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sciences
the physical universe
The Physical Universe 16th edition Konrad B Krauskopf, Arthur Beiser - Solutions
Describe the image the lens of the eye forms on the retina.
When a beam of white light passes perpendicularly through a flat pane of glass, it is not dispersed into a spectrum. Why not?
What color would red cloth appear if it were illuminated by(a) White light? (b) Red light? (c) Green light?
If the earth had no atmosphere, what would the color of the sky be during the day?
Give two advantages that a telescope lens or mirror of large diameter has over one of small diameter.
At night the pupils of a certain woman’s eyes are 8 mm in diameter.(a) How many kilometers away from a car facing her will the woman be able to distinguish its headlights from each other? (b) What would the distance be if her pupils were 4 mm in diameter (say at twilight)? Assume
Alpha particle tracks through gases and thin metal foils show few deflections. What does this tell us about the atom?
The following statements were thought to be correct in the nineteenth century. Which of them are now known to be incorrect? For those that are incorrect, indicate why the statement is wrong and modify it to be in accordance with modern views. (a) Energy can be neither created nor
Radium spontaneously decays into helium and radon. Why do you think radium is regarded as an element rather than as a chemical compound of helium and radon in the way that water, for example, is considered a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen?
What happens to the atomic number and mass number of a nucleus when it emits (a) An electron?(b) A positron?(c) A gamma ray?
If the half-life of a radionuclide is 1 month, is a sample of it completely decayed after 2 months?
One-eighth of a sample of 227 90 Th remains undecayed after 54 days. What is the half-life of this thorium isotope?
When the radium isotope 22688 Ra undergoes alpha decay, the energy liberated is 4.87 MeV. (a) Identify the resulting nuclide. (b) The alpha particle has a KE of 4.78 MeV. Where do you think the other 0.09 MeV goes?
Find the kinetic energy (in keV) of a 12 6 C atom of mass 12.0 u whose speed is 2 × 106 m/s.
Find the speed of a neutron whose kinetic energy is 60 eV.
Why is the 2566 Fe nucleus the most stable (that is, the most difficult to break apart) nucleus?
Atomic mass always refers to the mass of a neutral atom, not the mass of its bare nucleus. With this definition in mind, determine by how many electron masses the mass of a parent atom changes when its nucleus emits (a) An electron and (b) A positron. Ignore the kinetic energy of the
The binding energy of 1200 Ne is 161 MeV. Find its atomic mass.
The binding energy per nucleon in the chlorine isotope 3157 CI is 8.5 MeV. What is its atomic mass?
What fuel other than uranium can be used in a nuclear reactor?
235 92 U loses about 0.1 percent of its mass when it undergoes fission.(a) How much energy is released when 1 kg of 235 92 U undergoes fission?(b) A ton of TNT releases about 932 × 109 J when it explodes. How many tons of TNT are equivalent in destructive power to a bomb that contains 1
(a) Could a gamma ray just energetic enough to materialize into a proton-antiproton pair alternatively materialize into a neutron-antineutron pair?(b) Could a gamma ray energetic enough to materialize into a neutron-antineutron pair alternatively materialize into a proton-antiproton pair? Explain.
Which of the following elementary particles has the least mass and the most: proton, neutron, electron, neutrino?
The gravitational interaction alone governs the motions of the planets around the sun. Why are the other fundamental interactions not significant in planetary motion?
Why can neutrinos travel immense distances through matter whereas other elementary particles cannot?
Which constituents of an atom consist of quarks and which do not?
Would you expect the gravitational attractive force between two protons in a nucleus to counterbalance their electrical repulsion? Calculate the ratio between the electric and gravitational forces acting between two protons. Does this ratio depend upon how far apart the protons are?
A certain metal surface emits electrons when light is shone on it. (a) How can the number of electrons per second be increased? (b) How can the energies of the electrons be increased?
Why do you think the wave aspect of light was discovered earlier than its particle aspect?
A microwave oven operating at 2.4 GHz has a power output of 650 W. (a) What is the wavelength of the microwaves? (b) What is the energy of each photon? (c) How many photons per second does the oven produce?
What kind of experiment might you use to distinguish between a gamma ray of wavelength 10-11 m and an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is also 10-11 m?
A proton and an electron have the same de Broglie wavelength. How do their speeds compare?
An electron microscope has a much greater useful magnification than an optical microscope because it can resolve smaller details. What makes the higher resolving power possible?
