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social science
psychology 2e
Essentials Of Understanding Psychology 13th International Edition Robert Feldman - Solutions
What is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it?
How do psychological factors affect health related problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?
How do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with medical treatment?
How does a sense of well-being develop?
__________is defined as a response to challenging or threatening events.
Match each portion of the GAS with its definition. 1. Alarm and mobilization a. 2. b. 3. Ability to adapt to stress diminishes; symptoms appear Activation of sympathetic nervous system C. Use of various strategies to cope with a stressor Exhaustion Resistance
Stressors that affect a single person and produce an immediate major reaction are known as a. Personal stressors b. Psychic stressors C. d. Daily stressors Cataclysmic stressors
People with the personality characteristic of __________seem to be better able to successfully combat stressors.
Type __________behavior is characterized by cooperativeness and by being easygoing; Type __________behavior is characterized by hostility and competitiveness.
The Type A behavior pattern is known to directly cause heart attacks. True or false?
A cancer patient’s attitude and emotions may affect that their __________system and thus help or hinder their fight against the disease.
Smoking is used to regulate both nicotine levels and emotional states in smokers. True or false?
Health psychologists are most likely to focus on which of the following problems with health care?a. Incompetent health-care providersb. Rising health-care costsc. Ineffective communication between physician and patientd. Scarcity of medical research funding
If you want people to floss more to prevent gum disease, the best approach is toa. Use a negatively framed message.b. Use a positively framed message.c. Have a dentist deliver an encouraging message on the pleasures of flossing.d. Provide people with free dental floss.
Winning the lottery is likely toa. Produce an immediate and long-term increase in the level of well-being.b. Produce an immediate but not lingering increase in the level of well-being.c. Produce a decline in well-being over the long run.d. Lead to an increase in greed over the long run.
Why are cataclysmic stressors less stressful in the long run than other types of stressors? Does the reason relate to the coping phenomenon known as social support? How?
Given what you know about coping strategies, how would you train people to avoid stress in their everyday lives? How would you use this information with a group of veterans from the war in Afghanistan suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder?
Is there a danger of “blaming the victim” when we argue that the course of cancer can be improved if a person with the disease holds positive attitudes or beliefs, particularly when we consider people with cancer who are not recovering? Explain your answer.
Do you think Type A or Type B behavior is more widely encouraged in the United States? Why?
Do you think stress plays a role in making communication between physicians and patients difficult? Why?
If money doesn’t buy happiness, what can you do to make yourself happier? As you answer, consider the research findings on stress and coping, as well as on emotions.
How can we distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?
What are the major perspectives on psychological disorders used by mental health professionals?
What are the major categories of psychological disorders?
What are the major psychological disorders?
How prevalent are psychological disorders?
What indicators signal a need for the help of a mental health practitioner?
One problem in defining abnormal behavior is thata. Statistically rare behavior may not be abnormal.b. Not all abnormalities are accompanied by feelings of discomfort.c. Cultural standards are too general to use as a measuring tool.d. All of the above are correct.
If abnormality is defined as behavior that causes personal discomfort or harms others, which of the following people is most likely to need treatment?a. An executive is afraid to accept a promotion because it would require moving from his ground floor office to the top floor of a tall office
Virginia’s mother thinks that her daughter’s behavior is clearly abnormal because, despite being offered admission to medical school, Virginia decides to become a waitress. What approach is Virginia’s mother using to define abnormal behavior?
Which of the following is a strong argument against the medical perspective on abnormality?a. Physiological abnormalities are almost always impossible to identify.b. There is no conclusive way to link past experience and behavior.c. The medical perspective rests too heavily on the effects of
Cheryl is painfully shy. According to the behavioral perspective, the best way to deal with her“abnormal” behavior is toa. Treat the underlying physical problem.b. Use the principles of learning theory to modify her shy behavior.c. Express a great deal of caring.d. Uncover her negative past
Kathy is terrified of elevators. She could be suffering from a(n)a. Obsessive-compulsive disorderb. Phobic disorderc. Panic disorderd. Generalized anxiety disorder
Carmen described an incident in which her anxiety suddenly rose to a peak and she felt a sense of impending doom. Carmen experienced a(n) ____________________
Troubling thoughts that persist for weeks or months are known asa. Obsessionsb. Compulsionsc. Ritualsd. Panic attacks
An overpowering urge to carry out a strange ritual is called a(n) __________
The separation of the personality, which provides escape from stressful situations, is the key factor in __________disorders.
