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the physical universe

Questions and Answers of The Physical Universe

If Planck’s constant were larger than it is,a. moving bodies would have shorter wavelengthsb. moving bodies would have higher energiesc. moving bodies would have greater chargesd. the uncertainty
The radiant energy reaching the earth from the sun is about 1400 W/m2. If this energy is all green light of wavelength 5.5 × 10-7 m, how many photons strike each square meter per second?
According to the uncertainty principle, it is impossible to precisely determine at the same time a particle’sa. position and chargeb. position and momentumc. momentum and energyd. charge and mass
The narrower the wave packet of a particle is,a. the shorter its wavelengthb. the more precisely its position can be establishedc. the more precisely its momentum can be establishedd. the more
The eye can detect as little as 10-18 J of energy in the form of light. How many photons of frequency 5 × 1014 Hz does this amount of energy represent?
The description of a moving body in terms of matter waves is legitimate becausea. it is based upon common senseb. matter waves have actually been seenc. the analogy with electromagnetic waves is
De Broglie waves can be regarded as waves ofa. pressureb. probabilityc. electric charged. momentum
Find the energy of a photon of ultraviolet light whose frequency is 2 × 1016 Hz. Do the same for a photon of radio waves whose frequency is 2 × 105 Hz.
The speed of the wave packet that corresponds to a moving particle isa. less than the particle’s speedb. equal to the particle’s speedc. more than the particle’s speedd. any of these, depending
According to the theories of modern physics, a. only stationary particles exhibit wave behaviorb. only moving particles exhibit wave behaviorc. only charged particles exhibit wave behaviord. all
When the speed of the electrons that strike a metal surface is increased, what happens to the speed, energy, and number per second of the x-ray photons that are emitted?
According to the theories of modern physics, lighta. is exclusively a wave phenomenonb. is exclusively a particle phenomenonc. combines wave and particle propertiesd. has neither wave nor particle
A phenomenon that cannot be understood with the help of the quantum theory of light isa. the photoelectric effectb. x-ray productionc. the spectrum of an elementd. interference of light
Energy is carried in light by means of separate photons, yet even the faintest light we can see does not appear as a series of flashes. Explain.
When the speed of the electrons that strike a metal surface is increased, the result is an increase ina. the number of x-rays emittedb. the frequency of the x-rays emittedc. the speed of the x-rays
The rate at which an object emits electromagnetic energy does not depend on itsa. surface areab. massc. temperatured. ability to absorb radiation
A bare copper pipe carries hot water to a faucet. What effect, if any, will polishing the pipe have on the rate of heat flow from the pipe to the room?
The mass of a photona. is 0b. is the same as that of an electronc. depends on its frequencyd. is the size of the x-rays emitted
In a vacuum, all photons have the samea. frequencyb. wavelengthc. energyd. speed
Compare the evidence for the wave nature of light with the evidence for its particle nature.
The photoelectric effect can be understood on the basis ofa. the electromagnetic theory of lightb. the interference of light wavesc. the special theory of relativityd. none of these
When light is directed at a metal surface, the energies of the emitted electronsa. vary with the intensity of the lightb. vary with the frequency of the lightc. vary with the speed of the lightd. are
What differences can you think of between the photon and the electron?
No particle of fractional charge has yet been observed. If none is found in the future either, does this necessarily mean that the quark hypothesis is wrong?
Leptons and hadrons are the two classes of basic particle. How do they differ?
Discuss the similarities and differences between the neutron and the neutrino.
List the fundamental interactions in order of decreasing strength. Which, if any, are limited in the distances over which they act?
Suppose the strong interaction did not exist, so there were no nuclear binding energies. If the early universe contained protons, neutrons, and electrons, what kind or kinds of matter would
What distinguishes a charged particle from its antiparticle? What happens when they come together?
What are the differences and similarities between fusion and fission?
(a) How much mass is lost per day by a nuclear reactor operated at a 1.0-GW power level? (b) If each fission releases 200 MeV, how many fissions occur per second to give this power level?
What is the function of the moderator in a uraniumfueled nuclear reactor?
Why can ordinary uranium not be used to fuel a reactor cooled by ordinary water?
