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the physical universe
The Physical Universe 16th edition Konrad B Krauskopf, Arthur Beiser - Solutions
A wooden plank 200 cm long, 30 cm wide, and 40 mm thick floats in water with 10 mm of its thickness above the surface. The mass of the plank isa. 1.8 kgb. 18 kgc. 24 kgd. 176 kg
Why does buoyancy occur? Under what circumstances does an object float in a fluid?
An object suspended from a spring scale is lowered into a pail filled to the brim with water, and 4 N of water overflows. The scale shows that the object weighs 6 N in the water. The weight in air of the object isa. 2 Nb. 4 Nc. 6 Nd. 10 N
A 2-kg brick has the dimensions 7.5 cm × 15 cm × 30 cm. The pressure the brick exerts on the ground when standing on its smallest face isa. 0.0178 Pab. 0.0225 Pac. 178 Pad. 225 Pa
A hypodermic syringe whose cylinder has a crosssectional area of 60 mm2 is used to inject a liquid medicine into a patient’s vein in which the blood pressure is 2 kPa. (a) What is the minimum force needed on the plunger of the syringe? (b) Why is the crosssectional area of the needle
A 3-kg pine board is 20 cm wide, 2 cm thick, and 2 m long. The density of the board isa. 240 kg/m3b. 267 kg/m3c. 375 kg/m3d. 469 kg/m3
When 20 kJ of heat are removed from 1.2 kg of ice originally at −5° C, its new temperature isa. −18° Cb. −23° Cc. −26° Cd. −35° C
A 1200-lb car is equally supported by its four tires, which are inflated to a pressure of 2 bar. What area of each tire is in contact with the road?
When 1 kg of steam at 200°C loses 3 MJ of heat, the result isa. iceb. water and icec. waterd. water and steam
When 400 kJ of heat is added to 12 kg of water at 2°C, its final temperature isa. 5.9°Cb. 7.9°Cc. 11.7°Cd. 17.9°C
A tire pump has a piston whose cross-sectional area is 0.001 m2. If a force of 150 N is applied to the piston, find the pressure on the air in the pump.
Oxygen boils at −183° C. The Fahrenheit equivalent of this temperature isa. −215° Fb. −297° Fc. −329° Fd. −361° F
The Celsius equivalent of a temperature of 120°F isa. 35°Cb. 49°Fc. 67°Cd. 88°C
The greater the entropy of a system of particles,a. the less the energy of the systemb. the greater the energy of the systemc. the less the order of the systemd. the greater the order of the system
The second law of thermodynamics does not lead to the conclusion thata. on a molecular level, order will eventually become disorder in the universeb. all the matter in the universe will eventually end up at the same temperaturec. no heat engine can convert heat into work with 100 percent
When a person drinks a soda through a straw, where does the force come from that causes the soda to move upward?
A refrigerator gives offa. less heat than it absorbs from its contentsb. the same amount of heat it absorbs from its contentsc. more heat than it absorbs from its contentsd. Any of these choices could be correct, depending on the circumstances
Heat is absorbed by the refrigerant in a refrigerator when ita. meltsb. vaporizesc. condensesd. is compressed
The working substance (or refrigerant) used in most refrigerators is aa. gas that is easy to liquefyb. gas that is hard to liquefyc. liquid that is easy to solidifyd. liquid that is hard to solidify
The physics of a refrigerator most closely resembles the physics ofa. a heat engineb. the melting of icec. the freezing of waterd. the evaporation of water
Mammals have approximately the same density as freshwater. (a) Find the volume in liters of a 55-kg woman and(b) The volume in cubic meters of a 140,000- kg blue whale. (1 liter = 1023 m3 = 0.001 m3.)
A frictionless heat engine can be 100 percent efficient only if its exhaust temperature isa. equal to its input temperatureb. less than its input temperaturec. 0°Cd. 0 K
In any process the maximum amount of mechanical energy that can be converted to heata. depends on the amount of friction presentb. depends on the intake and exhaust temperaturesc. depends on whether kinetic or potential energy is involvedd. is 100 percent
In any process the maximum amount of heat that can be converted to mechanical energya. depends on the amount of friction presentb. depends on the intake and exhaust temperaturesc. depends on whether kinetic or potential energy is involvedd. is 100 percent
A 50-g bracelet is suspected of being gold-plated lead instead of pure gold. It is dropped into a full glass of water and 4 cm3 of water overflows. Is the bracelet pure gold?
A heat engine takes in heat from a source at one temperature and turnsa. all of it into workb. some of it into work and rejects the rest to a reservoir at a lower temperaturec. some of it into work and rejects the rest to a reservoir at the same temperatured. some of it into work and rejects the
Food cooks more rapidly in a pressure cooker than in an ordinary pot with a loose lid becausea. the pressure forces heat into the foodb. the high pressure lowers the boiling point of waterc. the high pressure raises the boiling point of waterd. the tight lid keeps the heat inside the cooker
A room is 5 m long, 4 m wide, and 3 m high. What is the mass of the air it contains?
