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the physical universe
The Physical Universe 16th edition Konrad B Krauskopf, Arthur Beiser - Solutions
An oxygen molecule has a mass of 5.3 × 10-26 kg and an average speed in air at room temperature of about 480 m/s. How does the de Broglie wavelength of such a molecule compare with its diameter of about 4 × 10-10 m? Would you expect such a molecule to exhibit wave behavior?
The quantum-mechanical theory of the atom is a. based upon a mechanical model of the atomb. a theory that restricts itself to physical quantities that can be measured directlyc. less accurate than the Bohr model of the atomd. impossible to reconcile with Newton’s laws of motion
Which of the following properties is not characteristic of the light waves from a laser?a. The waves all have the same frequency.b. The waves are all in step with one another.c. The waves form a narrow beam.d. The waves have higher photon energies than light waves of the same frequency from an
Find the de Broglie wavelength of an electron whose speed is 2 × 107 m/s. How significant are the wave properties of such an electron likely to be?
The operation of the laser is based upon a. the uncertainty principleb. the interference of de Broglie wavesc. stimulated emission of radiationd. stimulated absorption of radiation
Which of the following types of radiation is not emitted by changes in the electronic structures of atoms?a. ultraviolet lightb. visible lightc. x-raysd. gamma rays
How does the speed of the wave packet that corresponds to a moving object compare with (a) The object’s speed and (b) The speed of light?
When an atom absorbs a photon of light, which one or more of the following can happen?a. An electron shifts to a state of smaller quantum number.b. An electron shifts to a state of higher quantum number.c. An electron leaves the atom.d. An x-ray photon is emitted.
The energy difference between adjacent energy levels in the hydrogen atoma. is smaller for small quantum numbersb. is the same for all quantum numbersc. is larger for small quantum numbersd. has no regularity
A photon and a proton have the same wavelength. How does the photon’s energy compare with the proton’s kinetic energy?
An atom emits a photon when one of its orbital electronsa. jumps from a higher to a lower energy levelb. jumps from a lower to a higher energy levelc. is removed by the photoelectric effectd. is struck by an x-ray
A hydrogen atom is said to be in its ground state when its electrona. is at restb. is inside the nucleusc. is in its lowest energy leveld. has escaped from the atom
Must a particle have an electric charge in order for matter waves to be associated with its motion?
In the Bohr model of the atom, the electrons revolve around the nucleus of an atom so as toa. emit spectral linesb. produce x-raysc. form energy levels that depend upon their speeds onlyd. keep from falling into the nucleus
According to the Bohr model of the atom, an electron in the ground statea. radiates electromagnetic energy continuouslyb. emits only spectral linesc. remains there foreverd. can jump to another orbit if given enough energy
An electron can revolve in an orbit around an atomic nucleus without radiating energy provided that the orbita. is far enough away from the nucleusb. is less than a de Broglie wavelength in circumferencec. is a whole number of de Broglie wavelengths in circumferenced. is a perfect circle
The classical model of the hydrogen atom fails becausea. an accelerated electron radiates electromagnetic wavesb. a moving electron has more mass than an electron at restc. a moving electron has more charge than an electron at restd. the attractive force of the nucleus is not enough to keep an
An energy of 4 × 10-19 J is required to remove an electron from the surface of a particular metal. (a) What is the frequency of the light that will just dislodge electrons from the surface? (b) What is the maximum energy of electrons emitted through the action of light of wavelength 2 ×
Most stars are hot objects surrounded by cooler atmospheres. The spectrum of such a star is aa. continuous band of lightb. band of light crossed by brighter linesc. band of light crossed by dark linesd. series of bright lines
A neon sign does not producea. a line spectrumb. an emission spectrumc. an absorption spectrumd. photons
A detached retina is being “welded” back by using 20-ms pulses from a 0.50-W laser operating at a wavelength of 643 nm. How many photons are in each pulse?
The emission spectrum produced by the excited atoms of an element contains frequencies that area. the same for all elementsb. characteristic of the particular elementc. evenly distributed throughout the entire visible spectrumd. different from the frequencies in its absorption spectrum
If Planck’s constant were larger than it is,a. moving bodies would have shorter wavelengthsb. moving bodies would have higher energiesc. moving bodies would have greater chargesd. the uncertainty principle would be significant on a larger scale of size
The radiant energy reaching the earth from the sun is about 1400 W/m2. If this energy is all green light of wavelength 5.5 × 10-7 m, how many photons strike each square meter per second?
According to the uncertainty principle, it is impossible to precisely determine at the same time a particle’sa. position and chargeb. position and momentumc. momentum and energyd. charge and mass
The narrower the wave packet of a particle is,a. the shorter its wavelengthb. the more precisely its position can be establishedc. the more precisely its momentum can be establishedd. the more precisely its energy can be established
The eye can detect as little as 10-18 J of energy in the form of light. How many photons of frequency 5 × 1014 Hz does this amount of energy represent?