After 45 h, 1 mg of an 8-mg sample of a certain radioactive isotope of sodium remains undecayed. The half-life of the isotope isa. 5.625 hb. 15 hc. 33.75 hd. 39,375 h
The neutron decays in free space into a proton and an electron after an average lifetime of 15 min. What must be the minimum binding energy contributed by a neutron to a nucleus in order that the
The half-life of a certain radioactive isotope is 6 h. If we start out with 10 g of the isotope, after 1 day there will bea. none leftb. 0.625 g leftc. 1.6 g leftd. 2.5 g left
The product of the gamma decay of the aluminum isotope 1237 Al isa. 2172 Mgb. 2163 Alc. 2173 Ald. 2174 Si
The product of the alpha decay of the bismuth isotope 2713 Bi isa. 210 79 Aub. 21081TIc.21083 Bid. 21085 At
The mass of 24 He is 4.0026 u. Find its binding energy and binding energy per nucleon.
When the nitrogen isotope 137 N decays into the carbon isotope 136 C, it emitsa. a gamma rayb. an electronc. a positrond. an alpha particle
The number of neutrons in a nucleus of the potassium isotope 1409 K isa. 19b. 21c. 40d. 59
The binding energy per nucleon in the iron nucleus 2566 Fe is 8.8 MeV. Find its atomic mass.
The number of protons in a nucleus of the boron isotope 11 5 B isa. 5b. 6c. 11d. 16
A particle that is believed to consist of quarks is thea. electronb. positronc. neutrond. neutrino
What property of atomic nuclei makes it possible for nuclear fission and fusion to give off energy?
Quarks are particles thata. have no massb. have charges whose magnitudes are less than ec. decay into protonsd. decay into neutrinos
The mass of the neutrino isa. equal to that of the neutronb. equal to that of the electronc. equal to that of a quarkd. very small
How does the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom compare with the energy needed to remove a proton from its nucleus?
The weakest of the four fundamental interactions is thea. gravitational interactionb. electromagnetic interactionc. strong interactiond. weak interaction
The interaction responsible for the structures of molecules, liquids, and solids is thea. gravitational interactionb. strong interactionc. weak interactiond. electromagnetic interaction
An example of a particle-antiparticle pair isa. proton and positronb. proton and neutronc. neutron and neutrinod. electron and positron
Of the following particles the one that is not an elementary particle is thea. alpha particleb. beta particlec. neutrond. neutrino
Find the kinetic energy (in eV) of an electron whose speed is 106 m/s.
Fusion reactions on the earth are likely to use as fuela. ordinary hydrogenb. deuteriumc. plutoniumd. uranium
In a nuclear power plant the nuclear reactor itself is used as a source ofa. neutronsb. heatc. radioactivityd. electricity
If 1 kg of radium (half-life = 1600 years) is sealed into a container, how much of it will remain as radium after 1600 years? after 4800 years? If the container is opened after a period of time, what
Enriched uranium is a better fuel for nuclear reactors than natural uranium because enriched uranium has a greater proportion ofa. slow neutronsb. deuteriumc. plutoniumd. 235U
In a chain reactiona. protons and neutrons join to form atomic nucleib. light nuclei join to form heavy onesc. neutrons emitted during the fission of heavy nuclei induce fissions in other nucleid.
After 10 years, 75 g of an original sample of 100 g of a certain radionuclide has decayed. What is the half-life of the nuclide?
The splitting of an atomic nucleus, such as that of 235U, into two or more fragments is calleda. fusionb. fissionc. a chain reactiond. beta decay
The binding energy per nucleon isa. the same for all nucleib. greater for very small nucleic. greatest for nuclei of intermediate sized. greatest for very large nuclei
What happens to the half-life of a radionuclide as it decays?
Relative to the sum of the masses of its constituent particles, the mass of an atom isa. greaterb. the samec. smallerd. any of these, depending on the element
The electronvolt is a unit ofa. chargeb. potential differencec. energyd. momentum
The uranium isotope 32592 U decays into a lead isotope by emitting seven alpha particles and four electrons. What is the symbol of the lead isotope?
In a stable nucleus other than 11 H the number of neutrons is alwaysa. less than the number of protonsb. less than or equal to the number of protonsc. equal to or more than the number of protonsd.
