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sciences
the physical universe
The Physical Universe 16th edition Konrad B Krauskopf, Arthur Beiser - Solutions
Each step on the Richter scale of earthquake magnitude represents an increase in vibration amplitude of a factor of 10. What is the approximate increase in the energy released?
The chief source of the energy that powers geological processes today isa. The sunb. Heat left over from the earth’s formationc. Electric currents in the earth’s cored. Radioactivity in the earth’s interior
Among the reasons why the earth’s core is believed to consist mainly of molten iron is (are) a. The density of ironb. The electrical conductivity of ironc. The relative abundance of iron in the universed. That earthquake S waves do not pass through the core
Name the following rocks: (a) A fine-grained, unfoliated rock with intergrowing crystals of quartz, feldspar, and black mica; (b) A finely foliated rock with microscopic crystals of quartz and white mica; (c) A fine-grained rock consisting principally of clay minerals.
The rocks of the mantle are believed to consist largely ofa. Feldsparb. Quartz c. Clay mineralsd. Ferromagnesian minerals
The radius of the earth’s core is roughlya. _110_ The earth’s radiusb. _14 The earth’s radiusc. _12 The earth’s radiusd. _34 The earth’s radius
How could you distinguish (a) granite from gabbro;(b) basalt from limestone; (c) schist from diorite?
The part of the earth with the greatest volume is thea. Inner coreb. Outer corec. Mantled. Crust
The earth’s crusta. Has very nearly the same thickness everywhereb. Varies irregularly in thicknessc. Is always thinnest under the continentsd. Is always thinnest under the oceans
Distinguish between quartz and quartzite.
Which one or more of the following statements apply to earthquake P waves?a. They are back-and-forth vibrations like sound waves.b. They are transverse vibrations like waves in a taut string.c. They travel in straight lines through the earth’s interior.d. They can pass through the earth’s core.
Relative to an earthquake of magnitude 5 on the Richter scale, an earthquake of magnitude 6 releasesa. 2 Times more energyb. 10 Times more energyc. 30 Times more energyd. 100 Times more energy
(a) What is the origin of limestone? (b) What rock is formed by the metamorphism of limestone? (c) What is the difference in structure that the metamorphism produces?
Regions in which earthquakes are frequent are also regions in whicha. The geomagnetic field is strongb. Hurricanes are commonc. Volcanoes occurd. Petroleum is found
Most earthquakes are caused by shifts of rocks along faultsa. on the earth’s surfaceb. In the crustc. In the mantled. In the core
The mineral grains of many metamorphic rocks are flat or elongated and occur in parallel layers. (a) What is this property called?(b) How does it originate?
Fossils are most likely to be found ina. Graniteb. Shale c. Gneissd. Basalt
Mica is present ina. Marbleb. chert c. Basaltd. gneiss
What happens to the density of a rock that undergoes metamorphism?
Shale may be metamorphosed intoa. Marble b. Sandstone c. Slated. Granite
Limestone may be metamorphosed intoa. Marbleb. Quartzite c. Gneissd. Schist
An example of a light-colored, coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock isa. Graniteb. Shalec. Gneissd. Basalt
What is the nature of chert and why is it so resistant to chemical and mechanical attack?
An example of a foliated rock isa. Marble b. Sandstone c. Slated. Granite
Foliation occurs ina. Sedimentary rocksb. Metamorphic rocksc. Igneous rocksd. All of the above
In what way does calcite differ from almost all other minerals? What rocks are largely calcite?
A general characteristic of rocks of volcanic origin isa. The presence of shaleb. A light colorc. Coarse-grained structured. Fine-grained structure
Most crustal rocksa. were formed from compacted sedimentsb. were formed from chemical or biochemical precipitatesc. solidified from a molten stated. were metamorphosed by heat and pressure under the earth’s surface
Diorite is an igneous rock that has hardened slowly underground, and andesite, whose composition is similar, is an igneous rock that has hardened on the earth’s surface. How can they be distinguished from one another?
Rocks that have been altered by heat and pressure beneath the earth’s surface are calleda. igneous rocksb. sedimentary rocks c. metamorphic rocksd. precipitated rocks
Igneous rocks have been formed bya. cooling from a molten stateb. precipitation from solutionc. the alteration of other rocks by heatd. the alteration of other rocks by pressure
Are the mineral grains in an igneous rock usually regular in form? What is the usual arrangement of the grains in an igneous rock?
