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sciences
the physical universe

Questions and Answers of The Physical Universe

What is the source of the energy that powers most geological processes other than erosion?
Why does a compass needle in most places not point due north?
What is the most important mechanism of mechanical weathering?
Both marble and slate are metamorphic rocks. Would you expect a marble tombstone or a slate tombstone to be most resistant to weathering?
What is the source of energy that makes possible the erosion of landscapes?
Which is the more important agent of erosion today, running water or glaciers? Why?
How is it possible for glaciers to wear down rocks that are harder than glacial ice?
What is the immediate destination of most of the water that falls as rain on land?
Distinguish between an alluvial fan and a moraine.
In sand derived from the attack of waves on granite, what mineral would you expect to be most abundant?
What characteristic landscape features do active volcanoes produce? From what features could you conclude that volcanoes were once active in a region where eruptions have long since ceased?
What factors determine the viscosity of a magma? What kinds of landscapes are produced by volcanoes whose lavas have relatively high and relatively low viscosities?
What is the main constituent of volcanic gases?
Distinguish between a dike and a vein.
If you wish to speed up the rate at which potatoes are cooking in a pan of boiling water, would it be better to turn up the gas flame or use a pressure cooker?
How much heat is given off when 1 kg of steam at 100°C condenses and cools to water at 20°C?
Many power stations get rid of their waste heat by using it to boil water and allowing the resulting steam to escape into the atmosphere via a cooling tower. How much water would a power station need
A lead bullet at 100°C strikes a steel plate and melts. What was its minimum speed? The specific heat of lead is 0.13 kJ/kg · ° C.
Why are both a hot and a cold reservoir needed for a heat engine to operate?
A person tries to cool a kitchen by switching on an electric fan and closing the kitchen door and windows. What will happen?
Is it correct to say that a refrigerator “produces cold”? If not, why not?
An engine is proposed that is to operate between 250°C and 60°C with an efficiency of 40 percent. Will the engine perform as predicted? If not, what would its maximum efficiency be?
An engine that operates at the maximum efficiency possible takes in 6.0 MJ of heat from a hot reservoir at 327°C and exhausts waste heat to a cold reservoir at 127°C. How much work does it perform?
Three designs for an engine to operate between 450 K and 300 K are proposed. Design A is claimed to require a heat input of 800 J for each 1000 J of work output, design B a heat input of 2500 J, and
When salt is dissolved in water, do you think the entropy of the system of salt + water increases or decreases? Why?
Electricity was once thought to be a weightless fluid, an excess of which was “positive” and a deficiency of which was “negative.” What phenomena can this hypothesis still explain? What
Why does the production of electricity by friction always yield equal amounts of positive and negative charge?
Compare the basic characters of electric and gravitational forces.
Is there any distance at which the gravitational force between two electrons is greater than the electric force between them?
How do we know that the force holding the earth in its orbit about the sun is not an electric force, since both gravitational and electric forces vary inversely with the square of the distance
A charge of +2 × 10−7 C is 10 cm from a charge of −6 × 10−6 C. Find the magnitude and direction of the force on each charge.
Two small spheres are given identical positive charges. When they are 1 cm apart, the repulsive force acting on each of them is 0.002 N. What would the force be if (a) The distance is increased
Suppose the force between the earth and the moon were electric rather than gravitational, with the earth having a charge of +Q and the moon a charge of −Q. What is the value of Q? (The mass of the
How is the movement of electricity through air different from its movement through a copper wire?
Why do you think bending a wire does not affect its electrical resistance, even though a bent pipe offers more resistance to the flow of water than a straight one?
The energy stored in a certain 12-V battery is 3 MJ.(a) How much charge was transferred from one of its terminals to the other when it was charged? (b) How long would a 50-A charger take to
(a) A person can be electrocuted while taking a bath if he or she touches a poorly insulated light switch. Why is the electric shock received under these conditions so much more dangerous than
A fuse prevents more than a certain amount of current from flowing in a particular circuit. What might happen if too much current were to flow? What determines how much is too much?
