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physics
college physics 2nd

Questions and Answers of College Physics 2nd

Can centripetal acceleration change the speed of circular motion? Explain.
(a) Find the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity at the distance of the Moon.(b) Calculate the centripetal acceleration needed to keep the Moon in its orbit (assuming a circular orbit about a fixed
In one amusement park ride, riders enter a large vertical barrel and stand against the wall on its horizontal floor. The barrel is spun up and the floor drops away. Riders feel as if they are pinned
Helicopter blades withstand tremendous stresses. In addition to supporting the weight of a helicopter, they are spun at rapid rates and experience large centripetal accelerations, especially at the
Riders in an amusement park ride shaped like a Viking ship hung from a large pivot are rotated back and forth like a rigid pendulum. Sometime near the middle of the ride, the ship is momentarily
Critical Thinking A car travels around a loop with negligible friction at a constant speed and never loses contact with the loop. The top of the loop is labeled A and the bottom of the loop is
A Saturn V's mass at liftoff was 2.80 × 106 kg, its fuel-burn rate was 1.40 × 104 kg/s, and the exhaust velocity was 2.40 x 103 m/s. Calculate its initial acceleration.StrategyThis problem is a
If you dive into water, you reach greater depths than if you do a belly flop. Explain this difference in depth using the concept of conservation of energy. Explain this difference in depth using what
Under what circumstances is momentum conserved?
Can momentum be conserved for a system if there are external forces acting on the system? If so, under what conditions? If not, why not?
A professional boxer hits his opponent with a 1000-N horizontal blow that lasts for 0.150 s.(a) Calculate the impulse imparted by this blow. (b) What is the opponent’s final velocity, if his mass
Momentum for a system can be conserved in one direction while not being conserved in another. What is the angle between the directions? Give an example.
Suppose a child drives a bumper car head on into the side rail, which exerts a force of 4000 N on the car for 0.200 s.(a) What impulse is imparted by this force?(b) Find the final velocity of the
Explain in terms of momentum and Newton’s laws how a car’s air resistance is due in part to the fact that it pushes air in its direction of motion.
One hazard of space travel is debris left by previous missions. There are several thousand objects orbiting Earth that are large enough to be detected by radar, but there are far greater numbers of
Can objects in a system have momentum while the momentum of the system is zero? Explain your answer.
A 75.0-kg person is riding in a car moving at 20.0 m/s when the car runs into a bridge abutment.(a) Calculate the average force on the person if he is stopped by a padded dashboard that compresses an
Must the total energy of a system be conserved whenever its momentum is conserved? Explain why or why not.
Military rifles have a mechanism for reducing the recoil forces of the gun on the person firing it. An internal part recoils over a relatively large distance and is stopped by damping mechanisms in
What is an elastic collision?
What is an inelastic collision? What is a perfectly inelastic collision?
Calculate the final speed of a 110-kg rugby player who is initially running at 8.00 m/s but collides head-on with a padded goalpost and experiences a backward force of 1.76 × 104 N for 5.50 × 10-2
Mixed-pair ice skaters performing in a show are standing motionless at arms length just before starting a routine. They reach out, clasp hands, and pull themselves together by only using their arms.
Water from a fire hose is directed horizontally against a wall at a rate of 50.0 kg/s and a speed of 42.0 m/s. Calculate the magnitude of the force exerted on the wall, assuming the water’s
A small pickup truck that has a camper shell slowly coasts toward a red light with negligible friction. Two dogs in the back of the truck are moving and making various inelastic collisions with each
Figure 8.14 shows a cube at rest and a small object heading toward it.(a) Describe the directions (angle θ1 ) at which the small object can emerge after colliding elastically with the cube. How does
A 0.450-kg hammer is moving horizontally at 7.00 m/s when it strikes a nail and comes to rest after driving the nail 1.00 cm into a board. (a) Calculate the duration of the impact. (b) What was the
Starting with the definitions of momentum and kinetic energy, derive an equation for the kinetic energy of a particle expressed as a function of its momentum.
