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social science
psychology 2e
A History Of Modern Psychology 5th Edition C. James Goodwin - Solutions
Why was it important for advocates of the “new psychology”to show that their work had applications?
What was the significance of Scripture’s Thinking, Feeling, Doing, which included numerous examples of how laboratory methods had a wider use?
What was the significance of Woodworth’s “Columbia bible,” and what distinctions did he make in the book that continue to be in use today?
What was the importance of Woodworth inserting an“O” between the “S” and the “R,” when describing behavior?
What was the substance of the Thorndike–Mills controversy, and what was its significance?
Explain how Thorndike ruled out the idea that cats could learn the escape through reasoning and imitation.
How did Thorndike describe the process by which cats escaped from his puzzle boxes? How did this illustrate the laws of effect and exercise?
Describe theWissler study, and explain its significance for the Galton/Cattell approach to mental testing.
Explain how Cattell’s approach to mental testing was influenced by Galton, and describe any 5 of Cattell’s original 10 mental tests.
What was a Carr maze, and what was the importance of this apparatus?
Use Angell’s APA presidential address of 1906 to provide a comparison of structuralist and functionalist ways of thinking about psychology.
Describe the main points of Dewey’s reflex arc article and the significance of the article.
Show how the school of functionalism is related to evolutionary thinking.
Describe the imageless thought controversy, and show how it was a good illustration of the problems with introspection.
Whatwas the main issue behind the Baldwin–Titchener controversy?
Why did Titchener exclude the study of children, animals, and the insane from his definition of psychology?
Describe Titchener’s version of introspection, and explain why it was so important for introspectors to be highly trained.
What were the Experimentalists, why were they formed, what did they do, and why did they exclude women?
Describe the contents of Titchener’s Manuals, distinguish between the qualitative and quantitative manuals, and explain the significance of the work.
Distinguish between German and American (drill course) methods for training students how to be experimental psychologists.
In his 1898 paper on structural psychology, what was the argument that Titchener made for studying structure prior to function?
Describe the ways that Baldwin contributed to (a) the professionalization of psychology and (b) developmental psychology.
What was Ladd’s most important contribution to the new psychology? Why is he sometimes considered a transitional figure?
Describe the accomplishments of (a) Christine Ladd-Franklin and (b) Margaret Washburn.
How did Calkins study memory and association, and what did she conclude about the nature of the association process?
Describe the difficulties encountered by Calkins when she tried to attain graduate training. What training was she able to accomplish?
Describe Hall’s contributions to the study of human development, throughout the life span, but especially during adolescence.
Describe the importance of maze learning research in psychology’s history, and describe its origins.
Describe Hall’s contributions to the professionalization of psychology in America.
What does it mean to say that G. Stanley Hall was a genetic psychologist?
Why was spiritualism popular in the late 19th century?What was James’s opinion about the phenomenon, and why was his view a cause for concern among his peers?
Briefly state the essence of the James–Lange theory of emotions, using the example of meeting a bear in the woods to illustrate. Whatwas the theory’s fatal flaw? Howdid James use his theory to make some practical suggestions to improve one’s life?
According to James, what is the best metaphor for consciousness?What did he believe to be the main functions of(a) consciousness and (b) habit?
What did James think of the “new psychology”? What did he propose as appropriate methodologies for psychology?
Describe how William James overcame his concerns about materialism and developed a “pragmatic” philosophy.
Describe the “doll study” by the Clarks, and explain its importance.
Describe the career and accomplishments of Francis Sumner.
What were the barriers that made it difficult for African Americans to obtain higher education?
Describe the barriers that made it difficult for women to obtain higher education, and describe what opportunities were available to them.
Describe the Scottish Realists’ objection to British Empiricism and what they proposed instead.
Describe the two different methods that Galton used to study the nature of his own associations. What did he discover and conclude?
Describe how Galton used the questionnaire method to study the mental imagery of scientists and others. What did he find that surprised him? What has recent research suggested about Galton’s conclusions?
Describe Candolle’s research on eminent scientists, and explain how it favored a nurture explanation.
What is the connection between Galton’s beliefs about intelligence and (a) eugenics, and (b) mental testing?
According to Galton, why is one person more intelligent than another? What kinds of evidence did he use to support his claim?
Describe Lloyd Morgan’s canon, and apply it to the example of Morgan’s terrier. Explain the important misconception about Morgan’s canon that has developed over the years.
Describe and criticize the comparative psychology of Romanes. In what way has the criticism been unfair to him?
Describe Spalding’s research on instinct. How did his work demonstrate the phenomena that later came to be called imprinting and critical periods?
Describe Darwin’s contribution to comparative psychology.In particular, show how he applied evolutionary thinking to the concept of emotional expression.
