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sciences
the physical universe
The Physical Universe 16th edition Konrad B Krauskopf, Arthur Beiser - Solutions
Gamma rays have the same basic nature asa. alpha particlesb. beta particlesc. x-raysd. sound waves
(a) What is an alpha particle? A beta particle? A gamma ray? (b) How do they compare in general in ability to penetrate matter?
An electron is emitted by an atomic nucleus in the process ofa. alpha decayb. beta decayc. gamma decayd. nuclear fission
The number of protons in a stable nucleus is alwaysa. less than the number of neutronsb. less than or equal to the number of neutronsc. equal to or more than the number of neutronsd. more than the number of neutrons
What limits the size of a nucleus?
The atomic number of an element determines itsa. massb. binding energyc. number of neutronsd. chemical behavior
Which of the following is not an isotope of hydrogen?a. 10 Hb. 11 Hc. 21 Hd. 31 H
Find the number of neutrons and protons in each of the following nuclei: 188 O; 1226 Mg; 5276 Fe; 109 47 Ag.
The atoms of the isotopes of an element are different in which one or more of the following?a. number of electronsb. number of protonsc. number of neutronsd. atomic mass
The atomic number of an element is the number ofa. protons in its nucleusb. neutrons in its nucleusc. electrons in its nucleusd. protons and neutrons in its nucleus
What are the similarities and differences among the isotopes of an element?
Nearly all the volume occupied by matter consists ofa. electronsb. protonsc. neutronsd. nothing
The basic idea of the Rutherford atomic model is that the positive charge in an atom isa. spread uniformly throughout its volumeb. concentrated at its centerc. readily deflected by an incoming alpha particled. the same for all atoms
How do the ways in which the mass and the charge of an atom are distributed differ?
Suppose you are an astronaut orbiting the earth at an altitude of 200 km. The pupils of your eyes are 3 mm in diameter and the average wavelength of the light reaching you from the earth is 500 nm. What is the length of the smallest structure you could make out on the earth with your naked eye,
Radio waves are able to diffract readily around buildings, as anybody with a portable radio receiver can verify. However, light waves, which are also em waves, undergo no discernible diffraction around buildings. Why not?
Which of the following can occur in (a) transverse waves and (b) longitudinal waves: reflection, interference, diffraction, polarization?
Light of what color is scattered most in the atmosphere? Least?
(a) What would the American flag look like when viewed with red light? (b) With blue light?
When white light is dispersed by a glass prism, red light is bent least and violet light is bent most. What does this tell you about the relative speeds of red and violet light in glass?
(a) What is the name of the defect of vision in which an eye can see nearby objects clearly but not distant ones? (b) What is the name of the defect of vision in which either bar of a cross can be seen clearly but not both at the same time?
A birthday candle 4 cm high is 10 cm from a converging lens whose focal length is 15 cm. Use a ray diagram on a suitable scale (say, _ 13 full size) to find the location of the image, its height, and whether it is erect or inverted, real or virtual.
When it leaves the lens, which path will the incoming ray in Fig. 7-70 follow? A B
Is the mercury column in a thermometer wider or narrower than it seems to be?
Under what circumstances, if any, will a light ray that passes through a converging lens not be deviated? Under what circumstances, if any, will a light ray that passes through a diverging lens not be deviated?
What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image?
A medal in a plastic cube appears to be 12 mm below the top of the cube. If n = 1.5 for the plastic, the depth of the medal is actuallya. 6 mmb. 8 mmc. 18 mmd. 24 mm
The speed of light in diamond is 1.24 × 108 m/s. The index of refraction of diamond isa. 1.24b. 2.31c. 2.42d. 3.72
A leaf frozen into a pond in winter is 40 mm below the surface of the ice. How far down does the leaf seem to be? (nice = 1.31)
One kilohertz (kHz) is equal to 103 Hz. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves sent out by a radio station whose frequency is 660 kHz? The speed of light is 3 × 108 m/s.a. 2.2 × 10−3 mc. 4.55 × 103 mb. 4.55 × 102 md. 1.98 × 1014 m
A boat at anchor is rocked by waves whose crests are 20 m apart and whose speed is 5 m/s. These waves reach the boat with a frequency ofa. 0.25 Hzb. 4 Hzc. 20 Hzd. 100 Hz
Which of the paths shown in Fig. 7-69 could represent a ray of light passing through a glass block in air? A B D
Waves in a lake are observed to be 5 m in length and to pass an anchored boat 1.25 s apart. The speed of the waves isa. 0.25 m/sb. 4 m/sc. 6.25 m/sd. impossible to find from the information given
The wavelength of sound waves having a frequency of 256 Hz compared with the wavelength of sound waves having a frequency of 512 Hz isa. half as greatb. the samec. twice as greatd. four times as great
When a fish looks up through the water surface at an object in the air, will the object appear to be its normal size and distance above the water? Use a diagram to explain your answer, and assume that the fish’s eye and brain, like the human eye and brain, are accustomed to interpreting light
The speed of sound waves having a frequency of 256 Hz compared with the speed of sound waves having a frequency of 512 Hz isa. half as greatb. the samec. twice as greatd. four times as great
Which one or more of the following will improve the resolving power of a lens?a. increase the wavelength of the light usedb. increase the frequency of the light usedc. decrease the diameter of the lens usedd. increase the diameter of the lens used
Can the index of refraction of a substance be less than 1? If not, why not?
