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the physical universe
The Physical Universe 16th edition Konrad B Krauskopf, Arthur Beiser - Solutions
What is the basic cause of winds?
A wind in the northern hemisphere starts to blow toward the equator. Toward what direction is the wind deflected by the coriolis effect? What about a wind in the southern hemisphere also starting to blow toward the equator?
Where in the atmosphere do the jet streams occur? What is their general direction?
The island of Oahu (one of the Hawaiian Islands) is at latitude 21°N and is crossed by a mountain range trending roughly northwest to southeast. Account for the more abundant rainfall on the northeastern side of the range.
Do silicon compounds make up less than a quarter, between a quarter and a half, between half and three-quarters, or more than three-quarters of the mass of the crust?
What mineral is most abundant in the earth’s crust? Does it make up more or less than half of the mass of the crust?
Graphite consists of layers of carbon atoms in hexagonal arrays (see Fig. 11-7), with each atom covalently bonded to three others. The layers are bonded together by van der Waals forces. Would you expect graphite to exhibit cleavage?
How could you distinguish calcite crystals from quartz crystals?
Granite and rhyolite have similar compositions, but granite is coarse-grained whereas rhyolite is fine-grained. What does the difference in grain size indicate about the environments in which each rock formed?
Obsidian is a rock that resembles glass, in particular by sharing the property that its structure is closer to that of a liquid than to that of a crystalline solid. What does this observation suggest about the manner in which obsidian is formed?
Of what rock do coral reefs consist?
What kind of rocks are most abundant in the earth’s crust? On the earth’s surface?
Why is gneiss the most abundant metamorphic rock?
Shale is a sedimentary rock that consolidated from mud deposits. What are the various metamorphic rocks that shale can become under progressively increasing temperature and pressure?
Distinguish between the foliation of a metamorphic rock and the stratification of a sedimentary rock.
How could you distinguish (a) chert from obsidian;(b) conglomerate from gneiss; (c) quartz from calcite?
Name the following rocks: (a) A rock consisting of intergrown crystals of quartz; (b) The rock resulting from the metamorphism of limestone; (c) An intrusive igneous rock with the same composition as andesite.
What is the difference between the focus of an earthquake and its epicenter?
What can be said about an earthquake whose magnitude is 0 on the Richter scale? Whose magnitude is 8 or more?
(a) Distinguish between earthquake P and S waves.(b) Which of them can pass through the mantle?(c) Through the core?
An earthquake occurs far from an observing station and produces P, S, and surface waves. Do all the waves arrive at the same time? If not, which arrives first and which last?
Where is the earth’s crust thinnest? Where is it thickest?
What is the source of the energy that powers most geological processes other than erosion?
Why does a compass needle in most places not point due north?
What is the most important mechanism of mechanical weathering?
Both marble and slate are metamorphic rocks. Would you expect a marble tombstone or a slate tombstone to be most resistant to weathering?
What is the source of energy that makes possible the erosion of landscapes?
Which is the more important agent of erosion today, running water or glaciers? Why?
How is it possible for glaciers to wear down rocks that are harder than glacial ice?
What is the immediate destination of most of the water that falls as rain on land?
Distinguish between an alluvial fan and a moraine.
In sand derived from the attack of waves on granite, what mineral would you expect to be most abundant?
What characteristic landscape features do active volcanoes produce? From what features could you conclude that volcanoes were once active in a region where eruptions have long since ceased?
What factors determine the viscosity of a magma? What kinds of landscapes are produced by volcanoes whose lavas have relatively high and relatively low viscosities?
What is the main constituent of volcanic gases?
Distinguish between a dike and a vein.
If you wish to speed up the rate at which potatoes are cooking in a pan of boiling water, would it be better to turn up the gas flame or use a pressure cooker?
How much heat is given off when 1 kg of steam at 100°C condenses and cools to water at 20°C?
Many power stations get rid of their waste heat by using it to boil water and allowing the resulting steam to escape into the atmosphere via a cooling tower. How much water would a power station need per second to dispose of 1000 MW of waste heat? Consider only the vaporization of the water; the
A lead bullet at 100°C strikes a steel plate and melts. What was its minimum speed? The specific heat of lead is 0.13 kJ/kg · ° C.
Why are both a hot and a cold reservoir needed for a heat engine to operate?
