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physics
college physics 2nd

Questions and Answers of College Physics 2nd

(a) How high will water rise in a glass capillary tube with a 0.500-mm radius?(b) How much gravitational potential energy does the water gain?(c) Discuss possible sources of this energy.
The hydraulic system of a backhoe is used to lift a load as shown in Figure 11.42.(a) Calculate the force the secondary cylinder must exert to support the 400-kg load and the 150-kg brace and
Suppose you hit a steel nail with a 0.500-kg hammer, initially moving at 15.0 m/s and brought to rest in 2.80 mm.(a) What average force is exerted on the nail?(b) How much is the nail compressed if
Some miners wish to remove water from a mine shaft. A pipe is lowered to the water 90 m below, and a negative pressure is applied to raise the water. (a) Calculate the pressure needed to raise the
You are pumping up a bicycle tire with a hand pump, the piston of which has a 2.00-cm radius. (a) What force in newtons must you exert to create a pressure of 6.90 x 105 Pa(b) What is unreasonable
Consider a group of people trying to stay afloat after their boat strikes a log in a lake. Construct a problem in which you calculate the number of people that can cling to the log and keep their
The alveoli in emphysema victims are damaged and effectively form larger sacs. Construct a problem in which you calculate the loss of pressure due to surface tension in the alveoli because of their
How many cubic meters of blood does the heart pump in a 75-year lifetime, assuming the average flow rate is 5.00 L/min?StrategyTime and flow rate Q are given, and so the volume V can be calculated
What is the difference between flow rate and fluid velocity? How are they related?
The heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 L/min.(a) Convert this to cm3/s. (b) What is this rate in m3/s?
A nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm is attached to a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm. The flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L/s. Calculate the speed of the water (a) In the hose and(b)
The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body.(a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0
Identify some substances that are incompressible and some that are not.
Blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm/s. Determine the flow rate and the volume that passes through the artery in a period of 30 s.
In Example 12.2, we found that the speed of water in a hose increased from 1.96 m/s to 25.5 m/s going from the hose to the nozzle. Calculate the pressure in the hose, given that the absolute pressure
You can squirt water a considerably greater distance by placing your thumb over the end of a garden hose and then releasing, than by leaving it completely uncovered. Explain how this works.
The Huka Falls on the Waikato River is one of New Zealand’s most visited natural tourist attractions (see Figure 12.29). On average the river has a flow rate of about 300,000 L/s. At the gorge, the
Fire hoses used in major structure fires have inside diameters of 6.40 cm. Suppose such a hose carries a flow of 40.0 L/s starting at a gauge pressure of 1.62 x 106 N/m2. The hose goes 10.0 m up a
Water is shot nearly vertically upward in a decorative fountain and the stream is observed to broaden as it rises. Conversely, a stream of water falling straight down from a faucet narrows. Explain
A major artery with a cross-sectional area of 1.00 cm2 branches into 18 smaller arteries, each with an average cross-sectional area of 0.400 cm2. By what factor is the average velocity of the blood
Look back to Figure 12.4. Answer the following two questions. Why is PO less than atmospheric? Why is PO greater than P1? V₁ V/₂3 Po P P Po
Suppose the fire hose in the previous example is fed by a pump that receives water through a hose with a 6.40-cm diameter coming from a hydrant with a pressure of 0.700 × 106 N/m2. What power does
Suppose the flow rate of blood in a coronary artery has been reduced to half its normal value by plaque deposits. By what factor has the radius of the artery been reduced, assuming no turbulence
(a) As blood passes through the capillary bed in an organ, the capillaries join to form venules (small veins). If the blood speed increases by a factor of 4.00 and the total cross-sectional area of
Many entrainment devices have a constriction, called a Venturi, such as shown in Figure 12.24. How does this bolster entrainment? Fluid flow → Entrained fluid Venturi constriction
The human circulation system has approximately 1 x 109 capillary vessels. Each vessel has a diameter of about 8 μm. Assuming cardiac output is 5 L/min, determine the average velocity of blood flow
An intravenous (IV) system is supplying saline solution to a patient at the rate of 0.120 cm3/s through a needle of radius 0.150 mm and length 2.50 cm. What pressure is needed at the entrance of the
(a) Estimate the time it would take to fill a private swimming pool with a capacity of 80,000 L using a garden hose delivering 60 L/min. (b) How long would it take to fill if you could divert a
Some chimney pipes have a T-shape, with a crosspiece on top that helps draw up gases whenever there is even a slight breeze. Explain how this works in terms of Bernoulli’s principle.
