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the physical universe

Questions and Answers of The Physical Universe

In any process the maximum amount of mechanical energy that can be converted to heata. depends on the amount of friction presentb. depends on the intake and exhaust temperaturesc. depends on whether
In any process the maximum amount of heat that can be converted to mechanical energya. depends on the amount of friction presentb. depends on the intake and exhaust temperaturesc. depends on whether
A 50-g bracelet is suspected of being gold-plated lead instead of pure gold. It is dropped into a full glass of water and 4 cm3 of water overflows. Is the bracelet pure gold?
A heat engine takes in heat from a source at one temperature and turnsa. all of it into workb. some of it into work and rejects the rest to a reservoir at a lower temperaturec. some of it into work
Food cooks more rapidly in a pressure cooker than in an ordinary pot with a loose lid becausea. the pressure forces heat into the foodb. the high pressure lowers the boiling point of waterc. the high
A room is 5 m long, 4 m wide, and 3 m high. What is the mass of the air it contains?
When a vapor condenses into a liquid, a. its temperature risesb. its temperature fallsc. it absorbs heatd. it gives off heat
A 10-kg stone is dropped into a pool of water from a height of 100 m. How much energy in joules does the stone have when it strikes the water? If all this energy goes into heat and if the pool
The volume of a gas sample is increased while its temperature is held constant. The gas exerts a lower pressure on the walls of its container because its molecules strike the wallsa. less oftenb.
The temperature of a gas sample in a container of fixed volume is raised. The gas exerts a higher pressure on the walls of its container because its molecules a. lose more PE when they strike
The average specific heat of a certain 25-kg storage battery is 0.84 kJ/kg · ° C. When it is fully charged, the battery contains 1.4 MJ of electric energy. If all of this energy were dissipated
At a given temperaturea. the molecules in a gas all have the same average speedb. the molecules in a gas all have the same average energyc. light gas molecules have lower average energies than heavy
On the molecular level, heat isa. kinetic energyb. potential energyc. rest energyd. all of these, in proportions that depend on the circumstances
The diet of a 60-kg person provides 12,000 kJ daily. If this amount of energy were added to 60 kg of water, by how much would its temperature be increased?
Absolute zero may be regarded as that temperature at whicha. water freezesb. all gases become liquidsc. all substances become solidd. molecular motion in a gas would be the minimum possible
Molecular motion is not responsible fora. the pressure exerted by a gasb. Boyle’s lawc. evaporationd. buoyancy
How many kilojoules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 200 g of water from 20°C to 100°C in preparing a cup of coffee?
Which of the following statements is not correct?a. Matter is composed of tiny particles called molecules.b. These molecules are in constant motion, even in solids.c. All molecules have the same size
At constant pressure, the volume of a gas sample is directly proportional toa. the size of its moleculesb. its Fahrenheit temperaturec. its Celsius temperatured. its absolute temperature
A cup of hot coffee can be cooled by placing a cold spoon in it. A spoon of which of the following materials would be most effective for this purpose: aluminum, copper, iron, glass? Assume the spoons
A person stands on a very sensitive scale and inhales deeply.The reading on the scalea. increasesb. does not changec. decreasesd. any of the above, depending on how the expansion of the person’s
An ice cube whose center consists of liquid water is floating in a glass of water. When the ice melts, the level of water in the glassa. risesb. remains the samec. fallsd. any of the above, depending
Why is a piece of ice at 0°C more effective in cooling a drink than the same mass of cold water at 0°C?
The density of freshwater is 1.00 g/cm3 and that of seawater is 1.03 g/cm3. A ship will float a. higher in freshwater than in seawaterb. lower in freshwater than in seawaterc. at the same level
Buoyancy occurs because, as the depth in a fluid increases, the fluid’sa. pressure increasesb. pressure decreasesc. density increasesd. density decreases
Dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) starts to vaporize into a gas at −112° F. What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?
The pressure of the earth’s atmosphere at sea level is due toa. the gravitational attraction of the earth for the atmosphereb. the heating of the atmosphere by the sunc. the fact that most living
The fluid at the bottom of a container isa. under less pressure than the fluid at the topb. under the same pressure as the fluid at the topc. under more pressure than the fluid at the topd. any of
Normal room temperature is about 20°C. What is this temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?