The description of a moving body in terms of matter waves is legitimate becausea. it is based upon common senseb. matter waves have actually been seenc. the analogy with electromagnetic waves is plausibled. theory and experiment agree
De Broglie waves can be regarded as waves ofa. pressureb. probabilityc. electric charged. momentum
Find the energy of a photon of ultraviolet light whose frequency is 2 × 1016 Hz. Do the same for a photon of radio waves whose frequency is 2 × 105 Hz.
The speed of the wave packet that corresponds to a moving particle isa. less than the particle’s speedb. equal to the particle’s speedc. more than the particle’s speedd. any of these, depending on the circumstances
According to the theories of modern physics, a. only stationary particles exhibit wave behaviorb. only moving particles exhibit wave behaviorc. only charged particles exhibit wave behaviord. all particles exhibit wave behavior
When the speed of the electrons that strike a metal surface is increased, what happens to the speed, energy, and number per second of the x-ray photons that are emitted?
According to the theories of modern physics, lighta. is exclusively a wave phenomenonb. is exclusively a particle phenomenonc. combines wave and particle propertiesd. has neither wave nor particle properties
A phenomenon that cannot be understood with the help of the quantum theory of light isa. the photoelectric effectb. x-ray productionc. the spectrum of an elementd. interference of light
Energy is carried in light by means of separate photons, yet even the faintest light we can see does not appear as a series of flashes. Explain.
When the speed of the electrons that strike a metal surface is increased, the result is an increase ina. the number of x-rays emittedb. the frequency of the x-rays emittedc. the speed of the x-rays emittedd. the size of the x-rays emitted
The rate at which an object emits electromagnetic energy does not depend on itsa. surface areab. massc. temperatured. ability to absorb radiation
A bare copper pipe carries hot water to a faucet. What effect, if any, will polishing the pipe have on the rate of heat flow from the pipe to the room?
The mass of a photona. is 0b. is the same as that of an electronc. depends on its frequencyd. is the size of the x-rays emitted
In a vacuum, all photons have the samea. frequencyb. wavelengthc. energyd. speed
Compare the evidence for the wave nature of light with the evidence for its particle nature.
The photoelectric effect can be understood on the basis ofa. the electromagnetic theory of lightb. the interference of light wavesc. the special theory of relativityd. none of these
When light is directed at a metal surface, the energies of the emitted electronsa. vary with the intensity of the lightb. vary with the frequency of the lightc. vary with the speed of the lightd. are random
What differences can you think of between the photon and the electron?
No particle of fractional charge has yet been observed. If none is found in the future either, does this necessarily mean that the quark hypothesis is wrong?
Leptons and hadrons are the two classes of basic particle. How do they differ?
Discuss the similarities and differences between the neutron and the neutrino.
List the fundamental interactions in order of decreasing strength. Which, if any, are limited in the distances over which they act?
Suppose the strong interaction did not exist, so there were no nuclear binding energies. If the early universe contained protons, neutrons, and electrons, what kind or kinds of matter would eventually fill the universe?
What distinguishes a charged particle from its antiparticle? What happens when they come together?
What are the differences and similarities between fusion and fission?
(a) How much mass is lost per day by a nuclear reactor operated at a 1.0-GW power level? (b) If each fission releases 200 MeV, how many fissions occur per second to give this power level?
What is the function of the moderator in a uraniumfueled nuclear reactor?
Why can ordinary uranium not be used to fuel a reactor cooled by ordinary water?
After 45 h, 1 mg of an 8-mg sample of a certain radioactive isotope of sodium remains undecayed. The half-life of the isotope isa. 5.625 hb. 15 hc. 33.75 hd. 39,375 h
The neutron decays in free space into a proton and an electron after an average lifetime of 15 min. What must be the minimum binding energy contributed by a neutron to a nucleus in order that the neutron not decay inside the nucleus? How does this figure compare with the observed binding energies
The half-life of a certain radioactive isotope is 6 h. If we start out with 10 g of the isotope, after 1 day there will bea. none leftb. 0.625 g leftc. 1.6 g leftd. 2.5 g left
The product of the gamma decay of the aluminum isotope 1237 Al isa. 2172 Mgb. 2163 Alc. 2173 Ald. 2174 Si
The product of the alpha decay of the bismuth isotope 2713 Bi isa. 210 79 Aub. 21081TIc.21083 Bid. 21085 At
The mass of 24 He is 4.0026 u. Find its binding energy and binding energy per nucleon.
When the nitrogen isotope 137 N decays into the carbon isotope 136 C, it emitsa. a gamma rayb. an electronc. a positrond. an alpha particle
The number of neutrons in a nucleus of the potassium isotope 1409 K isa. 19b. 21c. 40d. 59
The binding energy per nucleon in the iron nucleus 2566 Fe is 8.8 MeV. Find its atomic mass.
