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statistical reasoning for everyday life
Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life 5th Edition Jeff Bennett, William Briggs, Mario Triola - Solutions
Distinguish between random errors and systematic errors. How can we minimize the effects of random errors? How can we account for the effect of a³ systematic error?
Distinguish between absolute and relative change. Give an example that illustrates how we calculate a relative change.
What is an index number? Briefly describe how index numbers are calculated and what they mean.
Distinguish between discrete and continuous data, and give an example of each.
Total spending on health care in the United States rose from $80 billion in 1973 to $3.0 trillion in 2014. The Consumer Price Index was 44.4 in 1973, and it was 236.7 in 2014 (with 1982–1984 = 100). Compare the change in health care spending from 1973 to 2014 to the overall rate of inflation as
Distinguish between the absolute error and the relative error in a measurement. Give an example in which the absolute error is large but the relative error is small and another example in which the absolute error is small but the relative error is large.
Discuss the chart in Figure 2.4b. Why does it show actual incomes rather than incomes as a percentage of all taxpayers? What does it tell us about the effects of the tax cuts on each income level? Do you think it supports the claim in its title? Defend your opinion.Figure 2.4b High-Income
Distinguish between absolute and relative difference. Give an example that illustrates how we calculate a relative difference.
What is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)? How is it supposed to be related to inflation?
What do we mean by data at the nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels of measurement?
a. If a typical adult female has a pulse rate that is 6% higher than that of a typical adult male, then the typical adult female’s pulse rate is _____ of the typical adult male’s pulse rate.b. A female has a pulse rate of 80 beats per minute and her brother has a pulse rate that is 95% of hers.
A researcher measures the braking reaction time of a subject and records a value of 2.4 seconds, but the subject’s actual braking reaction time is 1.9 seconds. What is the absolute error?
Distinguish between accuracy and precision. Give an example of a measurement that is precise but inaccurate and another example of a measurement that is accurate but imprecise.
The Department of Transportation used a retrospective study to determine that airbags save lives.
You want to determine the mean weight of all professional (NFL) football players who were on team rosters during the past season.
The Nielsen company installs devices in homes to record the TV shows that are watched. The results are then used to provide ratings identifying which shows are being viewed more than others.
You want to determine the mean weight of all high school football players in the state of California.
Periodically, some researchers test the hypothesis that cell phones can cause cancer in those who use them. In one such study, it was found that among 420,095 cell phone users, 135 developed cancer of the brain or nervous system.
Consider a study in which you measure the weights of dolphins. The variable of interest in this study is: (a) The size of the sample(b) The weights of dolphins(c) The average (mean) weight of all dolphins.
Consider a survey of randomly selected people in which it is found that participants who used sunscreen were more likely to have been sunburned in the past year. Which explanation for this result seems most likely? (a) Sunscreen is useless;(b) Tthe people in this study all used sunscreen that
Are the survey results a sample or a census?
Do a Web search for news articles that discuss results from the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study or other similar studies.Choose one recent result that interests you, and discuss what it means and how it may affect public health or your own health in the future.
Consumer Reports rated house paints according to how well they hold up to hot weather by conducting an experiment in which they applied the various paints to identical surfaces that were then left exposed to the same hot weather conditions for the same length of time. But I don’t believe their
Is this an experiment or an observational study?
Consider some of the results that are likely to come from the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study over the next 10 to 20 years. What types of results do you think will be most important? Do you think the findings will alter the way you live your life?
Identify the population and the sample.
Explain why the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study is an observational study. Critics sometimes say that the results would be more valid if obtained by experiments rather than observations. Discuss whether it would be possible to gather similar data by carrying out experiments in a practical and
What is a representative sample, and why is it important?
What method of sampling is used if 10 Internet users are randomly selected from each of the 50 states?
In principle, the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study is subject to participation bias because only 120,000 of the original 370,000 questionnaires were returned. Should the researchers be concerned about this bias? Why or why not?
What is a biased sample, and what is a major problem with it?
Suppose that 5% of the 500 survey participants use a “password.” Is the value of 5% a sample statistic or a population parameter?
Another potential pitfall comes from the fact that the questionnaires often deal with sensitive issues of personal health, and researchers have no way to confirm that the nurses answer honestly. Do you think that dishonesty could be leading researchers to incorrect conclusions? Defend your opinion.
All of the participants in the Harvard Nurses’ Health Study were women. Do you think that the results also are of use to men? Why or why not?
An educational researcher conducted a census to determine the average (mean) number of years it takes undergraduate statistics students to earn a college degree.
I plan to use a double-blind experiment to test the hypothesis that people will experience a decrease in their pulse rate if they exercise vigorously for 40 minutes every day.
A study on the effect of gender on movie attendance was biased because the sample consisted of 800 males and 200 females.
In a survey of California residents who text while driving, we obtained a simple random sample by compiling a list of the 24,390,236 licensed drivers in California; then we used a computer to randomly generate 1000 numbers between 1 and 24,390,236, and we selected the drivers that correspond to the
Tempered glass is used for car windows because it is much tougher than regular glass. A researcher tests the strength of samples of glass by heating them at 620°C, which is the industry standard.
You want to determine the mean age of all statistics students in the United States.
In a Marist Poll, respondents chose the most annoying phrases used in conversation. Among the 864 subjects who were surveyed, 51% chose “whatever.” The survey has a margin of error of 3 percentage points. Identify the range of values for the confidence interval.
You want to determine the average (mean) annual salary of the current members of Congress.
Nine-year-old Emily Rosa became an author of an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association after she tested professional touch therapists. Using a cardboard partition, she held her hand above the therapist’s hand, and the therapist was asked to identify the hand that Emily chose.
From the poll results given in Exercise 11, can we safely conclude that the majority of people are most annoyed by the use of “whatever” in conversation?Exercise 11In a Marist Poll, respondents chose the most annoying phrases used in conversation. Among the 864 subjects who were surveyed, 51%
A pollster for the U.S. Department of Labor surveys 1500 randomly selected adults about their employment status.
A study of 2500 fatal car crashes identified those that involved drivers who were texting and those who were not.
If a statistical study is carefully conducted in every possible way, then: (a) Its results must be correct(b) We can have confidence in its results, but it is still possible that the results are not correct(c) We say that the study is perfectly biased.
Monsanto hires independent university scientists to determine whether its new, GMO (genetically modified organism) soybean poses any threat to consumers.
In a study of the XSORT gender selection method developed by the Genetics & IVF Institute, 945 couples given treatment had 66 baby boys and 879 baby girls.
Researchers created a form of genetically modified corn and compared it to nonmodified corn, looking for differences in the substances released into the soil from the corn roots.
In a Harris Interactive survey of 1006 randomly selected subjects, 96% of adults said that they wash their hands in public restrooms.
A pollster for the U.S. Department of Labor surveys 1500 randomly selected adults about their employment status.
Hundreds of separate and individual scientific and statistical studies have been done to determine whether high-voltage overhead power lines increase the incidence of cancer among those living nearby. A summary study based on many previous studies concluded that there is no significant link between
Consumer Reports magazine prints a review of new cars and does not accept free products or run any advertisements from any companies.
An experiment conducted at Pennsylvania State University was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilizers on poplar tree growth. Fertilizer is used with one group of poplar trees in a moist region, and irrigation is used with popular trees in a dry region.
An experiment conducted at Pennsylvania State University was designed to evaluate the effects of irrigation and fertilizers on poplar tree growth. Two different sites were used: (1) rich and moist; (2) sandy and dry. Each of the two sites were partitioned into four blocks, and each block was given
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