The useful magnification of a telescope is limited by a. the speed of lightb. the doppler effectc. interferenced. diffraction
Diffraction refers toa. the splitting of a beam of white light into its component colorsb. the interference of light that produces bright colors in thin oil filmsc. the bending of waves around the edge of an obstacle in their pathd. the increase in frequency due to motion of a wave source toward an
What is the height of the smallest mirror in which you could see yourself at full length? Use a diagram to explain your answer. Does it matter how far away you are?
The sky is blue becausea. air molecules are blueb. the lens of the eye is bluec. the scattering of light is more efficient the shorter its wavelengthd. the scattering of light is more efficient the longer its wavelength
Thin films of oil and soapy water owe their brilliant colors to a combination of reflection, refraction, anda. scatteringb. interferencec. diffractiond. the doppler effect
When a light ray is reflected, which of the following quantities, if any, is always unchanged: the direction of the ray, its speed, its frequency, its wavelength?
The Danish flag is red and white. When viewed with red light it appearsa. all redb. all whitec. red and whited. red and black
The Spanish flag is yellow and red. When viewed with yellow light it appearsa. all yellowb. yellow and redc. yellow and blackd. white and red
A nanosecond is 10−9 s.(a) What is the frequency of an em wave whose period is 1 ns?(b) What is its wavelength? (c) To what class of em waves does it belong?
Light of which color has the shortest wavelength?a. redb. bluec. yellowd. green
Light of which color has the lowest frequency?a. redb. bluec. yellowd. green
An opera performance is being broadcast by radio. Who will hear a certain sound first, a member of the audience 30 m from the stage or a listener to a radio receiver 5000 km away?
The quality in sound that corresponds to color in light isa. amplitudeb. resonancec. waveformd. pitch
A converging lens of focal length f is being used as a magnifying glass. The distance of an object from the lens must bea. less than fb. fc. between f and 2fd. more than f
Visible light of which color has the lowest frequency? The highest frequency? The shortest wavelength? The longest wavelength?
The image formed by a diverging lens of a real object is never which one or more of the following?a. realb. virtualc. erectd. smaller than the object
The image of a real object closer to a converging lens than f is always which one or more of the following?a. smaller than the objectb. the same size as the objectc. virtuald. inverted
Light waves carry both energy and momentum. Why doesn’t the momentum of the sun diminish with time as its energy content does?
The image of a real object farther from a converging lens than f is always which one or more of the following?a. smaller than the objectb. the same size as the objectc. virtuald. inverted
A real image formed by any lens is always which one or more of the following?a. smaller than the objectb. larger than the objectc. erectd. inverted
Light is said to be a transverse wave. What is it that varies at right angles to the direction in which a light wave travels?
The index of refraction of a transparent substance is alwaysa. less than 1b. 1c. greater than 1d. any of the above
A fish that you are looking at from a boat seems to be 60 cm below the water surface. The actual depth of the fisha. is less than 60 cmb. is 60 cmc. is more than 60 cmd. may be any of these, depending on the angle of view
How could you show that light carries energy?
A pencil in a glass of water appears bent. This is an example ofa. reflectionc. diffractionb. refractiond. interference
The ionosphere is a region of ionized gas in the upper atmosphere. The ionosphere is responsible fora. the blue color of the skyb. rainbowsc. long-distance radio communicationd. the ability of satellites to orbit the earth
The characteristic wavelengths of light emitted by a distant star are observed to be shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. What does this suggest about the motion of the star relative to the earth?
