Questions and Answers of Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life

If we record the means from 1000 rolls of 100 dice, the resulting distribution will be closer to a normal distribution than if we record the means from 1000 rolls of 10 dice.Does It Make Sense? For
What percentage of adult males have pulse rates greater than 53 bpm?Pulse Rates. In Exercises, assume that pulse rates of adult males are normally distributed with a mean of 70 beats per minute (bpm)
Discuss personal experiences with the SAT among your classmates. Based on these personal experiences, what do you think the SAT is measuring? Do you think the test is a reasonable way to predict
The distribution of annual incomes of U.S. adults is a normal distribution.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense
I found the standard score of the data value, even though I do not know the standard deviation of the data set.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is
What percentage of adult males have pulse rates less than 81 bpm?Pulse Rates. In Exercises, assume that pulse rates of adult males are normally distributed with a mean of 70 beats per minute (bpm)
Identify the distribution in Figure 5.6 tha is not normal. Of the two normal distributions, which has the larger standard deviation? или 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 (a) (b) 25 50 75 100 (c)
Research the differences between the SAT as given from 2006–2015 and the new SAT instituted in 2016. Do you think the new approach is “better”? Do you think comparisons with past SAT scores can
Weights of adult males are normally distributed with a mean of 85.5 kg and a standard deviation of 17.7 kg. Assume that many samples of size n are taken from a large population of adult males and the
What percentage of adult males have pulse rates between 59 and 92 bpm?Pulse Rates. In Exercises, assume that pulse rates of adult males are normally distributed with a mean of 70 beats per minute
Identify the distribution in Figure 5.7 that is not normal. Of the two normal distributions, which has the larger standard deviation? nnn 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 (a) (b) (c)
The students in a statistics class conduct a transportation survey of students in their high school. Among other data, they record the age and mode of transportation between home and school for each
Pulse rates for adult females are normally distributed with a mean of 74.0 beats per minute (bpm) and a standard deviation of 12.5 bpm. Use the 68-95-99.7 rule to find the following values.a.
Refer to the Dvorak data in Exercise 21 in Section 3.1 and construct a dotplot. Compare the result to the dotplot from Exercise 21 above. Based on the results, does either keyboard configuration
The amounts of rainfall (in inches) on each day of a year in Boston.Normal Distributions. For each of the data sets in Exercises, state whether you would expect it to be normally distributed. Explain
The following table lists the numbers of persons killed in fatal car crashes for three different categories of blood alcohol content (BAC) of drivers. (The data are from the U.S. Census
The following table gives the number of daily newspapers and their total circulation (in millions) for selected years since 1920 (from Editor & Publisher).Creating Graphics. Exercises give tables
USA Today offers a daily pictograph for its “Snapshot.” Find a snapshot from a recent issue of USA Today. Briefly discuss its purpose and effectiveness.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) website offers dozens of tables relating to energy use, energy prices, and pollution. Explore the selection of tables. Find a table of raw data that
Listed below are the lengths (in minutes) of animated children’s movies. Construct a stemplot. Does the stemplot show the distribution of the data? If so, how? 83 75 80 90 75 88 75 73 79 75 20 19
Choose some topic that interests you and for which you think good statistical graphs should be available. Do an image search for the topic in Google, Bing, or another search engine. Does the search
The website for the World Conservation Monitoring Centre in Great Britain provides data on extinct,endangered, and threatened animal species. Explore these data and summarize some of your more
The following table summarizes deaths due to firearms in different nations in a recent year (data from the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence).Creating Graphics. Exercises give tables of real data. For
Listed below (in order by row) are annual high values of the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1995 through 2015. Construct a time-series line chart of the data. Comment on the result. 11,401 5,216
Find an example in a recent news report of a graph that involves some type of perceptual distortion. Explain the effects of the distortion, and describe how the graph could have been drawn more
The following table lists labor force participation rates (as percentages) of mothers, categorized according to the age of their youngest child (based on data from the Bureau of Labor
The navel ratio is defined to be a person’s height divided by the height (from the floor) of his or her navel. An old theory says that, on average, the navel ratio of humans is the golden ratio: (1
Listed below (in order by row) are the numbers of home runs in Major League Baseball for each year from 1990 through 2016. Construct a time-series line chart of the data. Is there a trend? 3317
Find an example in a recent news report of a graph in which the vertical scale does not start at zero. Suggest why the graph was drawn that way, and also discuss any ways in which the graph might be
Collect your own frequency data for some set of categories that will not require binning. (For example, you might collect data by asking friends to do a taste test on some brand of cookie.) State how
Many websites offer contour maps with current weather data. Find at least two contour weather maps and discuss what they show.
