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sciences
the physical universe
The Physical Universe 16th edition Konrad B Krauskopf, Arthur Beiser - Solutions
Which of the following types of star is the smallest; the largest; the most common: neutron stars, white dwarfs, red dwarfs, black dwarfs?
How large are black holes? Can any star evolve into a black hole?
How can a black hole be detected even though it cannot be directly observed?
The earth undergoes four major motions through space.What are they?
Galactic nebulas are irregular masses of gas and dust in a galaxy that shine either by reflecting light from nearby stars or because their gases are excited to glow by radiation from such stars. Globular clusters are compact assemblies of thousands of very old stars that surround the central disk
Because elliptical galaxies contain only Population II stars, which are very old, they cannot contain much gas and dust; if they did, young stars would then be present that formed from this gas and dust.
Do radio telescopes magnify anything? If not, why are larger and larger ones being built?
How does the mass of all the interstellar matter in our galaxy compare with the total mass of its stars?
What kind of evidence supports the belief that molecules of various kinds, including some fairly complex ones, exist in space?
How can the rotation of a spiral galaxy be determined? Will this method work for all spiral galaxies?
(a) How does the typical size of a galaxy relative to the typical distance between galaxies compare with the corresponding ratio for stars in a galaxy? (b) Which would you expect to be more common, collisions between galaxies or collisions between stars?
Insert the missing numbers in the following equations:a. 4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + [ ]H2Ob. 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + [ ]H2Oc. 4FeS2 + 11O2 → 2Fe2O3 + [ ]SO2d. 2HNO3 + 3H2S → 2NO + [ ]H2 + 3S
Calcium hydride reacts with water to give gaseous hydrogen and calcium hydroxide.
Sulfur dioxide and carbon react to give carbon disulfide and carbon monoxide.
How can an unsaturated solution of a solid in a liquid become saturated? How can a saturated solution of a solid in a liquid become supersaturated (if this is possible in a particular case)?
At 10°C, which is more concentrated, a saturated solution of potassium nitrate or a saturated solution of potassium chloride? At 60°C?
The ions of potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) both contain 18 electrons. Would you expect the chemical behaviors of these elements to be similar?
Is it correct to say that the only ions an acidic solution contains are H+ ions and that the only ions a basic solution contains are OH- ions? If not, what would correct descriptions of such solutions be?
Which loses electrons more easily: Na or Fe? Al or Ag? I- or Cl-? Which gains electrons more easily: Cl or Br? Hg2+ or Mg2+?
What becomes of the electric energy provided in electrolysis? In what device is this energy transformation reversed?
Each molecule of butyne, C4H6, has a triple bond between two of its carbon atoms. What is the structural formula of the butyne isomer in which the triple bond is in the middle of the molecule?
Each molecule of propene, C3H6, has a double bond between two of its carbon atoms. Give the structural formula(s) for propene and its isomers, if any.
Use structural formulas to show the reaction between methyl alcohol and acetic acid to produce methyl acetate.
How many “letters” are there in the genetic code by which DNA governs protein synthesis? How many letters are used to specify a particular amino acid?
Suppose you are climbing in an airplane that has no altimeter. How could you tell when you are approaching the top of the troposphere?
What would happen if ozone were to disappear from the upper atmosphere? From the lower atmosphere?
What does it mean to say that a certain volume of air has a relative humidity of 50 percent? Of 100 percent?
Why does the air in a heated room tend to be dry?
a. On such a night the earth’s surface cools by radiation. The air in contact with the surface also cools and may become saturated with water vapor, which then condenses into droplets of liquid water.b. Its dew point is the lowest temperature to which a body of air can be cooled
What do high-altitude clouds consist of? Low-altitude clouds?
(a) The three basic cloud types are cirrus, stratus, and cumulus. What is characteristic of each type?(b) What is the origin of the streaks of cirrus cloud produced by high-altitude aircraft?
(a) On a clear day, solar radiation is most intense at noon. Why? (b) The highest air temperatures occur a few hours later. Why?
Compare the ways in which the troposphere and the stratosphere are heated.