The ferromagnesian minerals are usuallya. transparent b. white or pink c. bluishd. dark green to black
A mineral that is not a silicate isa. Quartzb. Mica c. Feldspard. Calcite
In the silicate minerals each Si4+ ion is always surrounded by four O2- ions, yet no mineral has the formula SiO4. Why not?
Quartz isa. A variety of feldsparb. A variety of white micac. Composed of calcium carbonated. Composed of silicon dioxide
Feldspar isa. Relatively rare in the earth’s crustb. The most abundant mineral in the earth’s crustc. Composed of calcium carbonated. Similar to mica
Both cleavage and crystal form are characteristic mineral properties. What is the difference between the two?
The tendency of certain minerals to split along particular planes is calleda. Foliationb. Faulting c. Cleavaged. Gneiss
Minerals area. Silicon compoundsb. Common types of rockc. Homogeneous solids of which rocks are composedd. Always compounds
The second most abundant element isa. Ironb. Silicon c. Carbond. Aluminum
The most abundant element in the earth’s crust isa. Oxygen b. Nitrogenc. Silicond. Carbon
Arrange these elements in decreasing order of their abundance on the earth: silicon, carbon, oxygen, aluminum.
Why does the equatorial current flow westward?
The California Current along the California coast is cooler than the ocean to the west. How does this fact explain the numerous fogs on this coast?
In what two ways do the oceans influence climates on land?
The salinity of seawater varies with location, but the relative proportions of the various ions in solution are almost exactly the same everywhere regardless of local circumstances. What is the significance of the latter observation?
A wind begins to blow over the surface of a calm body of deep water. What factors govern the height of the waves that are produced?
When did the Little Ice Age occur: several hundred years ago, several thousand years ago, several million years ago? By roughly how much did average European temperatures fall in the Little Ice Age?
The Milankovitch theory of ice ages relates them to variations in the tilt of the earth’s axis, the shape of its orbit, and the time of year when the earth is closest to the sun. However, these variations affect the total amount of solar energy reaching the earth by no more than 0.3 percent. How
Most of the world’s deserts occur in the horse latitudes between the trade winds and the prevailing westerlies in each hemisphere. Why?
The northeast and southeast trade winds meet in a belt called the doldrums. What is the characteristic climate of the doldrums and why does it occur?
Cumulus clouds form when warm air rises vertically by convection, and stratus clouds form when a warm air mass moving horizontally encounters a cooler mass and is forced upward on top of the cooler mass. Which kind of clouds would you expect to be characteristic of a warm front?
What is the approximate sequence of wind directions when the center of an anticyclone passes south of an observer in the northern hemisphere?
The climate of northwestern Europe is greatly affected by thea. Gulf Streamb. abyssal zonec. Labrador Currentd. trade winds
The Gulf Stream is aa. warm current in the North Atlanticb. cool current in the North Atlanticc. river that flows into the Gulf of Mexicod. warm wind blowing over the North Atlantic
When you face a wind associated with a cyclone in the northern hemisphere, in what approximate direction will the center of low pressure be? In what direction will the center of low pressure be if you do this in the southern hemisphere?
Most surface ocean currents are due toa. melting glaciersb. riversc. windsd. differences in the altitude of the ocean surface
Tsunamis are caused bya. monsoonsb. typhoonsc. icebergsd. undersea earthquakes
How does the weather associated with a cyclone differ from that associated with an anticyclone?
The Hawaiian Islands area. part of a sunken continentb. floating on the surface of the oceanc. located in shallow waterd. volcanic peaks
The deepest known point of the oceans is found in thea. Atlantic Oceanb. Pacific Oceanc. North Sead. Panama Canal
(a) What is the name of weather systems centered about regions of high pressure? (b) In what direction do winds in the northern hemisphere spiral around such a region?(c) In the southern hemisphere?
Compared with the average height of the continents above sea level, the average depth of the ocean basins below sea level isa. smallerb. greaterc. about the samed. sometimes smaller and sometimes greater, depending upon the tides
The approximate percentage of the earth’s surface covered by water isa. 10 percentb. 50 percentc. 70 percentd. 90 percent
An airplane flies at the same speed relative to the air at a high altitude from Chicago to London and then back to Chicago. How do the flight times for each leg compare?
Ice agesa. cover the entire earth with a sheet of iceb. freeze all the oceansc. occurred seldom in the pastd. occurred frequently in the past
Rain is most abundant in thea. prevailing westerlies of the middle latitudesb. horse latitudes between the middle latitudes and the trade-wind beltsc. trade-wind beltsd. doldrums of the equatorial regions
On a summer night coastal land cools below the temperature of the adjacent sea. Does the resulting land breeze blow offshore or onshore? Does the coriolis effect influence the land breeze? If so, how?