Heat transfer in a vacuum can occur bya. radiation onlyb. convection onlyc. radiation and convection onlyd. radiation, convection, and conduction
Heat transfer in a gas can occur bya. radiation onlyb. convection onlyc. radiation and convection onlyd. radiation, convection, and conduction
Three iron bars are heated in a furnace to different temperatures. One of them glows white, another yellow, and the third red. Which is at the highest temperature? The lowest?
One gram of steam at 100°C causes a more serious burn than 1 g of water at 100°C because the steama. is less denseb. strikes the skin with greater forcec. has a higher specific heatd. contains more
Two thermometers, one calibrated in °F and the other in °C, are used to measure the same temperature. The numerical reading on the Fahrenheit thermometera. is less than that on the Celsius
Running hot water over the metal lid of a glass jar makes it easier to open the jar. Why?
Explain the cap-and-trade system for controlling CO2 emissions. Is there an alternative means of control?
A long-term goal for energy efficiency envisions an average use of 65 GJ per person per year. To what continuous power in kilowatts does this correspond?
(a) Why is corn not regarded as an ideal choice for producing ethanol? (b) Cellulose is apparently a better choice. Why is it not in wide use?
When hydrogen combines with oxygen, a great deal of energy is liberated with only water as the product. What are the two main factors that hold back wider use of hydrogen as a fuel?
(a) What major advantage does geothermal energy have over solar, wind, tidal, and wave energies?(b) What is its chief disadvantage?
Instead of a new 500-MW coal-fired power plant, a wind farm of turbines rated at 2 MW maximum output each is to be installed. If the average turbine output is 40 percent of the maximum, how many
What does a photovoltaic panel do? What is another name for it?
The least helpful government approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions isa. a carbon taxb. a cap-and-trade systemc. to require increasing use of clean technologiesd. to subsidize biofuels
Of the following, the strategy for coping with future energy shortages with the most in its favor is toa. burn more coalb. produce more oil from tar sandsc. divert more agricultural land to making
Of the various clean energy sources, which provides the most energy worldwide today?
Biofuels based on which of the following seem to have the most promise for the future?a. cornb. cellulosec. soybeansd. algae
Of the following technologies, the one farthest from being a commercial energy source in the near future involves the use ofa. nuclear fissionb. nuclear fusionc. fuel cellsd. biofuels
Is there anywhere outside of laboratories where fusion energy is produced today?
Of the following technologies, the one that may eventually become the chief energy source in the world involves the use ofa. nuclear fissionb. nuclear fusionc. fuel cellsd. biofuels
Of the following renewable energy sources, the one that currently produces more of the world’s electricity than any of the others isa. windb. wavesc. geothermald. solar
List the potential advantages of fusion energy.
The output of which of the following renewable energy sources varies least?a. windb. wavesc. geothermald. solar
Bright sunlight might deliver energy to an area of 1 square meter at a rate ofa. 1 Wb. 10 Wc. 100 Wd. 1000 W
How does a nuclear power plant produce electricity?
Of the following problems associated with various energy sources, the least significant for nuclear fission isa. waste disposalb. fuel reservesc. diversion to weapons manufactured. construction
In the relatively near future, the technology most able to replace fossil fuels on a large scale isa. nuclearb. windc. solard. biofuels
What is the basic difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? In what way are they similar?
The proportion of electricity generated in the United States that comes from nuclear energy is roughlya. 1 percentb. 5 percentc. 20 percentd. 50 percent
Of the following countries, the one that obtains the largest proportion of its electricity from nuclear energy isa. Franceb. Chinac. Japand. United States
Why do you think that, per joule of energy liberated when they are burned, coal produces more carbon dioxide than the other fossil fuels?
Syngas is made froma. coalb. oilc. natural gasd. carbon dioxide
The worst emitters of mercury, which damages the nervous system, are power plants that usea. coalb. oilc. natural gasd. nuclear energy
Coal is responsible for approximately which proportion of the electricity generated in the United States: onequarter, one-half, three-quarters?
