The molar heat capacity of a diatomic molecule is 29.1 J/K mol. Assuming the atmosphere contains only nitrogen gas and there is no heat loss, calculate the total heat intake (in kilojoules) if the...
A freshly isolated sample of 90Y was found to have an activity of 9.8 105 disintegrations per minute at 1:00 p.m. on December 3, 2003. At 2:15 p.m. on December 17, 2003, its activity was...
What is the product of the reaction of ethyl bromide with each of the following nucleophiles? a. CH3OH b. -N3 c. (CH3)3N d. CH3CH2S-
Show how 1-butanol can be converted into the following compounds: a. CH3CH2CH2CH2Br b. c. CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH3 d. CH3CH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH3 e. CH3CH2CH2CH2SH f. CH3CH2CH2CH2C==N CH CH2CHCH2OCCH2CH,
Dimerization is a side reaction that occurs during the preparation of a Grignard reagent. Propose a mechanism that accounts for the formation of the dimer. a dimer
In the presence of an acid catalyst, acetaldehyde forms a trimer known as paraldehyde. Because it induces sleep when it is administered to animals in large doses, paraldehyde is used as a sedative or...
How would you prepare the following compounds from the given starting materials? a. b. c. d. CH3CH2CH CH3CHCH N(CH3)2 CH CHCH OCH3
Give the major product of each of the following reactions a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. CCH3 + HNO3 S NO2 CHs CH CHCH NCH CH 3 CH3 HO CH3NCH3 + PC15- NC 1. H202 2. CH3 1. HO 3. Ht CH3 + CH:CH2MgBr 2.4...
The glycine cleavage system is a group of four enzymes that together catalyze the following reaction: Use the following information to determine the sequence of reactions involved in the glycine...
You buy a European put option on Up & Down, Inc., stock with maturity T = 6 months, and strike price K = $54:00. You pay $1.00 for the option. a. Suppose that at maturity the stock's market price is...
A bank quotes the nominal annual rate of 6%, and it compounds interest every two months. What is the value of one dollar deposited in this bank after a year?
Use curved arrows to show electron movement in each acid-base reaction in Problem 27.
Label the primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogens in each of the following compounds. (a) CH3CH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (c) (d) CH3 ,
Draw either one of the enantiomers for each chiral molecule in Problem 34 and label its stereocenter as R or S. Problem 34 OH OH (d)OH OH OH
(2S, 3S)-3-Hydroxyleucine is an amino acid (Chapter 26) that is a key component in the structures of many "depsipeptide" antibiotics, such as sanjoining (margin), (a) Find the part of the sanjoinine...
Match each of the following transformations to the correct reaction profile shown here, and draw the structures of the species present at all points on the energy curves marked by capital letters....
Formulate the product of each of the following reactions. The solvent in each case is (CH3CH2)2O. (a) (b) (c) O .LiAID 2. H, H,O CH3CH O 1.LIAIH 2D D.O LiAID CH,CH>
Give the major products of each of the following reactions [after work-up with aqueous acid in (d), (f), and (h)]. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Cl Mg. (CH,CH2.0 D.O Product of (a) -- Br Li....
Write out a mechanism for every reaction depicted in Problem 46. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Na Cr O, H.SO., H,O CH;CH CH2OH PCC, CH,CI (CHs) CHCH2OH CH2OH PCC, CH C, CH,OH PCC, CH Cl
Outline the best method for preparing each of the following compounds from an appropriate alcohol. (a) (b) CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH (c) (d) (e) , 0 CH CH
Draw the structures of each of the following compounds, rank them in order of acidity, and circle the most acidic hydrogen(s) in each: cyclopentane, cyclopentanol, cyclopentene, 3-cyclopenten-l-ol.
Explain the splitting patterns in 1HNMR spectrum D in detail. The insets are fivefold expansions
Place the alkenes in each group in order of increasing stability of the double bond and increasing heat of hydrogenation. a. b. c. d. e. CH3 HC CH2 CH C-CH, H,C CH HC CH CH2 - CHICH HC (CH32CH CH(CH2...
