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the physical universe

Questions and Answers of The Physical Universe

Which of the following elementary particles has the least mass and the most: proton, neutron, electron, neutrino?
The gravitational interaction alone governs the motions of the planets around the sun. Why are the other fundamental interactions not significant in planetary motion?
Why can neutrinos travel immense distances through matter whereas other elementary particles cannot?
Which constituents of an atom consist of quarks and which do not?
Would you expect the gravitational attractive force between two protons in a nucleus to counterbalance their electrical repulsion? Calculate the ratio between the electric and gravitational forces
A certain metal surface emits electrons when light is shone on it. (a) How can the number of electrons per second be increased? (b) How can the energies of the electrons be increased?
Why do you think the wave aspect of light was discovered earlier than its particle aspect?
A microwave oven operating at 2.4 GHz has a power output of 650 W. (a) What is the wavelength of the microwaves? (b) What is the energy of each photon? (c) How many photons per second
What kind of experiment might you use to distinguish between a gamma ray of wavelength 10-11 m and an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is also 10-11 m?
A proton and an electron have the same de Broglie wavelength. How do their speeds compare?
An electron microscope has a much greater useful magnification than an optical microscope because it can resolve smaller details. What makes the higher resolving power possible?
The de Broglie wavelength of a 2-mg grain of sand being blown by the wind is 3.5 × 10-29 m. What is the speed of the grain of sand? How significant are its wave properties likely to be?
Can more than one electron occupy an atomic orbital? Is there a limit to how many?
Why does the energy of an atomic electron depend on its angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers as well as on its principal quantum number?
What physical quantities are governed by the quantum numbers of an atomic electron?
In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the radius of the electron’s orbit in the ground state is 5.3 × 10-11 m. What aspect of the quantum-mechanical model of this atom would you expect to
If Planck’s constant were smaller than it is, would quantum phenomena be more or less conspicuous than they are now?
For laser action to occur, the medium used must have at least three energy levels. What must the nature of each of these levels be?
Why is the optical length of a laser so important?
Of the following transitions in a hydrogen atom, (a) which emits the photon of highest frequency, (b) which emits the photon of lowest frequency, and (c) which absorbs the photon of
(a) What is an excited atom?(b) How do most excited atoms return to their ground states?(c) What is the usual duration of an excited state: 10-8 s, 10-2 s, 1 s, 1 min?
How can you show that water is a compound rather than a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen?
Which of the following substances are homogeneous and which are heterogeneous: blood, carbon dioxide gas, solid carbon dioxide, rock, steak, iron, rust, concrete, air, oxygen, salt, milk?
How does the law of definite proportions help to distinguish between a compound of certain elements and a mixture of the same elements?
The Bronze Age got its name from the ability of people in that stage of human development to refine tin and copper from their ores; bronze is an alloy (mixture) of tin and copper and is stronger than
The element astatine (At), which appears at the bottom of the halogen column in the periodic table, has been prepared artificially in minute amounts but has not been found in nature. Using the
What energy change would you expect when a molecule breaks up into its constituent atoms?
What is the difference in meaning between C4 and 4C?
Why do lithium and sodium exhibit similar chemical behavior?
Group 2 of the periodic table contains the family of elements called the alkaline earths. How active chemically would you expect an alkaline earth element to be compared with the alkali metal next to
A century ago an entirely new group of elements, the inert gases, was discovered. Is it possible that, in the future, another as yet unknown group of the periodic table might be found?
Most stars are hot objects surrounded by cooler atmospheres. What kind of spectrum does such a star give rise to?
What aspect of nature has the uncertainty principle as a consequence?
If a red star and a white star radiate energy at the same rate, can they be the same size? If not, which must be the larger? Why?
The photon and the neutrino are both uncharged. What are the differences between them?
Why does the hydrogen spectrum contain many lines, even though the hydrogen atom has only a single electron?
Why is the Bohr theory incompatible with the uncertainty principle?
A horse galloped a mile in 2 min 35 s. What was its average speed in km/h?
A swimming pool is 20.00 m long, 7.00 m wide, and 2.00 m deep. What is its volume in cubic feet to three significant figures?
A European driving from Paris to Brussels finds she has covered 291 km. How many miles is this?
Does the sun or the moon have the greater influence in causing tides?
The length of the day has varied. When did the longest day thus far occur?
What, if anything, would happen to the shape of the earth if it were to rotate on its axis faster than it does today?
As the earth revolves around the sun, some stars seem to shift their positions during the year relative to other stars. How is this effect (called parallax) explained in the ptolemaic system? In the
What do you think is the reason scientists use an ellipse rather than a circle as the model for a planetary orbit?
Ancient astronomers were troubled by variations in the brightnesses of the various planets with time. Does the ptolemaic or the copernican model account better for these variations?
The sun, moon, and planets all follow approximately the same path from east to west across the sky. What does this suggest about the arrangement of these members of the solar system in space?
In terms of what you would actually observe, what does it mean to say that the moon apparently moves eastward among the stars?
What does a year correspond to in terms of observations of the sun and stars?
Scientific models do not correspond exactly to reality. Why are they nevertheless so useful?
What is the basic distinction between the scientific method and other ways of looking at the natural world?

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