Suppose a fireworks shell explodes, breaking into three large pieces for which air resistance is negligible. How is the motion of the center of mass affected by the explosion? How would it be
A ball with an initial velocity of 10 m/s moves at an angle 60° above the +x-direction. The ball hits a vertical wall and bounces off so that it is moving 60° above the -x-direction with the same
During a visit to the International Space Station, an astronaut was positioned motionless in the center of the station, out of reach of any solid object on which he could exert a force. Suggest a
A punter drops a ball from rest vertically 1 meter down onto his foot. The ball leaves the foot with a speed of 18 m/s at an angle 55° above the horizontal. In terms of m, the mass of the ball, what
It is possible for the velocity of a rocket to be greater than the exhaust velocity of the gases it ejects. When that is the case, the gas velocity and gas momentum are in the same direction as that
Suppose a clay model of a koala bear has a mass of 0.200 kg and slides on ice at a speed of 0.750 m/s. It runs into another clay model, which is initially motionless and has a mass of 0.350 kg. Both
A car moving at 10 m/s crashes into a tree and stops in 0.26 s.Calculate the force the seatbelt exerts on a passenger in the car to bring him to a halt. The mass of the passenger is 70 kg. Would the
What is the velocity of a 900-kg car initially moving at 30.0 m/s, just after it hits a 150-kg deer initially running at 12.0 m/s in the same direction? Assume the deer remains on the car.
A 1.80-kg falcon catches a 0.650-kg dove from behind in midair. What is their velocity after impact if the falcon’s velocity is initially 28.0 m/s and the dove’s velocity is 7.00 m/s in the same
Two identical objects (such as billiard balls) have a one-dimensional collision in which one is initially motionless. After the collision, the moving object is stationary and the other moves with the
Two piloted satellites approach one another at a relative speed of 0.250 m/s, intending to dock. The first has a mass of 4.00 x 103 kg, and the second a mass of 7.50 x 103 kg. If the two satellites
A 70.0-kg ice hockey goalie, originally at rest, catches a 0.150-kg hockey puck slapped at him at a velocity of 35.0 m/s. Suppose the goalie and the ice puck have an elastic collision and the puck is
A 0.240-kg billiard ball that is moving at 3.00 m/s strikes the bumper of a pool table and bounces straight back at 2.40 m/s (80% of its original speed). The collision lasts 0.0150 s. (a) Calculate
During an ice show, a 60.0-kg skater leaps into the air and is caught by an initially stationary 75.0-kg skater.(a) What is their final velocity assuming negligible friction and that the 60.0-kg
A battleship that is 6.00 x 107 kg and is originally at rest fires a 1100-kg artillery shell horizontally with a velocity of 575 m/s. (a) If the shell is fired straight aft (toward the rear of the
Two piloted satellites approaching one another, at a relative speed of 0.250 m/s, intending to dock. The first has a mass of 4.00 x 103 kg, and the second a mass of 7.50 x 103 kg.(a) Calculate the
A 30,000-kg freight car is coasting at 0.850 m/s with negligible friction under a hopper that dumps 110,000 kg of scrap metal into it. (a) What is the final velocity of the loaded freight car?(b)
Space probes may be separated from their launchers by exploding bolts. (They bolt away from one another.) Suppose a 4800-kg satellite uses this method to separate from the 1500-kg remains of its
A 0.0250-kg bullet is accelerated from rest to a speed of 550 m/s in a 3.00-kg rifle. The pain of the rifle’s kick is much worse if you hold the gun loosely a few centimeters from your shoulder
One of the waste products of a nuclear reactor is plutonium-239 (239Pu). This nucleus is radioactive and decays by splitting into a helium-4 nucleus and a uranium-235 nucleus (4He + 235U), the latter
The Moon's craters are remnants of meteorite collisions. Suppose a fairly large asteroid that has a mass of 5.00 x 1012 kg (about a kilometer across) strikes the Moon at a speed of 15.0 km/s.(a) At
Two football players collide head-on in midair while trying to catch a thrown football. The first player is 95.0 kg and has an initial velocity of 6.00 m/s, while the second player is 115 kg and has
What is the speed of a garbage truck that is 1.20 x 104 kg and is initially moving at 25.0 m/s just after it hits and adheres to a trash can that is 80.0 kg and is initially at rest?