The greatest seasonal variations in temperature occur ina. the west coasts of the continentsb. the east coasts of the continentsc. continental interiorsd. isolated islands
The chief reason the equatorial regions are warmer than the polar regions is thata. the equator is closer to the sunb. sunlight falls more nearly vertically on the equatorial regionsc. sunlight is reflected by ice and snow in the polar regionsd. there is more CO2 in the air over the equatorial
Distinguish between an isobar and a millibar.
Tornadosa. are narrow cyclonic stormsb. are narrow anticyclonic stormsc. are the central parts of hurricanesd. occur mainly in the winter
What is a solstice?
Unstable weather is associated witha. cyclonesb. anticyclonesc. trade windsd. the greenhouse effect
The winds in an anticyclonea. blow directly toward its centerb. spiral toward its centerc. blow directly away from its centerd. spiral away from its center
The Tropic of Cancer is the most northerly latitude in the northern hemisphere at which the sun is ever directly overhead at noon. The Tropic of Capricorn is the corresponding latitude in the southern hemisphere. What are the latitudes of these tropics?
A cyclone is a weather system centered about aa. region of low pressureb. region of high pressurec. hurricaned. cold front
The trade-wind belts are regions of generallya. little rainfallb. much rainfallc. low temperaturesd. westerly winds
In the northern hemisphere, the longest day is in June and the shortest day is in December, but the warmest weather occurs in July and August and the coldest weather in January and February. What is the reason for these time lags?
An airplane flies at the same speed relative to the air at a high altitude from New York to Paris and back.a. The New York to Paris flight takes less time.b. The Paris to New York flight takes less time.c. The two flights take the same time on the average.d. Any of these can be true, depending on
The generally easterly winds that blow on both sides of the equator are calleda. trade windsb. monsoonsc. cyclonesd. doldrums
What are the two mechanisms by which energy of solar origin is transported around the earth? Which is more important?
The middle latitudes usually experience winds from thea. northb. southc. eastd. west
The flow of air in the upper atmosphere is largely froma. east to westb. west to eastc. north to southd. south to north
If the earth’s atmosphere were to disappear, what would happen to the rate at which the earth would radiate energy back into space?
On a summer day sunlight warms coastal land until its temperature is higher than that of the adjacent sea. The result is a sea breeze that blowsa. from sea to landb. from land to seac. parallel to the shored. in any of these directions, depending on the part of the world
Because of the coriolis effect, a wind in the southern hemisphere is deflecteda. upwardb. downwardc. toward the rightd. toward the left
What is the greenhouse effect and how is it related to the absorption of solar energy by the earth’s atmosphere?
Because of the coriolis effect, a wind in the northern hemisphere is deflecteda. upwardb. downwardc. toward the rightd. toward the left
The seasons occur as a result ofa. variations in the sun’s energy outputb. variations in the distance between the earth and the sunc. variations in the orbital speed of the earthd. the tilt of the earth’s axis
What is insolation? How does it affect the atmosphere?
Energy is transported from the tropics to the polar regions chiefly bya. windsb. ocean currentsc. carbon dioxided. ozone
The chief source of atmospheric heat isa. incoming solar radiationb. infrared radiation from the earth itselfc. ultraviolet radiation absorbed by ozoned. ultraviolet radiation absorbed by clouds
What initiates the fall of rain from a cloud? The fall of snow?
Insolation isa. the insulating effect of the atmosphereb. another name for the greenhouse effectc. incoming solar radiationd. incoming heat from the equator
When an air mass moves upward, it cools becausea. it contractsb. it expandsc. its ozone content increasesd. it comes in contact with clouds
If the atmosphere contained fewer salt crystals and dust particles than it now does,a. clouds would form less readilyb. clouds would form more readilyc. the formation of clouds would be unaffectedd. snow would never fall
Clouds consist ofa. water droplets at all altitudesb. ice crystals at all altitudesc. water droplets at low altitudes and ice crystals at high altitudesd. ice crystals at low altitudes and water droplets at high altitudes
The air in a closed container is saturated with water vapor at 20°C. (a) What is the relative humidity?(b) What happens to the relative humidity if the temperature is reduced to 10°C?(c) If the temperature is increased to 30°C?
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