What is the work when 2,345 mL of gas contract to 887 mL under an external pressure of 348 torr?
Name the following compounds: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. CH2CH3 CH,CH-CHCH-CH-CH-COH CH.CH,COCH.CH.CH. CH CH,CH CH C N CH.CH COCCH.CH CH3CH2COCCH2CH CH3CH2CH2CN(CH3)2 CH3CH2CH CH2CC COCCH CH CHCH...
The reaction in Fig. P27.41 occurs as a sequence of two pericyclic reactions. Identify the intermediate A, and describe the two reactions. CH H,C +CH CH CO.Et -phellandrene
For each of the following reactions, (1) indicate whether elimination will occur via an E2 or an E1 reaction, and (2) give the major elimination product of each reaction, ignoring stereoisomers: a....
Predict whether the following substituents on the benzene ring are likely to be ortho, para directing or meta directing and whether they are likely to be ring activating or ring deactivating:...
The most stable conformation of 1,3-dioxan-5-ol is the chair form that has its hydroxyl group in an axial orientation. Suggest a reasonable explanation for this fact. Building a molecular model is...
For the thermochemical equation H2(g) + Br2() ( 2HBr(g) H = 72.6 kJ What mass of HBr will be formed when 553 kJ of energy are given off?
Acetylene (C2H2) can be made by reacting calcium carbide (CaC2) with water. (a) Write an equation for the reaction. (b) What is the maximum amount of heat (in joules) that can be obtained from the...
Each of the following reactions involves a sequence of twa pericyclic reactions. Identify the intermediate X or I involved in each reaction, and describe the pericyclic reactions involved. light
Assuming an ideal van't Hoff factor, what mole fraction is required for a solution of Mg(NO3)2 to have a vapor pressure of 20.00 torr at 25.0C torr? The vapor pressure of the solvent is 23.61 torr at...
Show how Wittig reactions might be used to synthesize the following compounds. In each case, start with an alkyl halide and a ketone or an aldehyde. (a) Ph-CH==C(CH3)2 (b) Ph-C(CH3)==CH2 (c)...
Sulfonation, unlike most other electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, is reversible. Benzenesulfonic acid (structure in Eq. 16.12, p. 755) can be converted into benzene and H2SO4 with hot...
Write an equation for the reaction of CH2=CHCH2CH3 with each of the following reagents: a. Hydrogen chloride b. bromine c. Hydrogen (Pt catalyst) d. H2O, H+ e. Ozone, followed by H1 f. KMnO4, OH g....
A 0.0997 mol sample of O2 has a pressure of 0.692 atm and a temperature of 333 K. What is its volume?
The following equilibrium constants have been determined for oxalic acid at 25°C: Calculate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at the same temperature: H2C204(aq)H(aq) HC20 (aq)...
Arrange the following substances (1 mole each) in order of increasing entropy at 25C: (a) Ne(g), (b) SO2(g), (c) Na(s), (d) NaCl(s), (e) H2(g). Give the reasons for your arrangement.
D-(-) -Erythrose has the formula HOCH2-CH(OH) -CH(OH)-CHOand the D in its name implies that it can be degraded to D-(-)-glyceraldehyde. The (-) in its name implies that D-(-)-erythrose is optically...
Write electron-dot formulas for the following: a. POBr3 b. Si2H6 c. IF2+ d. NO+
A former theological student, Heavn Hardley, has turned to chemistry and, during his eighth year of graduate study, has carried out the following reaction: Unfortunately, Hardley thinks he may have...
What mass of 3.00% H2O2 solution is needed to produce 35.7 g of O2(g) at 295 K at 1.05 atm pressure? 2H2O2(aq) ( 2H2O() + O2(g)
You can invest in asset 1 with 1 = 0.1, 1 = 0.3 and asset 2 with 2 = 0.2, 2 = 0.5, with correlation p = 0.2. You can also invest in the risk-free asset with return R = 0.05. Find the optimal...
For every process in Problem 34 that gives the designated product in poor yield, suggest a superior method if possible. In problem (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) CH,CH CHCHCI CH,CH-CHCH,C1...
The structure of the nitro group (-NO2) is usually shown as Experiments show that the two nitrogen-oxygen bonds have the same length of 1.21 Ã. This length is intermediate between 1.36...