Concerning the issue of whether his theory was in line with the zeitgeist, what were Darwin’s thoughts?
Darwin had his theory worked out in the early 1840s.Why did he delay publication, and why did he eventually publish in 1859?
In developing his theory of evolution, what were the lessons that Darwin learned from (a) Malthus and (b) his pigeon breeder friends?
Describe the example of Darwin’s finches as a way of summarizing the essential features of his theory of evolution.
Distinguish between catastrophist and uniformitarian views of geology, and describe the evidence that Darwin collected relating to the issue.
What were the important events leading to Darwin’s appointment on the Beagle, and why did he consider himself as much a geologist as a naturalist at this time?
Describe Lamarck’s ideas about evolution.
What was the species problem, and how did the argument from design propose to answer the problem?
How was mental set investigated in Külpe’s lab, and what were the implications of the findings for the complication experiment?
Describe Külpe’s version of introspection and how introspection would occur for a complex mental process.
Describe how G. E. Müller’s view of memory differed from that of Ebbinghaus. Why was Müller described as the“prototype” experimentalist?
Describe the method and results of the Ebbinghaus research that produced the famous forgetting curve.
What was the method of savings, and why was it such a creative way to study memory?
What were nonsense syllables, why did Ebbinghaus use them, and what was the overall goal of his research project?
Explain whyWundt called his system voluntarism, and show how the concept of apperception was important to him.
Describe and criticize the traditional description of Wundt’s “system.” How did the misconceptions develop?
Describe howWundt (and others) used reaction time to measure the duration of various mental events. In what way was the method flawed?
Wundt’s concept of psychology involved two major programs. Describe each of them.
Describe Wundt’s contributions to psychology before his arrival at Leipzig.
Wundt, rather than Fechner, is considered to be the founder of modern experimental psychology. Why?
Describe Weber’s law and the concept of a jnd.
Show how Fechner’s three psychophysics methods could be used to determine a two-point threshold.
Describe Herbart’s ideas about the nature of psychology, and explain what he meant by the “apperceptive mass.”
Describe theWissenschaft philosophy of education that developed in Germany in the 19th century. What were the implications for psychology?
Describe the work of Sherrington that led to the idea of the synapse.
What was neuron theory, and what were the two versions proposed by the cowinners of the 1906 Nobel Prize for medicine?
Describe the importance of the late 19th-century research that came to be known as “scientific phrenology.”
How did Broca establish that Tan had relatively normal mental capacity? What did Broca conclude on the basis of his postmortem examination of Tan?
Show how the two varieties of the clinical method for studying the brain are illustrated by (a) Phineas Gage and(b) Tan.
Describe the method of ablation and how Flourens used it to assess phrenology.
Explain why phrenology was highly popular in America. Why would the Spurzheim version be more popular with Americans than the Gall version?
Describe the essential principles of phrenology, and explain why it eventually failed as science.
According to Helmholtz, what is the “problem of perception”?Explain how his concept of unconscious inference was congenial to British empiricist thinking.
Compare the color vision theories of Helmholtz and Hering.
How did Helmholtz measure the speed of neural impulses, and what was the significance of this work?
What was the vitalism–materialism issue, and how did Helmholtz provide support for the latter?
What is the Bell–Magendie law? Explain why it should perhaps be called the Magendie law.
Robert Whytt was able to demonstrate that reflexes required a spinal cord but not a brain. What was the research that led him to this conclusion?
What was the Enlightenment attitude toward science, and how did this influence psychology’s history?
Describe Kant’s rationalist response to empiricist thinking.
Show how Leibniz’s monadology relates to the concepts of the unconscious and thresholds.
Show how Mill’s rules for inductive logic relate to modern conceptions of the experimental and correlational methods.
Describe J. S. Mill’s mental chemistry, and contrast it with his father’s more mechanical view.
Compare Hume’s and Hartley’s laws of association.Explain why Hume’s concept of cause and effect resonates with modern research psychologists.
Using Berkeley’s depth perception examples, show how British empiricists applied their concepts to visual perception.
Define materialism, and explain how Berkeley’s subjective idealism attacked the concept.
Distinguish between primary and secondary qualities of matter, and compare the views of Locke and Berkeley with regard to these qualities.
Compare Locke’s white paper and Leibniz’s veined model metaphors, and relate them to fundamental epistemological questions.
Compare rationalist and empiricist explanations for how we arrive at our knowledge of widely held concepts(e.g., God).
What is meant by the “Cartesian dichotomy”?
In Descartes’s model of the nervous system, how did mind and body interact, and why was the pineal gland chosen as the point of interaction? What was the essential flaw in the logic of identifying a part of the brain(pineal gland) as the point of mutual influence of mind and body?
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