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the physical universe

Questions and Answers of The Physical Universe

Under what circumstances would you expect the shared electron pair to be equal distances on the average from each of the atoms participating in a covalent bond?
Why do the inert gas atoms almost never participate in covalent bonds?
Why do the inert gas atoms almost never participate in covalent bonds?
Which of the following compounds do you expect to be ionic and which covalent: IBr, NO2, SiF4, Na2S, CCl4, RbCl, Ca3N2?
More energy is needed to remove an electron from a hydrogen molecule than from a hydrogen atom. Why do you think this is so?
More energy is needed to remove an electron from a hydrogen molecule than from a hydrogen atom. Why do you think this is so?
Illustrate with electron diagrams (a) The reaction between a lithium atom and a fluorine atom, and (b) The reaction between a magnesium atom and a sulfur atom. Would you expect lithium
In each of the following pairs of atoms, which would you expect to be larger in size: Li and F, Li and Na, F and Cl, Na and Si? Why?
In each of the following pairs of atoms, which would you expect to be larger in size: Li and F, Li and Na, F and Cl, Na and Si? Why?
The ionization energies of Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs are respectively 5.4, 5.1, 4.3, 4.2, and 3.9 eV. All are in Group 1 of the periodic table. Explain the decrease in ionization energy with increasing
The ionization energies of the elements with atomic numbers 20 through 29 are very nearly equal. Why should this be so when considerable variations exist in the ionization energies of other
The ionization energies of the elements with atomic numbers 20 through 29 are very nearly equal. Why should this be so when considerable variations exist in the ionization energies of other
The energy needed to remove an outer electron from an atom is called the atom’s ionization energy. (a) Use Fig. 9-29 to find the ionization energy in eV of lithium (atomic number 3) on the
What is the effective nuclear charge that acts on each electron in the outer shell of the calcium (Z = 20) atom?Would you think that such an electron is relatively easy or relatively hard to detach
What is the effective nuclear charge that acts on each electron in the outer shell of the calcium (Z = 20) atom?Would you think that such an electron is relatively easy or relatively hard to detach
What is the effective nuclear charge that acts on each electron in the outer shell of the sulfur (Z = 16) atom?Would you think that such an electron is relatively easy or relatively hard to detach
The rare element selenium has the following arrangement of electrons: 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second, 18 in the third, and 6 in the fourth. Would you expect selenium to be a metal or a
The rare element selenium has the following arrangement of electrons: 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second, 18 in the third, and 6 in the fourth. Would you expect selenium to be a metal or a
(a) Would you expect N or Br to differ most in its chemical properties from F? (b) B or Si from C? (c) P or O from N?
The transition elements in any period have the same or nearly the same outer electron shells and add electrons successively to inner shells. How does this bear upon their chemical similarity?
The transition elements in any period have the same or nearly the same outer electron shells and add electrons successively to inner shells. How does this bear upon their chemical similarity?
What is the difference in atomic structure between the two isotopes of chlorine? How would you account for the great chemical similarity of the two isotopes?
Why are chlorine atoms more chemically active than chlorine ions?
Why are chlorine atoms more chemically active than chlorine ions?
Would you expect magnesium or calcium to be the more active metal? Explain your answer in terms of atomic structure.
Electrons are much more readily liberated from metals than from nonmetals by irradiation with visible or ultraviolet light. Can you explain why this is true? From metals of what group would you
Electrons are much more readily liberated from metals than from nonmetals by irradiation with visible or ultraviolet light. Can you explain why this is true? From metals of what group would you
Why do fluorine and chlorine exhibit similar chemical behavior?
Why do fluorine and chlorine exhibit similar chemical behavior?
(a) What is characteristic about the outer electron shells of the alkali metals? (b) Of the halogens? (c) Of the inert gases?
(a) What is characteristic about the outer electron shells of the alkali metals? (b) Of the halogens? (c) Of the inert gases?
The following metals are listed in order of decreasing chemical activity: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium. How does this order agree with their positions in the periodic table? Where would you
The following metals are listed in order of decreasing chemical activity: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium. How does this order agree with their positions in the periodic table? Where would you
Are the chemical properties of the elements in a vertical column or in a horizontal row of the periodic table similar to one another?
Are the chemical properties of the elements in a vertical column or in a horizontal row of the periodic table similar to one another?