A beam of transverse waves whose variations occur in all directions perpendicular to their direction of motion isa. resolvedb. diffractedc. polarizedd. unpolarized
Light wavesa. require air or another gas to travel throughb. require some kind of matter to travel throughc. require electric and magnetic fields to travel throughd. can travel through a perfect vacuum
In what kinds of waves can the doppler effect occur?
The energy of an em wave resides in itsa. frequencyb. wavelengthc. speedd. electric and magnetic fields
Which of the following do(es) not consist of em waves?a. x-raysb. radar wavesc. sound wavesd. infrared waves
Electromagnetic waves transporta. frequencyb. wavelengthc. charged. energy
In a vacuum the speed of an em wavea. depends upon its frequencyb. depends upon its wavelengthc. depends upon the strength of its electric and magnetic fieldsd. is a universal constant
A person determines the direction from which a sound comes by means of two mechanisms. One compares the loudness of the sound in one ear with that in the other ear, which is most effective at low frequencies. The other compares the phases of the waves that arrive at the two ears, which is most
Maxwell based his theory of electromagnetic (em) waves on the hypothesis that a changing electric field gives rise toa. an electric currentb. a stream of electronsc. a magnetic fieldd. longitudinal waves
A spacecraft is approaching the earth. Relative to the radio signals it sends out, the signals received on the earth havea. a lower frequencyb. a shorter wavelengthc. a higher speedd. all of the above
Find the speed of sound in the rail.An airplane is flying at 500 km/h at an altitude of 4.0 km. When the sound of the airplane’s engines seems to somebody on the ground to be coming from directly overhead, how far away is she from being directly below the airplane?
The doppler effect occursa. only with sound wavesb. only with longitudinal wavesc. only with transverse wavesd. with all types of waves
Six flutes playing together produce a 60-dB sound. The number of flutes needed to produce a 70-dB sound isa. 7b. 60c. 70d. 120
Even if astronauts on the moon’s surface did not need to be enclosed in space suits, they could not speak directly to each other but would have to communicate by radio. Can you think of the reason?
The lower the frequency of a sound wave, thea. higher its speedc. louder it isb. higher its pitchd. longer its wavelength
The greater the amplitude of a wave, the greater itsa. frequencyc. speedb. wavelengthd. energy
Why does sound travel fastest in solids and slowest in gases?
Sound travels slowest ina. airc. ironb. waterd. a vacuum
Sound cannot travel througha. a solidb. a liquidc. a gasd. a vacuum
At one end of a ripple tank 90 cm across, a 6-Hz vibrator produces waves whose wavelength is 50 mm. Find the time the waves need to cross the tank.
Sound waves area. longitudinalb. transversec. a mixture of longitudinal and transversed. sometimes longitudinal and sometimes transverse
Water waves area. longitudinalb. transversec. a mixture of longitudinal and transversed. sometimes longitudinal and sometimes transverse
Water waves whose crests are 6 m apart reach the shore every 1.2 s. Find the frequency and speed of the waves.
Energy is carried by which one or more of the following waves?a. sound wavesb. light wavesc. water wavesd. waves in a stretched string
Of the following properties of a wave, the one that is independent of the others is itsa. frequencyb. wavelengthc. speedd. amplitude
(a) Distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves. (b) Do all waves fall into one or the other of these categories? If not, give an example of one that does not.
The distance from crest to crest of any wave is called itsa. frequencyb. wavelengthc. speedd. amplitude
A transformer rated at a maximum power of 10 kW is used to couple a 5000-V transmission line to a 240-V circuit. What is the maximum current in the 240-V circuit?
What would happen if the primary coil of a transformer were connected to a battery?
What acts on the secondary coil of a transformer to cause an alternating voltage to occur across its ends even though the primary and secondary coils are not connected?
The shaft of a generator is much easier to turn when the generator is not connected to an outside circuit than when such a connection is made. Why?
When a wire loop is rotated in a magnetic field, the direction of the current induced in the loop reverses itself twice per rotation. Why?
A length of copper wire AB rests across a pair of parallel copper wires that are connected to a battery through a switch, as in Fig. 6-52. The arrangement is placed between the poles of a magnet and the switch is closed. In what direction does the wire AB move? B A
A current-carrying wire is in a magnetic field. What angle should the wire make with the direction of the field for the force on it to be zero? What should the angle be for the force to be a maximum?
Two parallel wires carry currents in the same direction.Do they attract each other, repel each other, or not affect each other? What happens when the currents are in opposite directions?
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