When a vapor condenses into a liquid, a. its temperature risesb. its temperature fallsc. it absorbs heatd. it gives off heat
A 10-kg stone is dropped into a pool of water from a height of 100 m. How much energy in joules does the stone have when it strikes the water? If all this energy goes into heat and if the pool contains 10 m3 of water, by how much is its temperature raised? (The mass of 1 m3 of water is 103 kg.)
The volume of a gas sample is increased while its temperature is held constant. The gas exerts a lower pressure on the walls of its container because its molecules strike the wallsa. less oftenb. with lower velocitiesc. with less energyd. with less force
The temperature of a gas sample in a container of fixed volume is raised. The gas exerts a higher pressure on the walls of its container because its molecules a. lose more PE when they strike the wallsb. lose more KE when they strike the wallsc. are in contact with the walls for a shorter
The average specific heat of a certain 25-kg storage battery is 0.84 kJ/kg · ° C. When it is fully charged, the battery contains 1.4 MJ of electric energy. If all of this energy were dissipated inside the battery, by how much would its temperature increase?
At a given temperaturea. the molecules in a gas all have the same average speedb. the molecules in a gas all have the same average energyc. light gas molecules have lower average energies than heavy gas moleculesd. heavy gas molecules have lower average energies than light gas molecules
On the molecular level, heat isa. kinetic energyb. potential energyc. rest energyd. all of these, in proportions that depend on the circumstances
The diet of a 60-kg person provides 12,000 kJ daily. If this amount of energy were added to 60 kg of water, by how much would its temperature be increased?
Absolute zero may be regarded as that temperature at whicha. water freezesb. all gases become liquidsc. all substances become solidd. molecular motion in a gas would be the minimum possible
Molecular motion is not responsible fora. the pressure exerted by a gasb. Boyle’s lawc. evaporationd. buoyancy
How many kilojoules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 200 g of water from 20°C to 100°C in preparing a cup of coffee?
Which of the following statements is not correct?a. Matter is composed of tiny particles called molecules.b. These molecules are in constant motion, even in solids.c. All molecules have the same size and mass.d. The differences between the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter lie in the
At constant pressure, the volume of a gas sample is directly proportional toa. the size of its moleculesb. its Fahrenheit temperaturec. its Celsius temperatured. its absolute temperature
A cup of hot coffee can be cooled by placing a cold spoon in it. A spoon of which of the following materials would be most effective for this purpose: aluminum, copper, iron, glass? Assume the spoons all have the same mass.
A person stands on a very sensitive scale and inhales deeply.The reading on the scalea. increasesb. does not changec. decreasesd. any of the above, depending on how the expansion of the person’s chest compares with the volume of air inhaled
An ice cube whose center consists of liquid water is floating in a glass of water. When the ice melts, the level of water in the glassa. risesb. remains the samec. fallsd. any of the above, depending on the relative volume of water inside the ice cube
Why is a piece of ice at 0°C more effective in cooling a drink than the same mass of cold water at 0°C?
The density of freshwater is 1.00 g/cm3 and that of seawater is 1.03 g/cm3. A ship will float a. higher in freshwater than in seawaterb. lower in freshwater than in seawaterc. at the same level in freshwater and seawaterd. any of the above, depending on the shape of its
Buoyancy occurs because, as the depth in a fluid increases, the fluid’sa. pressure increasesb. pressure decreasesc. density increasesd. density decreases
Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) starts to vaporize into a gas at −112° F. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?
The pressure of the earth’s atmosphere at sea level is due toa. the gravitational attraction of the earth for the atmosphereb. the heating of the atmosphere by the sunc. the fact that most living things constantly breathe aird. evaporation of water from the seas and oceans
The fluid at the bottom of a container isa. under less pressure than the fluid at the topb. under the same pressure as the fluid at the topc. under more pressure than the fluid at the topd. any of these, depending upon the circumstances
Normal room temperature is about 20°C. What is this temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?
Heat transfer in a vacuum can occur bya. radiation onlyb. convection onlyc. radiation and convection onlyd. radiation, convection, and conduction
Heat transfer in a gas can occur bya. radiation onlyb. convection onlyc. radiation and convection onlyd. radiation, convection, and conduction
Three iron bars are heated in a furnace to different temperatures. One of them glows white, another yellow, and the third red. Which is at the highest temperature? The lowest?
One gram of steam at 100°C causes a more serious burn than 1 g of water at 100°C because the steama. is less denseb. strikes the skin with greater forcec. has a higher specific heatd. contains more energy
Two thermometers, one calibrated in °F and the other in °C, are used to measure the same temperature. The numerical reading on the Fahrenheit thermometera. is less than that on the Celsius thermometerb. is equal to that on the Celsius thermometerc. is greater than that on the Celsius
Running hot water over the metal lid of a glass jar makes it easier to open the jar. Why?