Why does the average air temperature decrease going from the equator to the poles?
Account for the abrupt changes in temperature between day and night in desert regions.
The prevailing westerly winds of the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere are generally weaker than those of the southern hemisphere. Can you think of why this is so?
(a) What is the name of weather systems centered about regions of low pressure?(b) In what direction do winds in the northern hemisphere spiral around such a region?(c) In the southern hemisphere?
Why are clouds and rain more likely to be associated with a cyclone than with an anticyclone?
What is the approximate sequence of wind directions when the center of a cyclone passes north of an observer in the northern hemisphere?
What is the difference between the rainfall that accompanies the passage of a warm front and that which accompanies the passage of a cold front?
Why can a hurricane be regarded as a heat engine?
A feature of most autumns in the northeastern United States is a period of mild, sunny weather called Indian summer, which occurs when an anticyclone happens to stall for a few days off the East Coast. Explain the connection.
Water vapor is an important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, yet much more attention is paid in this respect to carbon dioxide. Why do you think this is so?
From time to time a gigantic volcanic explosion sends a large amount of dust into the atmosphere, where it may remain for some years. How many consequences of such an event can you think of?
How does the average depth of the ocean basins below sea level compare with the average height of the continents above sea level?
Why is it believed that seawater has always been salty?
The giant gyres of the oceans involve clockwise flows in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise flows in the southern. Why?
England and Labrador are at about the same latitude on either side of the North Atlantic Ocean, but England is considerably warmer than Labrador on the average. Why?
Why are streams and rivers so effective as agents of erosion on the earth’s surface?
Why is it hard to detect the planetary systems of other stars?
Would you characterize the most likely next phase of the earth’s history as fire or ice?
The least likely reason why planetary systems have not been directly observed around stars other than the sun is thata. Planets are smallb. Planets shine by reflected lightc. Planetary systems are rared. Other stars are far away
Planets are always small compared with stars because otherwisea. The rotation of the planets would cause them to disintegrateb. The great mass of the planets would cause them to be pulled into their parent starc. The great mass of the planets would prevent them from being held in orbit and they
What heated all the planets as they were formed? Was there any other influence that helped heat the inner, rocky planets?
It is likely that the planets, satellites, and other members of the solar system were formeda. Together with the sunb. Later than the sun from material it ejectedc. Later than the sun from material it captured from spaced. Elsewhere and were captured by the sun
The age of the earth is abouta. 6000 yearsb. 13.8 million yearsc. 4.6 billion yearsd. 13.8 billion years
Did the sun begin as a small body that grew to its present size, or as a large one that subsequently shrank?
The age of the universe is abouta. 6000 yearsb. 13.8 million yearsc. 4.6 billion yearsd. 13.8 billion years
It is least likely that the universe willa. Continue to expand indefinitelyb. Expand at an ever-increasing rate until it is torn apartc. Stop expanding and maintain a constant sized. Collapse in a big crunch
Distinguish between a closed and an open universe. How does the density of matter in the universe bear on the question of whether the universe is closed or open? What does present evidence suggest about the nature of the universe?
Dark energya. Is the energy equivalent of dark matterb. Is the energy of black holesc. Is the energy of neutrinosd. Has an unknown nature as yet
Present evidence suggests that the major ingredient of the universe is in the form ofa. Dark matterb. Dark energy c. Cosmic raysd. Black holes
Is the cosmic microwave background radiation uniform in space? If not, what is the significance of the variations?
Astronauts need not worry abouta. Gamma-ray burstsb. Cosmic raysc. Cosmic microwave background radiationd. Collisions with space junk
Radiation from the early history of the universe was stretched by the expansion of the universe until today it is in the form ofa. X-raysb. Ultraviolet waves c. Infrared wavesd. Radio waves
What are the origins of the helium found in the universe?
Today the universe apparently containsa. Only matterb. Only antimatterc. Equal amounts of matter and antimatterd. Slightly more matter than antimatter
Soon after it came into being, the universe containeda. Only matterb. Only antimatterc. Equal amounts of matter and antimatterd. Slightly more matter than antimatter
What is the observational evidence in favor of the big bang?