Write out all steps in the mechanism for the reaction of a. H,C CH3 +nitric acid (H SO, catalyst) b CH +t-butyl chloride +AlCl
What mass of SO2 is present in 26.8 L of 1.22 M SO2 solution?
Synthesize each of the following compounds starting from primary or secondary alcohols containing seven carbons or less and, if appropriate, bromobenzene. (a) (b) (c)
Draw a molecular orbital picture for the resonance hybrid benzenonium ion shown in eq. 4.16, and describe the hybridization of each ring carbon atom.
Azurin is a protein containing a copper ion that shuttles between the +2 and +1 oxidation states, and cytochrome c is a protein in which a haem-bound iron ion shuttles between the +3 and +2 oxidation...
Give names for each of the following bicyclic alkanes: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Write the structure of a bicyclic compound that is a constitutional isomer of bicyclo[2.2.0]hexane and give its name. CI...
Identify what is being oxidized and reduced in this redox equation by assigning oxidation numbers to the atoms. Fe + SO3 ( FeSO3
A 3.77 L volume of gas is exposed to an external pressure of 1.67 atm. As the gas contracts, 156 J of work are added to the gas. What is the final volume of the gas?
Which reactant in each of the following pairs will undergo an elimination reaction more rapidly? Explain your choice. a. b. - - (CH3)C 20 CH, CH30- CH3OH CH3 Br 3 CH3o Br CH3OH
The rotational Raman spectrum of 19F2 (m (19F) = 18.9984 u) shows a series of Stokes lines separated by 3.5312 cm-1 and a similar series of anti-Stokes lines. Calculate the bond length of the...
What volume of each of the following acids will react completely with 50.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH? a. 0.100 M HCl b. 0.100 M H 2 SO 3 (two acidic hydrogens) c. 0.200 M H 3 PO 4 (three acidic hydrogens)...
Write a chemical equation that represents NaBr(s) dissociating in water.
Outline the electron configurations of many-electron atoms in terms of their location in the periodic table.
For each pair of compounds, circle the compound you expect to have the higher boiling point. Explain your reasoning. (a) (CH3)3C-C(CH3)3 and (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH3)2 (b) CH3(CH2)6CH3 and...
What is the work when a gas contracts from 4.66 L to 1.22 L under an external pressure of 3.97 atm?
What compounds would you expect to be formed when each of the following ethers is refluxed with excess concentrated hydrobromic acid? (a) (b) (c) (d) (THF) (1,4-dioxane)
There is a difference of 4.6 ppm in the 1H chemical shifts ofCHCl3 and CH3CCl3. What is the chemical shift for the protons in CH3CCl3? Explain your reasoning.
Which carbocation in each of the following pairs is more stable? a. b. c. d. e. CH3OH2 or CH3NHCH2 + or or CHCH3 CHCH3 or OCH
Draw the complete structures of the following peptides: (a) Thr-Phe-Met (b) Serylarginylglycylphenylalanine (c) IMQDK (d) ELVIS
How many signals would you expect to find in the 1H NMR spectrum of each of the following compounds? (a) 1,1-Dibromoethene (b) cis-1,2-Dibromoethene (c) trans-1,2-Dibromoethene (d) Allyl bromide (e)...
The temperature dependence of the vapour pressure of solid sulfur dioxide can be approximately represented by the relation log (p/Torr) = 10.5916 - 1871.2/ (T/K) and that of liquid sulfur dioxide by...
How many stereo isomers exist for this compound? Assign the relative stabilities of each. Is the methyl group axial or equatorial in the more stable conformer of the least stable stereo isomer? CH3 Ph
Give the structure$ of the starting materials that would yield each of the compounds below in Diels-Alder reactions. Pay careful attention to stereochemistry, where appropriate. (a) (b) ,, , ,
One of the constituents of turpentine is α -pinene, formula C10H16 The following scheme (called a "road map") gives some reactions of a-pinene. Determine the structure of a-pinene and...
The concentration of lead ions in a sample of polluted water that also contains nitrate ions is determined by adding solid sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) to exactly 500mL of the water. (a) Write the...
Consider the equilibrium If nitrosyl bromide, NOBr, is 34 percent dissociated at 25°C and the total pressure is 0.25 atm, calculate KP and Kc for the dissociation at this temperature. 2NOBr(g)-...