A person tries to cool a kitchen by switching on an electric fan and closing the kitchen door and windows. What will happen?
Is it correct to say that a refrigerator “produces cold”? If not, why not?
An engine is proposed that is to operate between 250°C and 60°C with an efficiency of 40 percent. Will the engine perform as predicted? If not, what would its maximum efficiency be?
An engine that operates at the maximum efficiency possible takes in 6.0 MJ of heat from a hot reservoir at 327°C and exhausts waste heat to a cold reservoir at 127°C. How much work does it perform?
Three designs for an engine to operate between 450 K and 300 K are proposed. Design A is claimed to require a heat input of 800 J for each 1000 J of work output, design B a heat input of 2500 J, and design C a heat input of 3500 J. Which design would you choose and why?
When salt is dissolved in water, do you think the entropy of the system of salt + water increases or decreases? Why?
Electricity was once thought to be a weightless fluid, an excess of which was “positive” and a deficiency of which was “negative.” What phenomena can this hypothesis still explain? What phenomena can it not explain?
Why does the production of electricity by friction always yield equal amounts of positive and negative charge?
Compare the basic characters of electric and gravitational forces.
Is there any distance at which the gravitational force between two electrons is greater than the electric force between them?
How do we know that the force holding the earth in its orbit about the sun is not an electric force, since both gravitational and electric forces vary inversely with the square of the distance between centers of force?
A charge of +2 × 10−7 C is 10 cm from a charge of −6 × 10−6 C. Find the magnitude and direction of the force on each charge.
Two small spheres are given identical positive charges. When they are 1 cm apart, the repulsive force acting on each of them is 0.002 N. What would the force be if (a) The distance is increased to 3 cm?(b) One charge is doubled?(c) Both charges are tripled?(d) One charge is doubled and the
Suppose the force between the earth and the moon were electric rather than gravitational, with the earth having a charge of +Q and the moon a charge of −Q. What is the value of Q? (The mass of the earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg and that of the moon is 7.3 × 1022 kg.)
How is the movement of electricity through air different from its movement through a copper wire?
Why do you think bending a wire does not affect its electrical resistance, even though a bent pipe offers more resistance to the flow of water than a straight one?
The energy stored in a certain 12-V battery is 3 MJ.(a) How much charge was transferred from one of its terminals to the other when it was charged? (b) How long would a 50-A charger take to charge the battery, assuming a constant current? (Actually, the current decreases as a battery nears a
(a) A person can be electrocuted while taking a bath if he or she touches a poorly insulated light switch. Why is the electric shock received under these conditions so much more dangerous than usual?(b) Why does a bird perched on a high-voltage power line remain unharmed?
A fuse prevents more than a certain amount of current from flowing in a particular circuit. What might happen if too much current were to flow? What determines how much is too much?
Heavy users of electric power, such as large electric stoves and clothes dryers, are sometimes designed to operate on 240 V rather than 120 V. What advantage do you think the higher voltage has in these applications?
Wire A has a potential difference of 50 V across it and carries a current of 2 A. Wire B has a potential difference of 100 V across it and also carries a current of 2 A. Compare the resistances, rates of flow of charge, and rates of flow of energy in the two wires.
A power of 1 horsepower (hp) is equivalent to 746 W. What is the power output in hp of an electric motor that draws a current of 2.8 A at 120 V and is 75 percent efficient?
A 120-V electric motor draws 2.5 A. (a) How many coulombs of charge pass through it in 15 min?(b) How many joules of energy does it use in 15 min?
When a certain 1.5-V battery is used to power a 3-W flashlight bulb, it is dead after an hour’s use. If the battery costs $0.50, what is the cost of a kilowatt-hour of electric energy obtained in this way? How does this compare with the cost of electric energy supplied to your home?
A trolley bus whose mass is 104 kg takes 10 s to reach a speed of 8 m/s starting from rest. It operates from a 5-kV overhead power line and is 50 percent efficient. What is the average current drawn by the bus during the acceleration? (First calculate the final KE of the bus.)
The magnetic poles of the earth are called geomagnetic poles. Is the north geomagnetic pole a north magnetic pole or a south magnetic pole?