The impurity in coal that contributes to acid rain isa. nitrogenb. sulfurc. carbond. chlorine
Which of these statements about carbon capture and storage (CCS) is true?a. CCS has never been tried, even on a small scale.b. Earthquakes are a potential hazard with CCS.c. CCS is relatively
What is methane hydrate? Where is it found and why is great interest being shown in it?
The least polluting of the following fuels isa. coalb. gasolinec. diesel fueld. natural gas
Natural gas consists largely ofa. hydrogenb. oxygenc. nitrogend. methane
What is shale gas and how is it obtained?
In the United States, coal is chiefly useda. for heatingb. to generate electricityc. to make syngasd. to manufacture plastics
Most oil today is used fora. transportationb. heatingc. electricityd. lubrication
What is regenerative braking and what kinds of cars can make use of it? What is the advantage of regenerative braking?
The proportion of oil used by the United States that is imported is abouta. 1/10b. 1/5c. 1/2d. 2/3
The proportion of world energy supplied by sources other than fossil fuels is abouta. 15 percentb. 25 percentc. 50 percentd. 87 percent
Most of the world’s oil is used as a fuel for what purpose?
Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?a. hydrogenb. natural gasc. oild. coal
Of the following fuels, the one that gives off the least heat per gram when burned isa. hydrogenb. methanec. gasolined. coal
List the fossil fuels in the order in which they contribute to world CO2 emissions.
Of the following fuels, the one that gives off the most heat per gram when burned isa. hydrogenb. methanec. gasolined. coal
The country or countries each responsible for about onefifth of the total of the world’s CO2 emissions is (are)a. Chinab. Indiac. Russiad. United States
About half the CO2 from burning fossil fuels enters the atmosphere. What becomes of the rest?
Arrange the following in increasing order of their CO2 emissions per person.a. Chinab. United Statesc. European Uniond. India
A gas that does not contribute to global warming isa. methaneb. nitrogenc. nitrous oxided. carbon dioxide
What is the nature of the greenhouse effect in the earth’s atmosphere?
The earth’s atmosphere is primarily heated bya. direct sunlightb. sunlight reflected by the earth’s surfacec. infrared light radiated by the earth’s surfaced. carbon dioxide emissions
The radiation from an object at room temperature is mainly in the form ofa. infrared lightb. visible lightc. ultraviolet lightd. any of the above, depending on its color
When was the last time world temperatures were as high as they are likely to be in 2100 if current rates of CO2 emission continue: hundreds of years ago, thousands of years ago, millions of years ago?
The average amount of CO2 emitted each year per person in the United States is abouta. 1 tonb. 2 tonsc. 5 tonsd. 20 tons
The source that produces the most carbon dioxide per joule of energy liberated isa. coalc. natural gasb. oild. nuclear
Once the polar ice sheets have melted beyond a certain amount, melting will continue even if CO2 emissions stop rising. Why?
If present trends continue, an optimistic average global temperature increase by 2100 might be abouta. 1°Cb. 2°Cc. 4°Cd. 10°C
Energy not ultimately derived from solar radiation is found ina. tidesb. wavesc. falling waterd. wind
Approximately what proportion of the world’s population lives on or near coasts and so may be under future threat from rising sea level?
World energy use in 2035 is expected to bea. less than todayb. about the same as todayc. about one and a half times what it is todayd. about four times what it is today
Energy use per person in the United States today isa. about the same as the world averageb. about 10 percent more than the world averagec. about one and a third times the world averaged. about four
Explain how sunlight is responsible for these energy sources: food, wood, water power, wind power, fossil fuels.
Of the following, the energy source likely to last the longest isa. coalb. oilc. natural gasd. nuclear
Of the following, the energy source likely to be used up first isa. coalb. oilc. natural gasd. nuclear
The average rate of energy consumption per person in the United States is about how many times the average in China: twice, three times, four times, six times?
Arrange these sources in the order of the energy they supply to the world today, starting with the source of the most energy.a. coalb. oilc. renewabled. nuclear

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