During a circus act, an elderly performer thrills the crowd by catching a cannon ball shot at him. The cannon ball has a mass of 10.0 kg and the horizontal component of its velocity is 8.00 m/s when
Confirm that the results of the example Example 8.7 do conserve momentum in both the x- and y-directions.Data given in Example 8.7Suppose the following experiment is performed. A 0.250-kg object (m1)
Two identical pucks collide on an air hockey table. One puck was originally at rest.(a) If the incoming puck has a speed of 6.00 m/s and scatters to an angle of 30.0° ,what is the velocity
A 3000-kg cannon is mounted so that it can recoil only in the horizontal direction.(a) Calculate its recoil velocity when it fires a 15.0-kg shell at 480 m/s at an angle of 20.0° above the
A 5.50-kg bowling ball moving at 9.00 m/s collides with a 0.850-kg bowling pin, which is scattered at an angle of 85.0° to the initial direction of the bowling ball and with a speed of 15.0 m/s.(a)
Starting with equations 1 + m₂v2 cos 02 and 0= m₁v₁ sin 0₁ + m2 u2 sin 02 for conservation of momentum in the x- and y-directions and assuming that one object is originally stationary, prove
Two cars collide at an icy intersection and stick together afterward. The first car has a mass of 1200 kg and is approaching at 8.00 m/s due south. The second car has a mass of 850 kg and is
A 90.0-kg ice hockey player hits a 0.150-kg puck, giving the puck a velocity of 45.0 m/s. If both are initially at rest and if the ice is frictionless, how far does the player recoil in the time it
Antiballistic missiles (ABMS) are designed to have very large accelerations so that they may intercept fast-moving incoming missiles in the short time available. What is the takeoff acceleration of a
What is the acceleration of a 5000-kg rocket taking off from the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is only 1.6 m/s2, if the rocket expels 8.00 kg of gas per second at an exhaust velocity of
Calculate the increase in velocity of a 4000-kg space probe that expels 3500 kg of its mass at an exhaust velocity of 2.00 x 103 m/s. You may assume the gravitational force is negligible at the
Ion-propulsion rockets have been proposed for use in space. They employ atomic ionization techniques and nuclear energy sources to produce extremely high exhaust velocities, perhaps as great as 8.00
(a) Calculate the maximum rate at which a rocket can expel gases if its acceleration cannot exceed seven times that of gravity. The mass of the rocket just as it runs out of fuel is 75,000-kg, and
Given the following data for a fire extinguisher-toy wagon rocket experiment, calculate the average exhaust velocity of the gases expelled from the extinguisher. Starting from rest, the final
How much of a single-stage rocket that is 100,000 kg can be anything but fuel if the rocket is to have a final speed of 8.00 km/s, given that it expels gases at an exhaust velocity of 2.20 x 103 m/s?
Squids have been reported to jump from the ocean and travel 30.0 m (measured horizontally) before re-entering the water.(a) Calculate the initial speed of the squid if it leaves the water at an angle
Consider an astronaut in deep space cut free from her space ship and needing to get back to it. The astronaut has a few packages that she can throw away to move herself toward the ship. Construct a
The two children shown in Figure 9.8 are balanced on a seesaw of negligible mass. (This assumption is made to keep the example simple—more involved examples will follow.) The first child has a mass
Consider an artillery projectile striking armor plating. Construct a problem in which you find the force exerted by the projectile on the plate. Among the things to be considered are the mass and
For the situation shown in Figure 9.19, calculate:(a) FR, the force exerted by the right hand, and(b) FL, the force exerted by the left hand. The hands are 0.900 m apart, and the cg of the pole is
What can you say about the velocity of a moving body that is in dynamic equilibrium? Draw a sketch of such a body using clearly labeled arrows to represent all external forces on the body.
Under what conditions can a rotating body be in equilibrium? Give an example.
When tightening a bolt, you push perpendicularly on a wrench with a force of 165 N at a distance of 0.140 m from the center of the bolt.(a) How much torque are you exerting in newton × meters
In the wheelbarrow of Figure 9.22, the load has a perpendicular lever arm of 7.50 cm, while the hands have a perpendicular lever arm of 1.02 m.(a) What upward force must you exert to support the
Two children push on opposite sides of a door during play. Both push horizontally and perpendicular to the door. One child pushes with a force of 17.5 N at a distance of 0.600 m from the hinges, and
What three factors affect the torque created by a force relative to a specific pivot point?