Sodium never occurs in nature as the free element, and platinum seldom occurs in combination. How are these observations related to the chemical activities of the two metals?
Sodium never occurs in nature as the free element, and platinum seldom occurs in combination. How are these observations related to the chemical activities of the two metals?
From what physical and chemical characteristics of iron do we conclude that it is a metal? From what physical and chemical characteristics of sulfur do we conclude that it is a nonmetal?
From what physical and chemical characteristics of iron do we conclude that it is a metal? From what physical and chemical characteristics of sulfur do we conclude that it is a nonmetal?
The formula for liquid water is H2O, for solid zinc sulfide is ZnS, and for gaseous nitrogen dioxide is NO2.Precisely what information do these formulas convey?What information do they not convey?
Iodine is an example of a. an inert gas b. an alkali metal c. a halogen d. a compound
What kind(s) of particles make up (a) gaseous compounds, (b) liquid compounds, and (c) solid compounds?
What is the most abundant element in the universe? In the human body?
What is the most abundant element in the universe? In the human body?
Which of the following homogeneous liquids are elements, which are compounds, and which are solutions: alcohol, mercury, liquid hydrogen, pure water, seawater, beer?
Which of the following homogeneous liquids are elements, which are compounds, and which are solutions: alcohol, mercury, liquid hydrogen, pure water, seawater, beer?
Heating is a physical process. When mercuric oxide is heated, it becomes mercury and oxygen. Does this mean that mercuric oxide is a mixture rather than a compound?
Heating is a physical process. When mercuric oxide is heated, it becomes mercury and oxygen. Does this mean that mercuric oxide is a mixture rather than a compound?
The conversion of water to ice is considered a physical change, whereas the conversion of iron to rust is considered a chemical change. Why?
The conversion of water to ice is considered a physical change, whereas the conversion of iron to rust is considered a chemical change. Why?
Under what circumstances do electrons exhibit spin?
What is the angular momentum quantum number of an electron in a p state? How many orbitals are available to such an electron?
Why is an s orbital spherically symmetric, that is, having its probability density vary in the same way in all directions?
What is the significance of a high value of the probability density ψ2 of a particle at a certain time and place? Of a low value of ψ2?
The Bohr theory permits us to visualize the structure of the atom, whereas quantum mechanics is very complex and concerned with such ideas as wave functions and probabilities. What reasons would lead
How is quantum mechanics related to newtonian mechanics?
What is a metastable atomic state?
In what way does light from a laser differ from light from other sources?
The earth’s mass is 6 × 1024 kg, the circumference of its orbit around the sun is 9.4 × 1011 m, and its orbital speed is 3 × 104 m/s. (a) Find the de Broglie wavelength of the earth.(b)
Calculate the speed of the electron in the innermost (n = 1) Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom. The radius of this orbit in 5.3 × 10-11 m.
The atoms of an excited gas are in rapid random motion.What effect do you think this has on the frequencies of the spectral lines in the emission spectrum of the gas?
The de Broglie wavelength of an electron whose speed is2.0 × 107 m/s isa. 3.6 × 10-11 mb. 2.8 × 10-10 mc. 3.6 × 10-10 md. 2.8 × 1010 m
An x-ray photon has an energy of 3.3 × 1015 J. The frequency that corresponds to this energy isa. 3.3 × 10-50 Hzb. 3 × 10-19 Hzc. 3.3 × 1018 Hzd. 3.3 × 1020 Hz
(a) What is meant by the ground state of an atom? (b) What is the quantum number of the ground state of a hydrogen atom in the Bohr model?
A lamp emits light of frequency 5 × 1015 Hz at a power of 25 W. The number of photons given off per second isa. 1.3 × 10-19b. 8.3 × 10-17c. 7.6 × 1018d. 1.9 × 1050
The energy of a photon of light whose frequency is 3 × 1014 Hz isa. 2.2 × 10-48 Jb. 1.98 × 10-47 Jc. 1.98 × 10-19 Jd. 4.5 × 1019 J
In the Bohr model of the atom, the electron is in constant motion. How can such an electron have a negative amount of energy?
According to the exclusion principle, no two electrons in an atom can have the samea. spin directionb. speedc. orbitd. set of quantum numbers
The electrons in an atom all have the samea. speedb. spin magnitudec. orbitd. principal quantum number
What kind of spectrum is observed in(a) light from the hot filament of a lightbulb;(b) light from a sodium-vapor highway lamp;(c) light from a lightbulb surrounded by cool sodium vapor?