As a sample of a radionuclide decays, its half-lifea. decreasesb. remains the samec. increasesd. any of these, depending upon the nuclide
The thorium nucleus 23390 Th undergoes two successive negative beta decays. Find the atomic number, mass number, and chemical name of the resulting nucleus.
The half-life of a radionuclide isa. half the time needed for a sample to decay entirelyb. half the time a sample can be kept before it begins to decayc. the time needed for half a sample to decayd.
The largest amount of radiation received by an average person in the United States comes froma. medical x-raysb. nuclear reactorsc. fallout from past weapons testsd. natural sources
The polonium isotope 21084 Po undergoes alpha decay to become an isotope of lead. Find the atomic number and mass number of this isotope.
Which of these particles is radioactive?a. electronb. protonc. neutrond. alpha particle
When a nucleus undergoes radioactive decay, the number of nucleons it contains afterward isa. always less than the original numberb. always more than the original numberc. never less than the
(a) Under what circumstances does a nucleus emit an electron? A positron?(b) The oxygen nuclei 14 8 O and 198 O both undergo beta decay to become stable nuclei.Which would you expect to emit a
Which of these types of radiation has the greatest ability to penetrate matter?a. alpha particlesb. beta particlesc. gamma raysd. x-rays
Which of these types of radiation has the least ability to penetrate matter?a. alpha particlesb. beta particlesc. gamma raysd. x-rays
What happens to the atomic number and mass number of a nucleus when it emits an alpha particle?
Radioactive materials do not emita. electronsb. protonsc. alpha particlesd. gamma rays
Gamma rays have the same basic nature asa. alpha particlesb. beta particlesc. x-raysd. sound waves
(a) What is an alpha particle? A beta particle? A gamma ray? (b) How do they compare in general in ability to penetrate matter?
An electron is emitted by an atomic nucleus in the process ofa. alpha decayb. beta decayc. gamma decayd. nuclear fission
The number of protons in a stable nucleus is alwaysa. less than the number of neutronsb. less than or equal to the number of neutronsc. equal to or more than the number of neutronsd. more than the
What limits the size of a nucleus?
The atomic number of an element determines itsa. massb. binding energyc. number of neutronsd. chemical behavior
Which of the following is not an isotope of hydrogen?a. 10 Hb. 11 Hc. 21 Hd. 31 H
Find the number of neutrons and protons in each of the following nuclei: 188 O; 1226 Mg; 5276 Fe; 109 47 Ag.
The atoms of the isotopes of an element are different in which one or more of the following?a. number of electronsb. number of protonsc. number of neutronsd. atomic mass
The atomic number of an element is the number ofa. protons in its nucleusb. neutrons in its nucleusc. electrons in its nucleusd. protons and neutrons in its nucleus
What are the similarities and differences among the isotopes of an element?
Nearly all the volume occupied by matter consists ofa. electronsb. protonsc. neutronsd. nothing
The basic idea of the Rutherford atomic model is that the positive charge in an atom isa. spread uniformly throughout its volumeb. concentrated at its centerc. readily deflected by an incoming alpha
How do the ways in which the mass and the charge of an atom are distributed differ?
Suppose you are an astronaut orbiting the earth at an altitude of 200 km. The pupils of your eyes are 3 mm in diameter and the average wavelength of the light reaching you from the earth is 500 nm.
Radio waves are able to diffract readily around buildings, as anybody with a portable radio receiver can verify. However, light waves, which are also em waves, undergo no discernible diffraction
Which of the following can occur in (a) transverse waves and (b) longitudinal waves: reflection, interference, diffraction, polarization?
Light of what color is scattered most in the atmosphere? Least?
(a) What would the American flag look like when viewed with red light? (b) With blue light?
When white light is dispersed by a glass prism, red light is bent least and violet light is bent most. What does this tell you about the relative speeds of red and violet light in glass?
(a) What is the name of the defect of vision in which an eye can see nearby objects clearly but not distant ones? (b) What is the name of the defect of vision in which either bar of a cross can
A birthday candle 4 cm high is 10 cm from a converging lens whose focal length is 15 cm. Use a ray diagram on a suitable scale (say, _ 13 full size) to find the location of the image, its height, and

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