Explain the cap-and-trade system for controlling CO2 emissions. Is there an alternative means of control?
A long-term goal for energy efficiency envisions an average use of 65 GJ per person per year. To what continuous power in kilowatts does this correspond?
(a) Why is corn not regarded as an ideal choice for producing ethanol? (b) Cellulose is apparently a better choice. Why is it not in wide use?
When hydrogen combines with oxygen, a great deal of energy is liberated with only water as the product. What are the two main factors that hold back wider use of hydrogen as a fuel?
(a) What major advantage does geothermal energy have over solar, wind, tidal, and wave energies?(b) What is its chief disadvantage?
Instead of a new 500-MW coal-fired power plant, a wind farm of turbines rated at 2 MW maximum output each is to be installed. If the average turbine output is 40 percent of the maximum, how many turbines are needed?
What does a photovoltaic panel do? What is another name for it?
The least helpful government approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions isa. a carbon taxb. a cap-and-trade systemc. to require increasing use of clean technologiesd. to subsidize biofuels
Of the following, the strategy for coping with future energy shortages with the most in its favor is toa. burn more coalb. produce more oil from tar sandsc. divert more agricultural land to making biofuelsd. increase energy efficiency and energy conservation
Of the various clean energy sources, which provides the most energy worldwide today?
Biofuels based on which of the following seem to have the most promise for the future?a. cornb. cellulosec. soybeansd. algae
Of the following technologies, the one farthest from being a commercial energy source in the near future involves the use ofa. nuclear fissionb. nuclear fusionc. fuel cellsd. biofuels
Is there anywhere outside of laboratories where fusion energy is produced today?
Of the following technologies, the one that may eventually become the chief energy source in the world involves the use ofa. nuclear fissionb. nuclear fusionc. fuel cellsd. biofuels
Of the following renewable energy sources, the one that currently produces more of the world’s electricity than any of the others isa. windb. wavesc. geothermald. solar
List the potential advantages of fusion energy.
The output of which of the following renewable energy sources varies least?a. windb. wavesc. geothermald. solar
Bright sunlight might deliver energy to an area of 1 square meter at a rate ofa. 1 Wb. 10 Wc. 100 Wd. 1000 W
How does a nuclear power plant produce electricity?
Of the following problems associated with various energy sources, the least significant for nuclear fission isa. waste disposalb. fuel reservesc. diversion to weapons manufactured. construction expense
In the relatively near future, the technology most able to replace fossil fuels on a large scale isa. nuclearb. windc. solard. biofuels
What is the basic difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? In what way are they similar?
The proportion of electricity generated in the United States that comes from nuclear energy is roughlya. 1 percentb. 5 percentc. 20 percentd. 50 percent
Of the following countries, the one that obtains the largest proportion of its electricity from nuclear energy isa. Franceb. Chinac. Japand. United States
Why do you think that, per joule of energy liberated when they are burned, coal produces more carbon dioxide than the other fossil fuels?
Syngas is made froma. coalb. oilc. natural gasd. carbon dioxide
The worst emitters of mercury, which damages the nervous system, are power plants that usea. coalb. oilc. natural gasd. nuclear energy
Coal is responsible for approximately which proportion of the electricity generated in the United States: onequarter, one-half, three-quarters?
The impurity in coal that contributes to acid rain isa. nitrogenb. sulfurc. carbond. chlorine
Which of these statements about carbon capture and storage (CCS) is true?a. CCS has never been tried, even on a small scale.b. Earthquakes are a potential hazard with CCS.c. CCS is relatively cheap.d. There are few underground rock formations suitable for CCS.
What is methane hydrate? Where is it found and why is great interest being shown in it?
The least polluting of the following fuels isa. coalb. gasolinec. diesel fueld. natural gas
Natural gas consists largely ofa. hydrogenb. oxygenc. nitrogend. methane
What is shale gas and how is it obtained?
In the United States, coal is chiefly useda. for heatingb. to generate electricityc. to make syngasd. to manufacture plastics
Most oil today is used fora. transportationb. heatingc. electricityd. lubrication
What is regenerative braking and what kinds of cars can make use of it? What is the advantage of regenerative braking?
The proportion of oil used by the United States that is imported is abouta. 1/10b. 1/5c. 1/2d. 2/3
The proportion of world energy supplied by sources other than fossil fuels is abouta. 15 percentb. 25 percentc. 50 percentd. 87 percent
Most of the world’s oil is used as a fuel for what purpose?
Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?a. hydrogenb. natural gasc. oild. coal
Of the following fuels, the one that gives off the least heat per gram when burned isa. hydrogenb. methanec. gasolined. coal
List the fossil fuels in the order in which they contribute to world CO2 emissions.
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