The number of protons in a nucleus of the boron isotope 11 5 B isa. 5b. 6c. 11d. 16
A particle that is believed to consist of quarks is thea. electronb. positronc. neutrond. neutrino
What property of atomic nuclei makes it possible for nuclear fission and fusion to give off energy?
Quarks are particles thata. have no massb. have charges whose magnitudes are less than ec. decay into protonsd. decay into neutrinos
The mass of the neutrino isa. equal to that of the neutronb. equal to that of the electronc. equal to that of a quarkd. very small
How does the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom compare with the energy needed to remove a proton from its nucleus?
The weakest of the four fundamental interactions is thea. gravitational interactionb. electromagnetic interactionc. strong interactiond. weak interaction
The interaction responsible for the structures of molecules, liquids, and solids is thea. gravitational interactionb. strong interactionc. weak interactiond. electromagnetic interaction
An example of a particle-antiparticle pair isa. proton and positronb. proton and neutronc. neutron and neutrinod. electron and positron
Of the following particles the one that is not an elementary particle is thea. alpha particleb. beta particlec. neutrond. neutrino
Find the kinetic energy (in eV) of an electron whose speed is 106 m/s.
Fusion reactions on the earth are likely to use as fuela. ordinary hydrogenb. deuteriumc. plutoniumd. uranium
In a nuclear power plant the nuclear reactor itself is used as a source ofa. neutronsb. heatc. radioactivityd. electricity
If 1 kg of radium (half-life = 1600 years) is sealed into a container, how much of it will remain as radium after 1600 years? after 4800 years? If the container is opened after a period of time, what gases would you expect to find inside it?
Enriched uranium is a better fuel for nuclear reactors than natural uranium because enriched uranium has a greater proportion ofa. slow neutronsb. deuteriumc. plutoniumd. 235U
In a chain reactiona. protons and neutrons join to form atomic nucleib. light nuclei join to form heavy onesc. neutrons emitted during the fission of heavy nuclei induce fissions in other nucleid. uranium is burned in a type of furnace called a reactor
After 10 years, 75 g of an original sample of 100 g of a certain radionuclide has decayed. What is the half-life of the nuclide?
The splitting of an atomic nucleus, such as that of 235U, into two or more fragments is calleda. fusionb. fissionc. a chain reactiond. beta decay
The binding energy per nucleon isa. the same for all nucleib. greater for very small nucleic. greatest for nuclei of intermediate sized. greatest for very large nuclei
What happens to the half-life of a radionuclide as it decays?
Relative to the sum of the masses of its constituent particles, the mass of an atom isa. greaterb. the samec. smallerd. any of these, depending on the element
The electronvolt is a unit ofa. chargeb. potential differencec. energyd. momentum
The uranium isotope 32592 U decays into a lead isotope by emitting seven alpha particles and four electrons. What is the symbol of the lead isotope?
In a stable nucleus other than 11 H the number of neutrons is alwaysa. less than the number of protonsb. less than or equal to the number of protonsc. equal to or more than the number of protonsd. more than the number of protons
As a sample of a radionuclide decays, its half-lifea. decreasesb. remains the samec. increasesd. any of these, depending upon the nuclide
The thorium nucleus 23390 Th undergoes two successive negative beta decays. Find the atomic number, mass number, and chemical name of the resulting nucleus.
The half-life of a radionuclide isa. half the time needed for a sample to decay entirelyb. half the time a sample can be kept before it begins to decayc. the time needed for half a sample to decayd. the time needed for the remainder of a sample to decay after half of it has already decayed
The largest amount of radiation received by an average person in the United States comes froma. medical x-raysb. nuclear reactorsc. fallout from past weapons testsd. natural sources
The polonium isotope 21084 Po undergoes alpha decay to become an isotope of lead. Find the atomic number and mass number of this isotope.
Which of these particles is radioactive?a. electronb. protonc. neutrond. alpha particle
When a nucleus undergoes radioactive decay, the number of nucleons it contains afterward isa. always less than the original numberb. always more than the original numberc. never less than the original numberd. never more than the original number
(a) Under what circumstances does a nucleus emit an electron? A positron?(b) The oxygen nuclei 14 8 O and 198 O both undergo beta decay to become stable nuclei.Which would you expect to emit a positron and which an electron?
Which of these types of radiation has the greatest ability to penetrate matter?a. alpha particlesb. beta particlesc. gamma raysd. x-rays
Which of these types of radiation has the least ability to penetrate matter?a. alpha particlesb. beta particlesc. gamma raysd. x-rays
What happens to the atomic number and mass number of a nucleus when it emits an alpha particle?
Radioactive materials do not emita. electronsb. protonsc. alpha particlesd. gamma rays
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