States of extreme euphoria and energy paired with severe depression characterize __________disorder.
__________schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms that are sudden and of easily identifiable onset; __________schizophrenia develops gradually over a person’s life span.
The __________ __________states that schizophrenia may be caused by an excess of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.
The latest version of DSM is considered to be the definitive guide to defining psychological disorders. True or false?
Match the disorder with the culture in which it is most common: a. Amok b. Anorexia nervosa c. Brain fag Catatonic schizophrenia India b. Malaysia a. United States d. West Africa C.
Do you agree or disagree that DSM should be updated every several years? Why? What makes abnormal behavior so variable?
Imagine that an acquaintance of yours was recently arrested for shoplifting a $15 necktie. Write an explanation for this behavior from each perspective on abnormality: the medical perspective, the psychoanalytic perspective, the behavioral perspective, the cognitive perspective, the humanistic
What cultural factors might contribute to the rate of anxiety disorders found in a culture? How might the experience of anxiety differ among people of different cultures?
Personality disorders are often not apparent to others, and many people with these problems seem to live basically normal lives and are not a threat to others. Because these people can function well in society, why should they be considered psychologically disordered?
Why is inclusion in the DSM-5 of disorders such as hoarding behavior so controversial and political? What disadvantages does inclusion bring? Does inclusion bring any benefits?
What societal changes would have to occur for psychological disorders to be regarded as the equivalent of appendicitis or another treatable physical disorder? Do you think a person who has been treated for a psychological disorder could become president of the United States? Should such a person
What are the goals of psychologically based and biologically based treatment approaches?
What are the psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive approaches to treatment?
What are the humanistic approaches to treatment?
What is interpersonal therapy?
How does group therapy differ from individual types of therapy?
How effective is psychotherapy, and which kind of psychotherapy works best in a given situation?
How are drug, electroconvulsive, and psychosurgical techniques used today in the treatment of psychological disorders?
Match the following mental health practitioners with the appropriate description. 1. Psychiatrist 2. Clinical psychologist 3. Counseling psychologist 4. Psychoanalyst a. PhD specializing in the treatment of psychological disorders Professional specializing in Freudian therapy techniques C. MD
According to Freud, people use __________ __________as a means of preventing unwanted impulses from intruding on conscious thought.
In dream interpretation, a psychoanalyst must learn to distinguish between the __________content of a dream, which is what appears on the surface, and the __________content, its underlying meaning.
Which of the following treatments deals with phobias by gradual exposure to the item producing the fear?a. Systematic desensitizationb. Partial reinforcementc. Behavioral self-managementd. Aversion therapy
Match each of the following treatment strategies with the statement you might expect to hear from a therapist using that strategy. 1. Group therapy Unconditional positive regard 3. Behavioral therapy 4. Nondirective counseling a. "In other words, you don't get along with your mother because she
__________therapies assume that people should take responsibility for their lives and the decisions they make.
One of the major criticisms of humanistic therapies is thata. They are too imprecise and unstructured.b. They treat only the symptom of the problem.c. The therapist dominates the patient–therapist interaction.d. They work well only on clients of lower socioeconomic status.
In a controversial study, Eysenck found that some people go into ____________________, or recovery without treatment, if they are simply left alone instead of treated.
Antipsychotic drugs have provided effective, long-term, and complete cures for schizophrenia. True or false?
One highly effective biomedical treatment for a psychological disorder that is used mainly to arrest and prevent manic-depressive episodes isa. Chlorpromazineb. Lithiumc. Libriumd. Valium
Psychosurgery has grown in popularity as a method of treatment as surgical techniques have become more precise. True or false?