Find an example in a recent news report of a graph that shows economic data over time. Are the data adjusted for inflation? Discuss the meaning of the graph, and describe any ways in which it might
Find recent data on international carbon dioxide emissions. Create a graph of the data and discuss any important features or trends that you notice.
Collect your own frequency data for some set of categories that will require binning (for example, weights of your friends or scores on a recent exam). State how you collected your data, and make a
Go to the website for the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and look for some of its charts related to the federal budget. Pick two charts of particular interest to you and discuss the data
Find an example of a pictograph in a recent news report. Discuss what the pictograph attempts to show, and discuss whether the artistic embellishments help or hinder this purpose.
Explore the energy tables at the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) website. Choose a table that you find interesting and make a graph of its data, using any of the graph types discussed in
Find a recent news article that includes some type of frequency table. Briefly describe the table, and explain how it is useful to the news report. Do you think the table was constructed in the best
Find an example of a multiple bar graph in a recent news report. Comment on the effectiveness of the display. Could another display have been used to depict the same data?
Find a graph from a recent news report that, in your opinion, is truly outstanding in displaying data visually. Discuss what the graph shows, and explain why you think it is so outstanding.
Go to the website for the Statistical Abstract of the United States. Explore the selection of “frequently requested tables.” Choose one table of interest to you and make a graph from its data,
Find a recent news article that gives at least some data in the form of relative frequencies. Briefly describe the data, and discuss why relative frequencies were useful in this case.
Find an example of a stack plot in a recent news report. Comment on the effectiveness of the display. Could another display have been used to depict the same data?
Find a graph from a recent news report that, in your opinion, fails in its attempt to display data visually in a meaningful way. Discuss what the graph was trying to show, explain why it failed, and
Create an appropriate display of the navel data collected in Exercise 25 of Section 3.1. Discuss any special properties of this distribution.Exercise 25The navel ratio is defined to be a person’s
Find a recent news article that gives at least some data in the form of cumulative frequencies. Briefly describe the data, and discuss why cumulative frequencies were useful in this case.
Find an example of a graphic showing geographical data in a recent news report. Comment on the effectiveness of the display. Could another display have been used to depict the same data?
Find a recent news article that includes a bar graph with qualitative data categories.a. Briefly explain what the bar graph shows, and discuss whether it helps make the point of the news article. Are
Look for a weather report that lists yesterday’s high temperatures in many American cities. Choosing appropriate bins, make a frequency table for the high-temperature data. Include columns for
Briefly describe at least two possible sources of confusion about the “average.”
What is a weighted mean, and when is it appropriate to use one?
he weights of 1000 AAA batteries of a single brand.Describing Distributions. For each distribution described in Exercises, answer the following questions:a. How many modes would you expect for the
If a house is valued at $375,000 in San Francisco, find the price of a comparable house in Las Vegas.Housing Price Index. Realtors use an index to compare housing prices in major cities. The index
Body temperatures in Fahrenheit of all giraffes in Kenya.Levels of Measurement. For the data described in Exercises, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
If a house is valued at $835,000 in Denver, find the price of a comparable house in Dallas.Housing Price Index. Realtors use an index to compare housing prices in major cities. The index numbers for
If the population of Montana is 20% less than the population of New Hampshire, then Montana’s population is ____% of New Hampshire’s population.Of versus More Than. Fill in the blanks in
Weights of Corvettes that are currently registered in California.Levels of Measurement. For the data described in Exercises, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Scores of 0%, 1%, 2%, …, 100% used to rate the quality of a movie.Levels of Measurement. For the data described in Exercises, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or
If a house is valued at $835,000 in Dallas, find the price of a comparable house in Denver.Housing Price Index. Realtors use an index to compare housing prices in major cities. The index numbers for
The population of the United States in 1860 was 31,443,321.Believable Facts? Exercises give statements of “fact” coming from statistical measurements. For each statement, briefly discuss possible
A Gallup poll of 1012 American adults showed that 89% of Americans say that human cloning should not be allowed. The margin of error was 3 percentage points. Would it matter if a newspaper reported
Types of movies (drama, comedy, etc.)Levels of Measurement. For the data described in Exercises, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio).
Housing Price Index. Realtors use an index to compare housing prices in major cities. The index numbers for several cities are given in the table below. In Exercises, use the following to find the
Over one full year, there were 33,804 deaths in the United States due to motor vehicle crashes.Believable Facts? Exercises give statements of “fact” coming from statistical measurements. For each
A Pew Research Center survey of 3002 adults showed that the percentage who listen to National Public Radio is probably between 14% and 18% How should a newspaper report the margin of error?