A hydrocarbon with an exact molecular mass of 96.0940 exhibits the following spectroscopic data: 1H NMR δ = 1.3 (m, 2 H), 1.7 (m, 4 H), 2.2 (m, 4 H), and 4.8 (quin, J = 3 Hz, 2 H) ppm;...
A certain carboxylic acid (C14H26O2), which can be isolated from whale blubber or sardine oil, yields nonanal and O=CH(CH2)3CO2H on ozonolysis. What is the structure of this acid?
The isothermal compressibility of lead at 293 K is 2.21 X 10-6 atm-1, Calculate the pressure that must be applied in order to increase its density by 0.08 per cent.
The normal boiling point of hexane is 69.0C. Estimate (a) Its enthalpy of vaporization and (b) Its vapour pressure at 25C and 60C.
Figure 4.9 gives a schematic representation of how the chemical potentials of the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance vary with temperature. All have a negative slope, but it is unlikely...
At 310 K, the partial vapour pressures of a substance B dissolved in a liquid A are as follows: xB 0.010 0.015 0.020 Pg/kPa 82.0 122.0 166.1 Show that the solution obeys Henry's law in this range of...
Calculate the Gibbs energy, entropy, and enthalpy of mixing when 1.00 mol C6HI4 (hexane) is mixed with 1.00 mol C7HI6 (heptane) at 298 K; treat the solution as ideal.
The molar volume of a certain solid is 142.0 cm-1 mol-1 at 1.00 atm and 427.15 K, its melting temperature. The molar volume of the liquid at this temperature and pressure is 152.6 cm-1 mol-1. At 1.2...
In an experiment to measure the molar mass of a gas, 250 cm3 of the gas was confined in a glass vessel. The pressure was 152 Torr at 298 K and, after correcting for buoyancy effects, the mass of the...
Use the van der Waals parameters for hydrogen sulfide to calculate approximate values of (a) The Boyle temperature of the gas and (b) The radius of a H2S molecule regarded as a sphere (a = 4.484 dm6...
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, decomposes when it is heated. (a) How many components and phases are present when the salt is heated in an otherwise empty container? (b) Now suppose that additional ammonia...
Describe the phase changes that take place when a liquid mixture of 4.0 mol B2H6 (melting point 131 K) and 1.0 mol CH30CH3 (melting point 135 K) is cooled from 140 K to 90 K. These substances form a...
Calculate the equilibrium constants of the following reactions at 25C from standard potential data: (a) Sn(s) + CuS04 (aq) ~ Cu(s) + SnS04 (aq) (b) Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s) ~ 2 Cu+{aq)
The standard potentials of proteins are not commonly measured by the methods described in this chapter because proteins often lose their native structure and function when they react on the surfaces...
Calculate the probability that a particle will be found between 0.65L and 0.6lL in a box of length L when it has (a) 11= 1, (b) 11= 2. Take the wave function to be a constant in this range.
Describe the orbital approximation for the wave function of a many electron atom. What are the limitations of the approximation?
The Humphreys series is a group of lines in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen. It begins at 12 368 nm and has been traced to 3281.4 nm. What are the transitions involved? What are the wavelengths of...
Suppose that you wish to characterize the normal modes of benzene in the gas phase. Why is it important to obtain both infrared absorption and Raman spectra of your sample?
Calculate the frequency of the J = 3 f-- 2 transition in the pure rotational spectrum of 12CI60. The equilibrium bond length is 112.81 pm.
Consider the vibrational mode that corresponds to the boat-like bending of a benzene ring. Is it (a) Raman, (b) Infrared active?
Explain the origin of the term symbol 32:~for the ground state of Dioxygen.
Calculate the vapour pressure of a spherical droplet of water of radius 20.0 nm at 35.0e. The vapour pressure of bulk water at that temperature is 5.623 kPa and its density is 994.0 kg m-1.