The trend toward releasing more patients from mental hospitals and into the community is known as __________.
In what ways are psychoanalysis and cognitive therapy similar, and how do they differ?
How might you examine the reliability of dream interpretation?
How can people be successfully treated in group therapy when individuals with the “same” problem are so different? What advantages might group therapy offer over individual therapy?
List some examples of behavior that might be considered abnormal among members of one cultural or economic group and normal by members of a different cultural or economic group. Suppose that most therapies had been developed by psychologists from minority culture groups and lower socioeconomic
One of the main criticisms of biological therapies is that they treat the symptoms of mental disorder without uncovering and treating the underlying problems from which people are suffering. Do you agree with this criticism? Why?
If a dangerously violent person could be “cured” of violence through a new psychosurgical technique, would you approve the use of this technique? Suppose the person agreed to—or requested—the technique? What sort of policy would you develop for the use of psychosurgery?
What are attitudes, and how are they formed, maintained, and changed?
How do people form impressions of what others are like and the causes of their behavior?
What are the biases that influence the ways in which people view others’ behavior?
What are the major sources and tactics of social influence?
How do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination differ?
How can we reduce prejudice and discrimination?
Why are we attracted to certain people, and what progression do social relationships follow?
What factors underlie aggression and prosocial behavior?
An evaluation of a particular person, behavior, belief, or concept is called a(n) __________.
One brand of peanut butter advertises its product by describing its taste and nutritional value. It is hoping to persuade customers through __________route processing. In ads for a competing brand, a popular actor happily eats the product—but does not describe it. This approach hopes to persuade
Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we commonly change our behavior to keep it consistent with our attitudes. True or false?
Sopan was happy to lend his textbook to a fellow student who seemed bright and friendly. He was surprised when his classmate did not return it. His assumption that the bright and friendly student would also be responsible reflects the __________effect.
A ____________________, or person who agrees with the dissenting viewpoint, is likely to reduce conformity.
Who pioneered the study of conformity?a. Skinnerb. Aschc. Milgramd. Fiala
Which of the following techniques asks a person to comply with a small initial request to enhance the likelihood that the person will later comply with a larger request?a. Door-in-the-faceb. Foot-in-the-doorc. That’s-not-alld. Not-so-free sample
The __________ __________ __________ __________technique begins with an outrageous request that makes a subsequent, smaller request seem reasonable.
__________is a change in behavior that is due to another person’s orders.
Any expectation—positive or negative—about an individual solely on the basis of that person’s membership in a group can be a stereotype. True or false?
The negative (or positive) evaluation of a group and its members is calleda. Stereotypingb. Prejudicec. Self-fulfilling prophecyd. Discrimination
Paul is a store manager who does not expect women to succeed in business. He therefore offers important, high-profile responsibilities only to men. If the female employees fail to move up in the company, it could be an example of a __________ __________prophecy.
Joan sees Annette, a new coworker, acting in a way that seems abrupt and curt. Joan concludes that Annette is unkind and unsociable. The next day, Joan sees Annette acting kindly toward another worker. Is Joan likely to change her impression of Annette? Why or why not? Finally, Joan sees several
Suppose you were assigned to develop a full advertising campaign for a product, including television, radio, and print ads. How might the theories in this chapter guide your strategy to suit the different media?
Why do you think the Milgram experiment is so controversial? What sorts of effects might the experiment have had on participants? Do you think the experiment would have had similar results if it had not been conducted in a laboratory setting but among members of a social group (such as a fraternity
Imagine that you have been trained to use the various compliance techniques described in this section. Because these compliance techniques are so powerful, should the use of certain such techniques be forbidden? Should consumers be taught defenses against such techniques? Is the use of such
Do you think women can be victims of stereotype vulnerability? In what topical areas might this occur? Can men be victims of stereotype vulnerability? Why?
How are stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination related? In a society committed to equality, which of the three should be changed first? Why?
Can love be studied scientifically? Is there an elusive quality to love that makes it at least partially unknowable? How would you define “falling in love”? How would you study it?
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