“Categories” 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, used to describe the intensity of hurricanesLevels of Measurement. For the data described in Exercises, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal,
Go to the Producer Price Index (PPI) home page. Read the overview and recent news releases. Write a short summary describing the purpose of the PPI and the ways it differs from the CPI. Also
Last year, the population of China was 1,393,783,836Believable Facts? Exercises give statements of “fact” coming from statistical measurements. For each statement, briefly discuss possible
In a test comparing vinyl and latex laboratory gloves, it was found that 63% of the vinyl gloves leaked (allowing viruses to pass through), but only 7% of the latex gloves leaked.Percentages of
Names, such as Katrina and Sandy, used to identify different hurricanesLevels of Measurement. For the data described in Exercises, identify the level of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or
The percentage of the world’s population living in developed countries decreased from 27.1% in 1970 to 16.4% now.Percentages of Percentages. Exercises describe changes in which the measurements
Use a search engine to find recent news about the Consumer Confidence Index. After studying the news, write a short summary of what the Consumer Confidence Index is trying to measure, including a
Use a search engine to find recent news about the Consumer Confidence Index. After studying the news, write a short summary of what the Consumer Confidence Index is trying to measure, including a
The five-year survival rate for Caucasians for all forms of cancer increased from 39% in the 1960s to 61% now.Percentages of Percentages. Exercises describe changes in which the measurements
Results from a clinical trial consisting of “true positive,” “false positive,” “true negative,” or “false negative” Levels of Measurement. For the data described in Exercises,
The United Nations reported that the global illegal drug trade has a value of $321.6 billion.Believable Facts? Exercises give statements of “fact” coming from statistical measurements. For each
Based on current data, 99.3% of newborns survive the first five years of their lives, and 72.6% of people who reach age 80 years survive the next five years of their lives.
Go to a local supermarket and find the prices of a few staples, such as bread, milk, juice, and coffee. Compute the total cost of those items. Then go to a few small convenience stores and find the
For the samples described in Exercise 6, the sample means will vary less than the original incomes.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is clearly true)
My height puts me in the 37th percentile for my gender, which means my height has a negative standard score.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or is
The distribution of Chromebook sales data over the last year is not normal, because it has two modes corresponding to the holiday season and the back-to-school season.Does It Make Sense? For
Do you think that comparisons of SAT scores over 2 years are meaningful? Over 10 years? Do you agree that the long-term trends indicate that students today have poorer verbal skills but better
Samples of 36 adult males are randomly selected and the mean is found for each sample. What is the standard deviation of the sample means?Pulse Rates. In Exercises, assume that pulse rates of adult
The distribution of incomes of adults is a right-skewed distribution. Therefore, if we select many samples of 64 incomes at random from this distribution, the means of these samples will also have a
My professor graded the final on a curve, and she gave a grade of A+ to anyone who had a standard score of 2 or more.Does It Make Sense? For Exercises, determine whether the statement makes sense (or
Among a sample of 1037 adult women, pulse rates are normally distributed with a mean of 74.0 beats per minute, but 75% of the women have pulse rates greater than 74.0 beats per minute.Does It Make
Overall, do you think that kids today really are smarter than their parents and grandparents, or do you favor a different explanation for the Flynn effect? Discuss in a small group until you reach a
Samples of 36 adult males are randomly selected and the mean is found for each sample. What is the mean of the sample means?Pulse Rates. In Exercises, assume that pulse rates of adult males are
What is a percentile? Describe how Table A-1 (in Appendix A) allows you to relate standard scores and percentiles.Table A-1 TABLE A-1 Standard Normal (z) Distribution: Cumulative Area from the
A process consists of repeating this operation: Randomly select two values from a normally distributed population and then find the mean of the two values. The sample means will be normally
Use Table A-1 to find the percentage of pulse rates of adult men between 60 and 80 bpm.Table A-1Pulse Rates. In Exercises, assume that pulse rates of adult males are normally distributed with a mean
Research the differences between the SAT as given from 2006–2015 and the new SAT was instituted in 2016. Do you think the new approach is “better”? Do you think comparisons with past SAT scores
Briefly describe the four conditions under which we can expect a data set to have a nearly normal distribution. Give an example of a set of data that might be approximated by the normal distribution.
Briefly explain a major reason why the Central Limit Theorem is useful in statistics.
What is a standard score? How do you find the standard score for a particular data value?
Discuss personal experiences with the SAT among your classmates. Based on these personal experiences, what do you think the SAT is measuring? Do you think the test is a reasonable way to predict
What does the area under the normal distribution curve represent? What is the total area under the normal distribution curve?
What is the Central Limit Theorem? When does it apply?
For a normal distribution, approximately what fraction of data values lie more than 1 standard deviation above the mean? When might data values be considered unusual? Explain.
Notice that scores for males have been consistently higher than scores for females. Why do you think this is the case?Do you think that changes in the education system could eliminate this gap?

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