Heavy users of electric power, such as large electric stoves and clothes dryers, are sometimes designed to operate on 240 V rather than 120 V. What advantage do you think the higher voltage has in
Wire A has a potential difference of 50 V across it and carries a current of 2 A. Wire B has a potential difference of 100 V across it and also carries a current of 2 A. Compare the resistances,
A power of 1 horsepower (hp) is equivalent to 746 W. What is the power output in hp of an electric motor that draws a current of 2.8 A at 120 V and is 75 percent efficient?
A 120-V electric motor draws 2.5 A. (a) How many coulombs of charge pass through it in 15 min?(b) How many joules of energy does it use in 15 min?
When a certain 1.5-V battery is used to power a 3-W flashlight bulb, it is dead after an hour’s use. If the battery costs $0.50, what is the cost of a kilowatt-hour of electric energy obtained in
A trolley bus whose mass is 104 kg takes 10 s to reach a speed of 8 m/s starting from rest. It operates from a 5-kV overhead power line and is 50 percent efficient. What is the average current drawn
The magnetic poles of the earth are called geomagnetic poles. Is the north geomagnetic pole a north magnetic pole or a south magnetic pole?
A current flows west through a power line. Find the directions of the magnetic field above and below the power line; ignore the earth€™s magnetic field.Figure 6-51 shows a current-carrying
In an older type of TV picture tube, a beam of electrons perpendicular to a fluorescent screen scans across the screen, which glows where the electrons strike it. When you face the screen, in what
A physicist is equipped to measure electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields. Which will she detect when a proton moves past her? When she moves past a proton?
ZA current is passed through a helical (corkscrew-shaped) spring. What, if anything, do you think happens to the length of the spring?
A beam of protons, at first moving slowly, is accelerated to higher and higher speeds. When the protons are moving slowly, the beam spreads out, but when they are moving fast, the beam diameter
Would you expect to find direct or alternating current in (a) The filament of a lightbulb in your home? (b) The filament of a lightbulb in a car? (c) The secondary coil of a
A generator driven by a diesel engine that develops 12 hp delivers 28 A at 240 V. What is the efficiency of the generator?
Given a coil of wire and a small lightbulb, how can you tell whether the current in another coil is direct or alternating without touching the second coil or its connecting wires?
The primary coil of a transformer has 100 turns and its secondary coil has 400 turns. Ignoring the resistance of the coils, compare the input power to the primary coil with the output power from the
An electric welding machine uses a current of 400 A. The machine has a transformer whose primary coil has 400 turns and draws 4 A from a 240-V power line. How many turns does the secondary coil have?
Does increasing the frequency of a wave also increase its wavelength? If not, how are these quantities related?
A 1.2-MHz ultrasonic beam is used to scan body tissue. If the speed of sound in a certain tissue is 1540 m/s and the limit of resolution is one wavelength, what size is the smallest detail that can
Water waves are approaching a lighthouse at a rate of 1 wave every 1.2 s. The distance between adjacent crests is 7 m. What is the speed of the waves?
The speed of sound in a gas depends upon the average speed of the gas molecules. Why is such a relationship reasonable?
What eventually becomes of the energy of sound waves?A person is watching as spikes are being driven to hold a steel rail in place. The sound of each sledgehammer blow arrives 0.14 s through the rail
Find the frequency of sound waves in air whose wavelength is 25 cm.
A radar signal took 2.7 s to go to the moon and return. How far away was the moon at that time?
Radio waves of very long wavelength can penetrate farther into seawater than those of shorter wavelength. The U.S. Navy communicates with submerged submarines using 76-Hz radio waves. What is their
A violin string vibrates 1044 times per second. How many vibrations does it make while its sound travels 20 m?