Calculate the Reynolds number N'R for a ball with a 7.40-cm diameter thrown at 40.0 m/s.Strategy We can use NR and viscosity. = puL to calculate N', since all values in it are either given or can be
The flow rate of blood through a 2.00 × 10-6-m -radius capillary is 3.80 x 10-9 cm/s. (a) What is the speed of the blood flow? (This small speed allows time for diffusion of materials to and from
Is there a limit to the height to which an entrainment device can raise a fluid? Explain your answer.
Calculate the average time it takes a glucose molecule to move 1.0 cm in water.Strategy We can use Xrms = √2Dt, the expression for the average distance moved in time t, and solve it for t. All
(a) What is the fluid speed in a fire hose with a 9.00-cm diameter carrying 80.0 L of water per second? (b) What is the flow rate in cubic meters per second? (c) Would your answers be different if
Why is it preferable for airplanes to take off into the wind rather than with the wind?
The main uptake air duct of a forced air gas heater is 0.300 m in diameter. What is the average speed of air in the duct if it carries a volume equal to that of the house’s interior every 15 min?
Roofs are sometimes pushed off vertically during a tropical cyclone, and buildings sometimes explode outward when hit by a tornado. Use Bernoulli’s principle to explain these phenomena.
Why does a sailboat need a keel?
Water is moving at a velocity of 2.00 m/s through a hose with an internal diameter of 1.60 cm. (a) What is the flow rate in liters per second?(b) The fluid velocity in this hose’s nozzle is 15.0
It is dangerous to stand close to railroad tracks when a rapidly moving commuter train passes. Explain why atmospheric pressure would push you toward the moving train.
Water pressure inside a hose nozzle can be less than atmospheric pressure due to the Bernoulli effect. Explain in terms of energy how the water can emerge from the nozzle against the opposing
A perfume bottle or atomizer sprays a fluid that is in the bottle. (Figure 12.25.) How does the fluid rise up in the vertical tube in the bottle? G
Water emerges straight down from a faucet with a 1.80-cm diameter at a speed of 0.500 m/s. (Because of the construction of the faucet, there is no variation in speed across the stream.)(a) What is
A mountain stream is 10.0 m wide and averages 2.00 m in depth. During the spring runoff, the flow in the stream reaches 100,000 m3/s.(a) What is the average velocity of the stream under these
If you lower the window on a car while moving, an empty plastic bag can sometimes fly out the window. Why does this happen?
Verify that pressure has units of energy per unit volume.
Based on Bernoulli’s equation, what are three forms of energy in a fluid? (Note that these forms are conservative, unlike heat transfer and other dissipative forms not included in Bernoulli’s
Suppose you have a wind speed gauge like the pitot tube shown in Example 12.2(b). By what factor must wind speed increase to double the value of h in the manometer? Is this independent of the moving
Water that has emerged from a hose into the atmosphere has a gauge pressure of zero. Why? When you put your hand in front of the emerging stream you feel a force, yet the water’s gauge pressure is
The old rubber boot shown in Figure 12.26 has two leaks. To what maximum height can the water squirt from Leak 1? How does the velocity of water emerging from Leak 2 differ from that of leak 1?
