amounts of heat transfer into different masses of copper and water, causing identical changes in temperature. What is the ratio of the mass of copper to water?
(a) The number of kilocalories in food is determined by calorimetry techniques in which the food is burned and the amount of heat transfer is measured. How many kilocalories per gram are there in a 5.00-g peanut if the energy from burning it is transferred to 0.500 kg of water held in a 0.100-kg
Even when shut down after a period of normal use, a large commercial nuclear reactor transfers thermal energy at the rate of 150 MW by the radioactive decay of fission products. This heat transfer causes a rapid increase in temperature if the cooling system fails (1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1
How much heat transfer (in kilocalories) is required to thaw a 0.450-kg package of frozen vegetables originally at 0°C if their heat of fusion is the same as that of water?
(a) How much heat transfer is required to raise the temperature of a 0.750-kg aluminum pot containing 2.50 kg of water from 30.0°C to the boiling point and then boil away 0.750 kg of water?(b) How long does this take if the rate of heat transfer is 500 W 1 watt = 1 joule/second (1 W = 1 J/s)?
The formation of condensation on a glass of ice water causes the ice to melt faster than it would otherwise. If 8.00 g of condensation forms on a glass containing both water and 200 g of ice, how many grams of the ice will melt as a result? Assume no other heat transfer occurs.
On a trip, you notice that a 3.50-kg bag of ice lasts an average of one day in your cooler. What is the average power in watts entering the ice if it starts at 0°C and completely melts to 0°C water in exactly one day 1 watt = 1 joule/second (1 W = 1 J/s)?
On a certain dry sunny day, a swimming pool's temperature would rise by 1.50°C if not for evaporation. What fraction of the water must evaporate to carry away precisely enough energy to keep the temperature constant?
In 1986, a gargantuan iceberg broke away from the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. It was approximately a rectangle 160 km long, 40.0 km wide, and 250 m thick. (a) What is the mass of this iceberg, given that the density of ice is 917 kg/m3? (b) How much heat transfer (in joules) is needed to melt
How many grams of coffee must evaporate from 350 g of coffee in a 100-g glass cup to cool the coffee from 95.0°C to 45.0°C? You may assume the coffee has the same thermal properties as water and that the average heat of vaporization is 2340 kJ/kg (560 cal/g). (You may neglect the change in mass
(a) It is difficult to extinguish a fire on a crude oil tanker, because each liter of crude oil releases 2.80 x 107 J of energy when burned. To illustrate this difficulty, calculate the number of liters of water that must be expended to absorb the energy released by burning 1.00 L of crude oil, if
The energy released from condensation in thunderstorms can be very large. Calculate the energy released into the atmosphere for a small storm of radius 1 km, assuming that 1.0 cm of rain is precipitated uniformly over this area.
To help prevent frost damage, 4.00 kg of 0°C water is sprayed onto a fruit tree.(a) How much heat transfer occurs as the water freezes?(b) How much would the temperature of the 200-kg tree decrease if this amount of heat transferred from the tree? Take the specific heat to be 3.35 kJ/kg. °C, and
A 0.250-kg aluminum bowl holding 0.800 kg of soup at 25.0°C is placed in a freezer. What is the final temperature if 377 kJ of energy is transferred from the bowl and soup, assuming the soup's thermal properties are the same as that of water? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in Problem
A 0.0500-kg ice cube at -30.0°C is placed in 0.400 kg of 35.0°C water in a very well-insulated container. What is the final temperature?
If you pour 0.0100 kg of 20.0°C water onto a 1.20-kg block of ice (which is initially at -15.0°C), what is the final temperature? You may assume that the water cools so rapidly that effects of the surroundings are negligible.
Indigenous people sometimes cook in watertight baskets by placing hot rocks into water to bring it to a boil. What mass of 500°C rock must be placed in 4.00 kg of 15.0°C water to bring its temperature to 100°C, if 0.0250 kg of water escapes as vapor from the initial sizzle? You may neglect the
What would be the final temperature of the pan and water in Calculating the Final Temperature When Heat Is Transferred Between Two Bodies: Pouring Cold Water in a Hot Pan if 0.260 kg of water was placed in the pan and 0.0100 kg of the water evaporated immediately, leaving the remainder to come to a
In some countries, liquid nitrogen is used on dairy trucks instead of mechanical refrigerators. A 3.00-hour delivery trip requires 200 L of liquid nitrogen, which has a density of 808 kg/m3.(a) Calculate the heat transfer necessary to evaporate this amount of liquid nitrogen and raise its
Some gun fanciers make their own bullets, which involves melting and casting the lead slugs. How much heat transfer is needed to raise the temperature and melt 0.500 kg of lead, starting from 25.0°C?
(a) Calculate the rate of heat conduction through house walls that are 13.0 cm thick and that have an average thermal conductivity twice that of glass wool. Assume there are no windows or doors. The surface area of the walls is 120 m2 and their inside surface is at 18.0°C, while their outside
The rate of heat conduction out of a window on a winter day is rapid enough to chill the air next to it. To see just how rapidly the windows transfer heat by conduction, calculate the rate of conduction in watts through a 3.00-m2 window that is 0.635 cm thick (1/4 in) if the temperatures of the
Calculate the rate of heat conduction out of the human body, assuming that the core internal temperature is 37.0°C, the skin temperature is 34.0°C, the thickness of the tissues between averages 1.00 cm, and the surface area is 1.40 m2.
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