Calculate the force the biceps muscle must exert to hold the forearm and its load as shown in Figure 9.25, and compare this force with the weight of the forearm plus its load. You may take the data
Use the second condition for equilibrium (net π = 0) to calculate Fp in Example 9.1, employing any data given or solved for in part (a) of the example.Data given in Example 9.1The two children shown
A wrecking ball is being used to knock down a building. One tall unsupported concrete wall remains standing. If the wrecking ball hits the wall near the top, is the wall more likely to fall over by
Consider the person lifting a heavy box with his back, shown in Figure 9.28.(a) Calculate the magnitude of the force FB-in the back muscles that is needed to support the upper body plus the box and
Repeat the seesaw problem in Example 9.1 with the center of mass of the seesaw 0.160 m to the left of the pivot (on the side of the lighter child) and assuming a mass of 12.0 kg for the seesaw. The
Mechanics sometimes put a length of pipe over the handle of a wrench when trying to remove a very tight bolt. How does this help? (It is also hazardous since it can break the bolt.)
A round pencil lying on its side as in Figure 9.12 is in neutral equilibrium relative to displacements perpendicular to its length. What is its stability relative to displacements parallel to its
Two children of mass 20.0 kg and 30.0 kg sit balanced on a seesaw with the pivot point located at the center of the seesaw. If the children are separated by a distance of 3.00 m, at what distance
Explain the need for tall towers on a suspension bridge to ensure stable equilibrium.
(a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force on each foot of the horse in Figure 9.29 (two are on the ground), assuming the center of mass of the horse is midway between the feet. The total
Suppose two children are using a uniform seesaw that is 3.00 m long and has its center of mass over the pivot. The first child has a mass of 30.0 kg and sits 1.40 m from the pivot. (a) Calculate
Consider a method for measuring the mass of a person’s arm in anatomical studies. The subject lies on her back, extends her relaxed arm to the side and two scales are placed below the arm. One is
You have just planted a sturdy 2-m-tall palm tree in your front lawn for your mother’s birthday. Your brother kicks a 500 g ball, which hits the top of the tree at a speed of 5 m/s and stays in
Suppose we replace the 4.0-kg book in Exercise 9.31 of the biceps muscle with an elastic exercise rope that obeys Hooke's Law. Assume its force constant k = 600 N/m.(a) How much is the rope stretched
(a) What force should the woman in Figure 9.43 exert on the floor with each hand to do a push-up? Assume that she moves up at a constant speed.(b) The triceps muscle at the back of her upper arm has
When visiting some countries, you may see a person balancing a load on the head. Explain why the center of mass of the load needs to be directly above the person’s neck vertebrae.
Scissors are like a double-lever system. Which of the simple machines in Figure 9.21 and Figure 9.22 is most analogous to scissors?Data given in Figure 9.21Data given in Figure 9.22 F Free-body
A person carries a plank of wood 2.00 m long with one hand pushing down on it at one end with a force F1 and the other hand holding it up at .500 m from the end of the plank with force F2. If the
Suppose you pull a nail at a constant rate using a nail puller as shown in Figure 9.21. Is the nail puller in equilibrium? What if you pull the nail with some acceleration – is the nail puller in
A 17.0-m-high and 11.0-m-long wall under construction and its bracing are shown in Figure 9.30. The wall is in stable equilibrium without the bracing but can pivot at its base. Calculate the force
(a) What force must be exerted by the wind to support a 2.50-kg chicken in the position shown in Figure 9.31? (b) What is the ratio of this force to the chicken’s weight?(c) Does this support the
Explain the mechanical advantage of a wheelbarrow and how it explains why moving a heavy load is easier with a wheelbarrow.
Suppose the weight of the drawbridge in Figure 9.32 is supported entirely by its hinges and the opposite shore, so that its cables are slack. The mass of the bridge is 2500 kg.(a) What fraction of

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