Which alkyl halide would you expect to be more reactive in an E2 reaction? a. b. c. d. CH3 CHCHCHCH.CH, or CH.CHCH CHCH. Br Br Br CH3CH2CH CHCH3 or CH3CH2CHCH CH3 CH2CHCH2CH3 or CH2CH CHCH3
A gas has an initial volume of 0.966 L and an initial pressure of 3.07 atm. What is its final pressure in torr if its volume is changed to 3,450 mL? Assume temperature and amount are held constant.
Draw the carbon backbone of all noncyclic alkanes with only five C atoms.
Give IUPAC names for the following alkenes: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) OH CI
Draw bond-line formulas and give IUPAC substitutive names for all of the isomeric alcohols with the formulas (a) C4H10O and (b) C5H12O.
Give names for the following substituted alkanes: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Yo Cl CI OH
Propose a synthesis of each of the following compounds from the indicated starting material(s) and any other necessary reagents. (a) (b) 2-methylheptane from pentanoic acid CH,CH2 C OCH CH CH from...
Rank the following radicals in decreasing order of stability. Classify each as primary, secondary, or tertiary. (a) The isopentyl radical, (b) The 3-methyl-2-butyl radical, (c) The 2-methyl-2-butyl...
In 2.00 min, 29.7 mL of He effuse through a small hole. Under the same conditions of pressure and temperature, 10.0 mL of a mixture of CO and CO2 effuse through the hole in the same amount of time....
Carbocations are stabilized by hyperconjugation: Tertiary are the most stable, followed by secndary. Primary and methyl cations are too unstable to form in solution.
Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules: (a) Methionine, an amino acid: (b) Ibuprofen, a pain reliever: (c) Capsaicin, the pungent substance in chilipeppers: ||...
Synthesize each of the following compounds by routes that involve both allylic and benzylic bromination by NBS. (a) (b)
Give the principal product(s) expected when 4-methyl-cyclohexene or other compound indicated reacts under the conditions in Problem 17.18. (a) Br2 in CH2Cl2, dark (b) A-bromosuccinimide in CCl4,...
Show how you would use the malonic ester synthesis to make the following compounds. (a) (b) (c) CH,CH C-OH
Predict the products obtained when D-galactose reacts with each reagent. (a) Br2 and H2O (b) NaOH, H2O (c) CH3OH, H+ (d) Ag(NH3)2+-OH (e) H2, Ni (f) Excess AC2O and pyridine (g) Excess CH3I, Ag2O (h)...
Give the product expected from treatment of a. Cyclohexanol with Jones' reagent (see Sec. 7.12) b. 3-methylcyclopentanol with pyridinium chlorochromate
The following expressions have been used to establish criteria for spontaneous change: Stot > 0, dSu,v > 0 and d Us,v < 0, dAT,V
Name the following alkenes, and convert each drawing into a skeletal structure: (b) (a)
How many stereo isomers of 2, 4-dibromo-3-chloropentane are there? Draw them, and indicate which are optically active.
Which of the following statements is (are) false? Explain why the starementfs) is (are) false. a. Is a structural isomer of pentonic acid. b. Is a structual isomer of 2-methyl-3-pentanone. c....
What is the enthalpy change for the unknown reaction? P(s) + 3/2Br2() ( PBr3() H = 185 kJ PI3(s) ( P(s) + 3/2I2(s) H = ? PI3(s) + 3/2Br2() ( PBr3() + 3/2I2(s) H = 139 kJ
The complete phosphate buffer system is based on four substances: H3PO4, H2PO4, HPO42, and PO43. What different buffer solutions can be made from these substances?
Which of the following compounds could in principle be resolved into enantiomers at very low temperatures? Explain. (a) Propane (b) 2,2,3,3, -tetramethylbutane
The following off-resonance-decoupled carbon NMR was obtained from a compound of formula C3H5Cl3. Propose a structure for this compound, and show which carbon atoms give rise to which peaks in the...
(a) Assign protons to the peaks in the NMR spectrum of 4, 4-dimethylcyclohex-2-en-1 one in Figure 13-30(a). Explain the splitting that gives the triplets at 1.8 and 2.4. (b) Assign protons to the...
Phenylacetone can form two different enols. (a) Show the structures of these enols. (b) Predict which enol will be present in the larger concentration at equilibrium. (c) Propose mechanisms for the...