The de Broglie wavelength of a 2-mg grain of sand being blown by the wind is 3.5 × 10-29 m. What is the speed of the grain of sand? How significant are its wave properties likely to be?
Can more than one electron occupy an atomic orbital? Is there a limit to how many?
Why does the energy of an atomic electron depend on its angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers as well as on its principal quantum number?
What physical quantities are governed by the quantum numbers of an atomic electron?
In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the radius of the electron’s orbit in the ground state is 5.3 × 10-11 m. What aspect of the quantum-mechanical model of this atom would you expect to correspond to this figure?
If Planck’s constant were smaller than it is, would quantum phenomena be more or less conspicuous than they are now?
For laser action to occur, the medium used must have at least three energy levels. What must the nature of each of these levels be?
Why is the optical length of a laser so important?
Of the following transitions in a hydrogen atom, (a) which emits the photon of highest frequency, (b) which emits the photon of lowest frequency, and (c) which absorbs the photon of highest frequency: n = 1 to n = 2, n = 2 to n = 1, n = 2 to n = 6, n = 6 to n = 2?
(a) What is an excited atom?(b) How do most excited atoms return to their ground states?(c) What is the usual duration of an excited state: 10-8 s, 10-2 s, 1 s, 1 min?
How can you show that water is a compound rather than a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and oxygen?
Which of the following substances are homogeneous and which are heterogeneous: blood, carbon dioxide gas, solid carbon dioxide, rock, steak, iron, rust, concrete, air, oxygen, salt, milk?
How does the law of definite proportions help to distinguish between a compound of certain elements and a mixture of the same elements?
The Bronze Age got its name from the ability of people in that stage of human development to refine tin and copper from their ores; bronze is an alloy (mixture) of tin and copper and is stronger than either of these metals by itself. In the later Iron Age, the still stronger iron could be won from
The element astatine (At), which appears at the bottom of the halogen column in the periodic table, has been prepared artificially in minute amounts but has not been found in nature. Using the periodic law and your knowledge of the halogens, predict the properties of this element, as follows:a. At
What energy change would you expect when a molecule breaks up into its constituent atoms?
What is the difference in meaning between C4 and 4C?
Why do lithium and sodium exhibit similar chemical behavior?
Group 2 of the periodic table contains the family of elements called the alkaline earths. How active chemically would you expect an alkaline earth element to be compared with the alkali metal next to it? Why?
A century ago an entirely new group of elements, the inert gases, was discovered. Is it possible that, in the future, another as yet unknown group of the periodic table might be found?
Most stars are hot objects surrounded by cooler atmospheres. What kind of spectrum does such a star give rise to?
What aspect of nature has the uncertainty principle as a consequence?
If a red star and a white star radiate energy at the same rate, can they be the same size? If not, which must be the larger? Why?
The photon and the neutrino are both uncharged. What are the differences between them?
Why does the hydrogen spectrum contain many lines, even though the hydrogen atom has only a single electron?
Why is the Bohr theory incompatible with the uncertainty principle?
A horse galloped a mile in 2 min 35 s. What was its average speed in km/h?
A swimming pool is 20.00 m long, 7.00 m wide, and 2.00 m deep. What is its volume in cubic feet to three significant figures?
A European driving from Paris to Brussels finds she has covered 291 km. How many miles is this?
Does the sun or the moon have the greater influence in causing tides?
The length of the day has varied. When did the longest day thus far occur?
What, if anything, would happen to the shape of the earth if it were to rotate on its axis faster than it does today?
As the earth revolves around the sun, some stars seem to shift their positions during the year relative to other stars. How is this effect (called parallax) explained in the ptolemaic system? In the copernican system?
What do you think is the reason scientists use an ellipse rather than a circle as the model for a planetary orbit?
Ancient astronomers were troubled by variations in the brightnesses of the various planets with time. Does the ptolemaic or the copernican model account better for these variations?
The sun, moon, and planets all follow approximately the same path from east to west across the sky. What does this suggest about the arrangement of these members of the solar system in space?
In terms of what you would actually observe, what does it mean to say that the moon apparently moves eastward among the stars?
What does a year correspond to in terms of observations of the sun and stars?
Scientific models do not correspond exactly to reality. Why are they nevertheless so useful?
What is the basic distinction between the scientific method and other ways of looking at the natural world?
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