Distinguish between molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations. Why are these methods generally more popular in the field of polymer chemistry than the quantum mechanical procedures...
Calculate the atomic packing factor for a side-centred (C) cubic unit cell.
The limiting molar conductivities of NaI, NaCH3CO" and Mg(CH3C02)2 are 12.69 mS m2 mol-1, 9.10 mS m2 mol-1, and 18.78 mS m2 mol-1, respectively (all at 25C). What is the limiting molar conductivity...
At 25C the molar ionic conductivities of F3, er, and Bc are 5.54 mS m2 mol-1, 7.635 mS m2 mol-1, and 7.81 mS m2 mol-1, respectively. What are their mobilities?
The CIO radical decays rapidly by way of the reaction, 2 CIO ---7Cl, + Oz. The following data have been obtained: Determine the rate constant of the reaction and the half-life of a CIO radical. t/(10...
Identify any initiation, propagation, retardation inhibition, and termination steps in the following chain mechanisms: (a) (1) AH A- +H- (2) A B +C (3) AH + B. A +D (4) A + B. P (b) (1) A, -> A +A...
Show Lewis structures for these atoms: (a) Bromine (b) Calcium (c) Germanium
Explain why one of these anions is much more stable than the other: : a) CH-C-CH-CH b) CH CH3 : CH-C-CH-CH CH-C=N:
The energy level diagram for the MOs of CH 2 = CH 2 is shown if Figure 3.24. Show a similar diagram for the lowest-energy excited state of this molecule. C=C 5 o* * Ethene 5 o Energy
Which is the most acidic hydrogen in each of these compounds? (a) H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 OH (b) CH 3 CH 2 OH (c) CH 3 SH
Name these compounds: a) ) g) 1) k) - OH NH b) CI d) f) CH=CHCHC=CH h) Br j) O OCH 3
Draw the chair conformations of 1, 1, 3trimethyl cyclohexane. Which conformation is more stable? Why is it not possible on the basis of the material in this chapter to determine the exact energy...
Show how these compounds could be prepared from alkylhalides: SCH, OCCH3 b) OCH3 a) c) Two methods Two methods
Suggest reagents that could be used to prepare these alkyl halides from alcohols: CH3 CH, b) CH,CI ) C,r Ph CH;CH2 Br CI Br ) d)
What is the shape of benzene, and what hydribization do you expect for eachcarbon? C=c H-C - Benzene C-C I.
How would you synthesize the following compound starting from benzene? More than one step isneeded.
Rank the compounds in each group according to their reactivity toward electrophilic substitution. (a) Chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, benzene (b) p-Bromonitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, phenol (c)...
Rank the following aromatic compounds in the expected order of their reactivity toward FriedelCrafts alkylation. Which compounds are un-reactive? (a) Bromobenzene (b) Toluene (c) Phenol (d) Aniline...
What product(s) would you expect to obtain from the followingreactions? (b) r. 1. HNO3, H2SO4 2. Fe, H30* "C Br H2/Pd NO2 (d) CI. (c) CH3CH2CH2CI MO 2 AICI3
The sulfonation of an aromatic ring with SO3 and H2SO4 is reversible. That is, heating benzenesulfonic add with H2SO4 yields benzene. Show the mechanism of the de-sulfonation reaction. What is the...
Predict the products of the following reactions: (a) (b) CH CH3CH2CH-0-CH2CH2CH3 CH r HBr
Predict the major product of the following reactions: (a) (b) 18 CH-CH CH-CH NaOH H2C-o "H H2C- 18 CH (c) MgBr 1. CH-CH . 2. * "CH
Give IUPAC names for the followingstructures: (c) CH (b) (a) " SH (f) CH (e) (d) CHCH0- CHH 5. NO2 SCH3 SCH3 (i) (h) CH CH CH3CH2CHCHCHSCHCH3 CH CH (g) CCH H
Predict the products of the following reactions: CH (b) CH (a) 1. (NH2)2C=S 2. NaOH, H20 -CH CH2CH2CH2Br Hr SCH2CH3 (d) (c) Br2, ? H0z. 2 SH
How would you carry out the following transformations? More than one step may berequired. H-CH (a) (b) Br - (c) " - " - (d) CH3CH2CH2CH2C=CH CHH2CH2CH2CH2H20CH3 H (e) CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH3...