Calculate the final pressure of a sample of water vapour that expands reversibly and adiabatically from 87.3 Torr and 500 dm3 to a final volume of 3.0 dm3. Take Y = 1.3
Calculate the change in the entropies of the system and the surroundings, and the total change in entropy, when the volume of a sample of argon gas of mass 21 gat 298 K and 1.50 bar increases from...
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated from rest through a potential difference of (a) 100 V, (b) 1.0 kV, (c) 100 kV.
Give the ground-state electron configuration for each of the following elements: (a) Oxygen (b) Silicon (c) Sulfur
Predict the product and give the stereochemistry resulting from reaction of each of the following nucleophiles with (R)-2-bromooctane: (a) CN (b) CH3CO2 (c) CH3S
The pressure in a cylinder of nitrogen continuously decreases as gas is released from it. On the other hand, a cylinder of propane maintains a constant pressure as propane is released. Explain this...
Consider each of the following equilibria, which are disturbed as indicated. Predict the direction of reaction. a. The equilibrium is disturbed by increasing the pressure (that is, concentration) of...
Name the following compounds. (a) Compound B in Study Problem 2.4 on P.62 (b) CH CH CH,CH CCH2CH CHCH CH3
Show how the following alcohols can be made from lithium aluminum hydride and a carbonyl compound: 0 0 b.
Each of the following reactions has been reported in the chemical literature and gives a predominance of a single product in synthetically acceptable yield. Write the structure of the product. Only...
Write chemical equations, showing all necessary reagents, for the preparation of 1-butanol by each of the following methods: (a) Hydroboration-oxidation of an alkene (b) Use of a Grignard reagent (c)...
Propose a mechanism for the following reaction that explains why the configuration of the asymmetric carbon in the reactant is retained in the product: COO NaNO2 HCl NH2 COO
A sample consisting of 2.00 mol of perfect gas molecules, for which CV, m= 5/2 R, initially at PI = 111 kPa and TI = 277 K, is heated reversibly to 356 K at constant volume. Calculate the final...
Name and draw the major product(s) of electrophilic chlorination of the following compounds: (a) in-Nitro phenol (b) o-Xylene (c) p-Nitro benzoic acid (d) p-Bromo benzenesulfonic acid
Draw structures corresponding to the following systematic names: (a) (4E)-2, 4-Dimethyl- 1, 4-hexadiene (b) cis-3, 3-Dimethyl-4-propyl-1, 5-octadicne (c) 4-Methyl-1, 2-pentadiene (d) (3E, 5Z)-2,...
What alkyne would you start with to prepare each of the following compounds by a hydroboration/oxidationreaction? (b) (a) CH CH-CCHCH3 -CH2CH CH
What is the molarity of a solution made when 66.2 g of C6H12O6 are dissolved to make 235 mL of solution?
Give the structures and IUPAC names for all the alkynes with the formula C6H10.
Write the structure and give the IUPAC systematic name of an alkane or cycloalkane with the formulas (a) C8H18 that has only primary hydrogen atoms, (b) C6H12 that has only secondary hydrogen atoms,...
Open the 3D Molecular Models on the book's website for cyclopentane and vitamin B12. Compare cyclopentane with the nitrogen-containing five-membered rings in vitamin B12. Is the conformation of...
Write formulas for all of the isomers of each of the following. Designate pairs of enantiomers and achiral compounds where they exist. (a) 1-Bromo-2-chlorocyclohexane (b) 1-Bromo-3-chlorocyclohexane...
A compound (L) with the molecular formula C9H10 reacts with bromine and gives an IR absorption spectrum that includes the following absorption peaks: 3035 cm-1(m), 3020 cm-1(m), 2925 cm-1(m), 2853...
Provide structures for compounds A and B: NBS Benzene NH. EOHAHB (CeH,Br)
Provide the reagents needed to accomplish each of the following transformations. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) HO HO HO
Two spectra are shown. Propose a structure that corresponds to each spectrum. lz 50Hz (a) C3H,Cl Z50Hz 1.1 1.0 3.6 3.5 1.9 1.8 10 7 4 0 (ppm) OHz 50Hz Hz (b) CgHi002 8.0 7.98 738 726 10 7 4 0 (ppm)