If the pressure reading of your pitot tube is 15.0 mm Hg at a speed of 200 km/h, what will it be at 700 km/h at the same altitude?
Calculate the maximum height to which water could be squirted with the hose in Example 12.2 example if it:(a) Emerges from the nozzle. (b) Emerges with the nozzle removed, assuming the same flow
Water pressure inside a hose nozzle can be less than atmospheric pressure due to the Bernoulli effect. Explain in terms of energy how the water can emerge from the nozzle against the opposing
Explain why the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature—that is, how might increased temperature reduce the effects of cohesive forces in a liquid? Also explain why the viscosity of a gas
(a) Calculate the approximate force on a square meter of sail, given the horizontal velocity of the wind is 6.00 m/s parallel to its front surface and 3.50 m/s along its back surface. Take the
When paddling a canoe upstream, it is wisest to travel as near to the shore as possible. When canoeing downstream, it may be best to stay near the middle. Explain why.
(a) What is the pressure drop due to the Bernoulli effect as water goes into a 3.00-cm-diameter nozzle from a 9.00-cm-diameter fire hose while carrying a flow of 40.0 L/s?(b) To what maximum height
(a) Using Bernoulli's equation, show that the measured fluid speed v for a pitot tube, like the 1/2 one in Figure 12.7(b), is given by where h is the height of the manometer fluid, ρ' is the
Why does flow decrease in your shower when someone flushes the toilet?
Plumbing usually includes air-filled tubes near water faucets, as shown in Figure 12.27. Explain why they are needed and how they work. Air Water -Faucet
Hoover Dam on the Colorado River is the highest dam in the United States at 221 m, with an output of 1300 MW. The dam generates electricity with water taken from a depth of 150 m and an average flow
Doppler ultrasound can be used to measure the speed of blood in the body. If there is a partial constriction of an artery, where would you expect blood speed to be greatest, at or nearby the
A frequently quoted rule of thumb in aircraft design is that wings should produce about 1000 N of lift per square meter of wing. (The fact that a wing has a top and bottom surface does not double its
Sink drains often have a device such as that shown in Figure 12.28 to help speed the flow of water. How does this work?
Some ceiling fans have decorative wicker reeds on their blades. Discuss whether these fans are as quiet and efficient as those with smooth blades.
A sump pump (used to drain water from the basement of houses built below the water table) is draining a flooded basement at the rate of 0.750 L/s, with an output pressure of 3.00 x 105 N/m2.(a) The
What direction will a helium balloon move inside a car that is slowing down—toward the front or back? Explain your answer.
(a) Calculate the retarding force due to the viscosity of the air layer between a cart and a level air track given the following information-air temperature is 20° C, the cart is moving at 0.400
Will identical raindrops fall more rapidly in 5° C air or 25° C air, neglecting any differences in air density? Explain your answer.
What force is needed to pull one microscope slide over another at a speed of 1.00 cm/s, if there is a 0.500-mm-thick layer of 20° C water between them and the contact area is 8.00 cm2?
If you took two marbles of different sizes, what would you expect to observe about the relative magnitudes of their terminal velocities?
A glucose solution being administered with an IV has a flow rate of 4.00 cm3/min. What will the new flow rate be if the glucose is replaced by whole blood having the same density but a viscosity 2.50
Why would you expect the rate of diffusion to increase with temperature? Can you give an example, such as the fact that you can dissolve sugar more rapidly in hot water?
The pressure drop along a length of artery is 100 Pa, the radius is 10 mm, and the flow is laminar. The average speed of the blood is 15 mm/s.(a) What is the net force on the blood in this section of
How are osmosis and dialysis similar? How do they differ?
A small artery has a length of 1.1 x 10-3 radius of 2.5 x 10-5 m. If the pressure drop across the artery is 1.3 kPa, what is the flow rate through the artery? (Assume that the temperature is 37° C.)