A current flows west through a power line. Find the directions of the magnetic field above and below the power line; ignore the earth€™s magnetic field.Figure 6-51 shows a current-carrying wire and a compass. In which direction will the compass needle point? Compass Current
In an older type of TV picture tube, a beam of electrons perpendicular to a fluorescent screen scans across the screen, which glows where the electrons strike it. When you face the screen, in what direction is the magnetic field of the electron beam?
A physicist is equipped to measure electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields. Which will she detect when a proton moves past her? When she moves past a proton?
ZA current is passed through a helical (corkscrew-shaped) spring. What, if anything, do you think happens to the length of the spring?
A beam of protons, at first moving slowly, is accelerated to higher and higher speeds. When the protons are moving slowly, the beam spreads out, but when they are moving fast, the beam diameter decreases. What do you think is the reason for this behavior?
Would you expect to find direct or alternating current in (a) The filament of a lightbulb in your home? (b) The filament of a lightbulb in a car? (c) The secondary coil of a transformer? (d) The output of a battery charger?
A generator driven by a diesel engine that develops 12 hp delivers 28 A at 240 V. What is the efficiency of the generator?
Given a coil of wire and a small lightbulb, how can you tell whether the current in another coil is direct or alternating without touching the second coil or its connecting wires?
The primary coil of a transformer has 100 turns and its secondary coil has 400 turns. Ignoring the resistance of the coils, compare the input power to the primary coil with the output power from the secondary coil.
An electric welding machine uses a current of 400 A. The machine has a transformer whose primary coil has 400 turns and draws 4 A from a 240-V power line. How many turns does the secondary coil have? What is the voltage across the secondary coil?
Does increasing the frequency of a wave also increase its wavelength? If not, how are these quantities related?
A 1.2-MHz ultrasonic beam is used to scan body tissue. If the speed of sound in a certain tissue is 1540 m/s and the limit of resolution is one wavelength, what size is the smallest detail that can be resolved?
Water waves are approaching a lighthouse at a rate of 1 wave every 1.2 s. The distance between adjacent crests is 7 m. What is the speed of the waves?
The speed of sound in a gas depends upon the average speed of the gas molecules. Why is such a relationship reasonable?
What eventually becomes of the energy of sound waves?A person is watching as spikes are being driven to hold a steel rail in place. The sound of each sledgehammer blow arrives 0.14 s through the rail and 2 s through the air after the person sees the hammer strike the spike.
Find the frequency of sound waves in air whose wavelength is 25 cm.
A radar signal took 2.7 s to go to the moon and return. How far away was the moon at that time?
Radio waves of very long wavelength can penetrate farther into seawater than those of shorter wavelength. The U.S. Navy communicates with submerged submarines using 76-Hz radio waves. What is their wavelength in air?
A violin string vibrates 1044 times per second. How many vibrations does it make while its sound travels 20 m?
A double star consists of two nearby stars that revolve around their center of mass. How can an astronomer recognize a double star from the characteristic frequencies of the light that reaches him from its member stars?
Why are light waves able to travel through a vacuum whereas sound waves cannot?
Why was electromagnetic induction discovered much earlier than its converse, the production of a magnetic field by a changing electric field?
Which of the following waves cannot be polarized: x-rays, radio waves, light waves, sound waves?
Give as many similarities and differences as you can between sound and light waves.
When a light ray goes from one medium to another, which of the following quantities, if any, is always unchanged: the direction of the ray, its speed, its frequency, its wavelength?
What types of waves can be refracted? Under what circumstances does refraction occur?
(a) You are standing on a pier and want to spear a fish that swims by. Should you aim above, below, or exactly where the fish seems to be? (b) What if you are swimming underwater and want to spear a fish?
A flashlight at the bottom of a swimming pool shines upward at an angle with the surface, as in Fig. 7-68. Which path does the light follow? A D' alr water
Does a spherical bubble in a pane of glass act to converge or diverge light passing through it?
A coin is placed at a focal point of a converging lens. Is an image formed? If yes, is it real or virtual, erect or inverted, larger or smaller than the object?
If the screen is moved farther from a slide projector, how should the projector’s lens be moved to restore the image to a sharp focus?
The candle of Exercise 53 is 15 cm from the lens. Answer the same questions for this situation.
The candle of Exercise 53 is 30 cm from the lens. Answer the same questions for this situation.
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