A double star consists of two nearby stars that revolve around their center of mass. How can an astronomer recognize a double star from the characteristic frequencies of the light that reaches him
Why are light waves able to travel through a vacuum whereas sound waves cannot?
Why was electromagnetic induction discovered much earlier than its converse, the production of a magnetic field by a changing electric field?
Which of the following waves cannot be polarized: x-rays, radio waves, light waves, sound waves?
Give as many similarities and differences as you can between sound and light waves.
When a light ray goes from one medium to another, which of the following quantities, if any, is always unchanged: the direction of the ray, its speed, its frequency, its wavelength?
What types of waves can be refracted? Under what circumstances does refraction occur?
(a) You are standing on a pier and want to spear a fish that swims by. Should you aim above, below, or exactly where the fish seems to be? (b) What if you are swimming underwater and want to
A flashlight at the bottom of a swimming pool shines upward at an angle with the surface, as in Fig. 7-68. Which path does the light follow? A D' alr water
Does a spherical bubble in a pane of glass act to converge or diverge light passing through it?
A coin is placed at a focal point of a converging lens. Is an image formed? If yes, is it real or virtual, erect or inverted, larger or smaller than the object?
If the screen is moved farther from a slide projector, how should the projector’s lens be moved to restore the image to a sharp focus?
The candle of Exercise 53 is 15 cm from the lens. Answer the same questions for this situation.
The candle of Exercise 53 is 30 cm from the lens. Answer the same questions for this situation.
Describe the image the lens of the eye forms on the retina.
When a beam of white light passes perpendicularly through a flat pane of glass, it is not dispersed into a spectrum. Why not?
What color would red cloth appear if it were illuminated by(a) White light? (b) Red light? (c) Green light?
If the earth had no atmosphere, what would the color of the sky be during the day?
Give two advantages that a telescope lens or mirror of large diameter has over one of small diameter.
At night the pupils of a certain woman’s eyes are 8 mm in diameter.(a) How many kilometers away from a car facing her will the woman be able to distinguish its headlights from each
Alpha particle tracks through gases and thin metal foils show few deflections. What does this tell us about the atom?
The following statements were thought to be correct in the nineteenth century. Which of them are now known to be incorrect? For those that are incorrect, indicate why the statement is wrong and
Radium spontaneously decays into helium and radon. Why do you think radium is regarded as an element rather than as a chemical compound of helium and radon in the way that water, for example, is
What happens to the atomic number and mass number of a nucleus when it emits (a) An electron?(b) A positron?(c) A gamma ray?
If the half-life of a radionuclide is 1 month, is a sample of it completely decayed after 2 months?
One-eighth of a sample of 227 90 Th remains undecayed after 54 days. What is the half-life of this thorium isotope?
When the radium isotope 22688 Ra undergoes alpha decay, the energy liberated is 4.87 MeV. (a) Identify the resulting nuclide. (b) The alpha particle has a KE of 4.78 MeV. Where do you think
Find the kinetic energy (in keV) of a 12 6 C atom of mass 12.0 u whose speed is 2 × 106 m/s.
Find the speed of a neutron whose kinetic energy is 60 eV.
Why is the 2566 Fe nucleus the most stable (that is, the most difficult to break apart) nucleus?
Atomic mass always refers to the mass of a neutral atom, not the mass of its bare nucleus. With this definition in mind, determine by how many electron masses the mass of a parent atom changes when
The binding energy of 1200 Ne is 161 MeV. Find its atomic mass.
The binding energy per nucleon in the chlorine isotope 3157 CI is 8.5 MeV. What is its atomic mass?
What fuel other than uranium can be used in a nuclear reactor?
235 92 U loses about 0.1 percent of its mass when it undergoes fission.(a) How much energy is released when 1 kg of 235 92 U undergoes fission?(b) A ton of TNT releases about 932 × 109 J
(a) Could a gamma ray just energetic enough to materialize into a proton-antiproton pair alternatively materialize into a neutron-antineutron pair?(b) Could a gamma ray energetic enough to

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