Electrons behave likea. pure charges with no magnetic propertiesb. tiny bar magnets with different strengths that never changec. tiny bar magnets with strengths that may changed. tiny bar magnets
A quantum number is not associated with an atomic electron’sa. massb. energyc. spind. orbital angular momentum
The uncertainty principle applies to all bodies, yet its consequences are significant only for such extremely small particles as electrons, protons, and neutrons. Explain.
An s orbitala. is spherical in shapeb. is shaped like a doughnutc. has two lobesd. has six lobes
An electron in a p state of an atom has an angular momentum quantum number l ofa. 0b. 1c. 2d. 3
An electron microscope uses 40-keV (4 × 104-eV) electrons. Find its ultimate resolving power on the assumption that this is equal to the wavelength of the electrons.
How many quantum numbers are needed to determine the size and shape of an atomic orbital?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4
The orbital of an atomic electron isa. its orbit around the atom’s nucleusb. its de Broglie wavec. its probability cloudd. one of its quantum numbers
An oxygen molecule has a mass of 5.3 × 10-26 kg and an average speed in air at room temperature of about 480 m/s. How does the de Broglie wavelength of such a molecule compare with its diameter of
The quantum-mechanical theory of the atom is a. based upon a mechanical model of the atomb. a theory that restricts itself to physical quantities that can be measured directlyc. less accurate
Which of the following properties is not characteristic of the light waves from a laser?a. The waves all have the same frequency.b. The waves are all in step with one another.c. The waves form a
Find the de Broglie wavelength of an electron whose speed is 2 × 107 m/s. How significant are the wave properties of such an electron likely to be?
The operation of the laser is based upon a. the uncertainty principleb. the interference of de Broglie wavesc. stimulated emission of radiationd. stimulated absorption of radiation
Which of the following types of radiation is not emitted by changes in the electronic structures of atoms?a. ultraviolet lightb. visible lightc. x-raysd. gamma rays
How does the speed of the wave packet that corresponds to a moving object compare with (a) The object’s speed and (b) The speed of light?
When an atom absorbs a photon of light, which one or more of the following can happen?a. An electron shifts to a state of smaller quantum number.b. An electron shifts to a state of higher quantum
The energy difference between adjacent energy levels in the hydrogen atoma. is smaller for small quantum numbersb. is the same for all quantum numbersc. is larger for small quantum numbersd. has no
A photon and a proton have the same wavelength. How does the photon’s energy compare with the proton’s kinetic energy?
An atom emits a photon when one of its orbital electronsa. jumps from a higher to a lower energy levelb. jumps from a lower to a higher energy levelc. is removed by the photoelectric effectd. is
A hydrogen atom is said to be in its ground state when its electrona. is at restb. is inside the nucleusc. is in its lowest energy leveld. has escaped from the atom
Must a particle have an electric charge in order for matter waves to be associated with its motion?
In the Bohr model of the atom, the electrons revolve around the nucleus of an atom so as toa. emit spectral linesb. produce x-raysc. form energy levels that depend upon their speeds onlyd. keep from
According to the Bohr model of the atom, an electron in the ground statea. radiates electromagnetic energy continuouslyb. emits only spectral linesc. remains there foreverd. can jump to another orbit
An electron can revolve in an orbit around an atomic nucleus without radiating energy provided that the orbita. is far enough away from the nucleusb. is less than a de Broglie wavelength in
The classical model of the hydrogen atom fails becausea. an accelerated electron radiates electromagnetic wavesb. a moving electron has more mass than an electron at restc. a moving electron has more
An energy of 4 × 10-19 J is required to remove an electron from the surface of a particular metal. (a) What is the frequency of the light that will just dislodge electrons from the
Most stars are hot objects surrounded by cooler atmospheres. The spectrum of such a star is aa. continuous band of lightb. band of light crossed by brighter linesc. band of light crossed by dark
A neon sign does not producea. a line spectrumb. an emission spectrumc. an absorption spectrumd. photons
A detached retina is being “welded” back by using 20-ms pulses from a 0.50-W laser operating at a wavelength of 643 nm. How many photons are in each pulse?
The emission spectrum produced by the excited atoms of an element contains frequencies that area. the same for all elementsb. characteristic of the particular elementc. evenly distributed throughout

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