Fluid originally flows through a tube at a rate of 100 cm3/s. To illustrate the sensitivity of flow rate to various factors, calculate the new flow rate for the following changes with all other
Angioplasty is a technique in which arteries partially blocked with plaque are dilated to increase blood flow. By what factor must the radius of an artery be increased in order to increase blood flow
A spherical particle falling at a terminal speed in a liquid must have the gravitational force balanced by the drag force and the buoyant force. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the
(a) Suppose a blood vessel’s radius is decreased to 90.0% of its original value by plaque deposits and the body compensates by increasing the pressure difference along the vessel to keep the flow
A skydiver will reach a terminal velocity when the air drag equals their weight. For a skydiver with high speed and a large body, turbulence is a factor. The drag force then is approximately
Using the equation of the previous problem, find the viscosity of motor oil in which a steel ball of radius 0.8 mm falls with a terminal speed of 4.32 cm/s. The densities of the ball and the oil are
A layer of oil 1.50 mm thick is placed between two microscope slides. Researchers find that a force of 5.50 x 10-4 N is required to glide one over the other at a speed of 1.00 cm/s when their contact
(a) Verify that a 19.0% decrease in laminar flow through a tube is caused by a 5.00% decrease in radius, assuming that all other factors remain constant, as stated in the text.(b) What increase in
When physicians diagnose arterial blockages, they quote the reduction in flow rate. If the flow rate in an artery has been reduced to 10.0% of its normal value by a blood clot and the average
During a marathon race, a runner’s blood flow increases to 10.0 times her resting rate. Her blood’s viscosity has dropped to 95.0% of its normal value, and the blood pressure difference across
Water supplied to a house by a water main has a pressure of 3.00 x 105 N/m2 early on a summer day when neighborhood use is low. This pressure produces a flow of 20.0 L/min through a garden hose.
Concrete is pumped from a cement mixer to the place it is being laid, instead of being carried in wheelbarrows. The flow rate is 200.0 L/min through a 50.0-m-long, 8.00-cm-diameter hose, and the
Consider a coronary artery constricted by arteriosclerosis. Construct a problem in which you calculate the amount by which the diameter of the artery is decreased, based on an assessment of the
Consider a river that spreads out in a delta region on its way to the sea. Construct a problem in which you calculate the average speed at which water moves in the delta region, based on the speed at
Show that the Reynolds number NR is unitless by substituting units for all the quantities in its definition and cancelling.
Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water through(a) A nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm and(b) A garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm, when the nozzle is attached to the hose. The flow
A fire hose has an inside diameter of 6.40 cm. Suppose such a hose carries a flow of 40.0 L/s starting at a gauge pressure of 1.62 × 106 N/m2. The hose goes 10.0 m up a ladder to a nozzle having an
Concrete is pumped from a cement mixer to the place it is being laid, instead of being carried in wheelbarrows. The flow rate is 200.0 L/min through a 50.0-m-long, 8.00-cm-diameter hose, and the
At what flow rate might turbulence begin to develop in a water main with a 0.200-m diameter? Assume a 20° C temperature.
What is the greatest average speed of blood flow at 37° C in an artery of radius 2.00 mm if the flow is to remain laminar? What is the corresponding flow rate? Take the density of blood to be 1025
In Take-Home Experiment: Inhalation, we measured the average flow rate Q of air traveling through the trachea during each inhalation. Now calculate the average air speed in meters per second through
Assuming that blood is an ideal fluid, calculate the critical flow rate at which turbulence is a certainty in the aorta. Take the diameter of the aorta to be 2.50 cm. (Turbulence will actually occur
A fairly large garden hose has an internal radius of 0.600 cm and a length of 23.0 m. The nozzleless horizontal hose is attached to a faucet, and it delivers 50.0 L/s.(a) What water pressure is
You can smell perfume very shortly after opening the bottle. To show that it is not reaching your nose by diffusion, calculate the average distance a perfume molecule moves in one second in air,

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