The elements heavier than hydrogen and helium of which the planets are composed probably came from thea. Sunb. Debris of supernova explosions that occurred before the solar system came into beingc. Big bangd. Big crunch
The matter in the early universe that eventually condensed into galaxies and then into stars consisted ofa. Only hydrogenb. Hydrogen and helium in an approximately 3:1 ratioc. Hydrogen and helium in equal amountsd. Hydrogen and helium in an approximately 1:3 ratio
Why are quasars thought to be relatively small in size?
The expansion of the universe apparentlya. Has always occurred at the same rateb. Is currently slowing downc. Is currently speeding upd. Has come to a stop
The term “big bang” refers toa. The origin of the universeb. The ultimate fate of the universec. A supernova explosiond. The formation of a quasar
Why is the universe believed to be expanding?
Quasars do nota. Emit radio wavesb. Exhibit red shifts in their spectrac. Vary in their output of radiationd. Occur in the solar system
Current ideas suggest that what is responsible for the observed properties of a quasar is a massivea. Neutron starb. Black hole c. Spiral galaxyd. Star cluster
What traps cosmic rays in our galaxy?
Supernova explosions have no connection witha. The formation of heavy elementsb. Cosmic raysc. Pulsarsd. Quasars
The red shift in the spectral lines of light reaching us from other galaxies implies that these galaxiesa. Are moving closer to one anotherb. Are moving farther apart from one anotherc. Are in rapid rotationd. Consist predominantly of giant stars
What do you think ultimately becomes of the protons and neutrons knocked out of atmospheric atoms by cosmic rays?
The origin of the most energetic cosmic rays isa. Nuclear reactions in the sunb. Solar flaresc. The cosmic microwave background radiationd. Unknown
Primary cosmic rays are composed largely of very fasta. Protonsb. Neutrons c. Electronsd. Gamma rays
In what way have cosmic rays affected the composition of the universe?
Cosmic raysa. Circulate freely through spaceb. Are trapped in our galaxy by electric fieldsc. Are trapped in our galaxy by magnetic fieldsd. Are trapped in our galaxy by gravitational fields
Cosmic rays carry energy to the earth at about the same rate asa. Sunlightb. Moonlight c. Starlightd. Meteoroids
(a) What is the observational evidence in favor of there being a great deal of dark matter in the universe? (b) Where is the dark matter located?
The dark matter that all galaxies apparently containa. Consists of antimatterb. Consists of cosmic raysc. Consists of dead starsd. Is of unknown nature
Individual stars in other galaxiesa. Can be seen with the unaided eyeb. Can be seen only with a telescopec. Cannot be seen even with a telescoped. Are all members of Population II
How are galaxies distributed in the universe?
The stars in a galaxy area. Moving outward from its centerb. Moving inward toward its centerc. Revolving around its centerd. Stationary relative to its center
Spiral galaxiesa. Are readily visible as such to the naked eyeb. May be dark or brightc. Are usually similar to our galaxyd. Originate in supernova explosions
Are most galaxies smaller, larger, or about the same size as our galaxy?
Radio waves from space never originate ina. Extremely hot gasesb. Fast electrons moving through magnetic fieldsc. Moleculesd. Cosmic rays
A radio telescope is basically a (an)a. Device for magnifying radio wavesb. Telescope remotely controlled by radioc. Directional antenna connected to a sensitive radio receiverd. Optical telescope that uses electronic techniques to produce an image
Why are radio-astronomical studies of the distribution of hydrogen in the universe of greater interest than studies of the distribution of other elements?
Compared with the Population II stars in globular clusters, the Population I stars in the galactic disk area. Richer in hydrogen and heliumb. Richer in the heavier elementsc. Olderd. Closer together
The Population II stars in globular clusters area. Mostly very youngb. Mostly very oldc. Mostly about as old as the sund. Of all ages about equally distributed
List the three ways in which radio waves from space originate.
The globular clusters of our galaxya. Contain around a hundred stars eachb. Contain around a million stars eachc. Contain around a billion stars eachd. Lie only in its central disk
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