What carbonyl compounds give the following alcohols on reduction with LiAlH4? Show allpossibilities. (a) CH- (b) CHCH3 (d) (CH)2HCH20 (c)
Propose a structure consistent with the following spectral data for a compound C8H18O2: IR: 3350 cm1. 1H NMR: 1.24 (12 H, singlet); 1.56 (4 H, singlet); 1.95 (2 H, singlet)
Compound A, C8H10O, has the IR and 1H NMR spectra shown. Propose a structure consistent with the observed spectra, and assign each peak in the NMR spectrum. Note that the absorption at 5.5 ?...
Using molecular models as well as structural drawings explain why trans-ans decalin is rigid and cannot ring-flip, whereas cis-decalin cans easily ring-flip.
Show how you could prepare the following compounds from 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, (CH3)2C =CHCOCH3. (b) (c) CHCCHCH2C (a) CH CH CHCH2H2H CHH2H
Each of the following reaction schemes contains one or more flaws. What is wrong in each case? How would you correct eachscheme? (a) Ag*, NH,OH 1. CH3MgBr 2. * CH , I b) H H2 CH * CHgCHHIO)2 (c) ...
Compound A, MW = 86, shows an IR absorption at 1730 cm1 and a very simple 1H NMR spectrum with peaks at 9.7 (1 H, singlet) and 1.2 (9 H, singlet). Propose a structure for A.
Which would you expect to be a stronger acid, the lactic acid found in tired muscles or acetic acid? Explain. Lactic acid CH
The following carbocation is an intermediate in the electrophilic addition reaction of 1-ICI with two different alkenes. Identify both, and tell which C?IT bonds in the carbocation are aligned for...
Draw an energy diagram for the addition of HBr to 1-pentene. Let one curve on your diagram show the formation of 1-brornopentane product and another curve on the same diagram show the formation of...
Predict the products of the following reactions (the aromatic ring is un-reactive in all cases). Indicate region-chemistry when relevant. H2/Pd (a) Br2 (b) Os04 (c) NMO Cl2, H20 (d) CH212, Zn/Cu (e)...
Use your general knowledge of alkene chemistry to suggest a mechanism for the following reaction: Co,CH3 C Hg(OAc)2 AcO-Hg
Propose a structure for a compound, C4H7ClO2 that has the following 1R and 1H NMRspectra: 100 80 60 40 20 4000 3000 2500 2000 1000 500 3500 1500 Wavenumber (cm-1) TMS O ppm 10 6. Chemical shift (8)...
Draw both cis- and trans-1, 3-dimethylcyclohexane in their most stable chair conformations. (a) How many stereo isomers are there of cis-l, 3-dimethylcyclohcxane, and how many of trans-1,...
Beginning with 4-octyne as your only source of carbon, and using any inorganic reagents necessary, how would you synthesize the following compounds? (a) cis-4-Octene (b) Butanal (c) 4-Bromooctane (d)...
Predict the products from reaction of 2-hexyne with the following reagents: (a) 2 equiv Br2 (b) 1 equiv HBr (c) Excess HBr (d) Li in NH3 (e) H2O, H2SO4, HgSO4
Show the product(s) of reaction of the following alkenes withNBS: (b) (a)
Propose structures for compounds that meet the following descriptions: (a) An optically active compound C5H10O with an IR absorption at 1730 cm1 (b) A nonoptically active compound C5H9N with an 1k...
Predict the product of the following Diels?Alder reaction: ?
What product(s) would you expect to obtain from reaction of 1, 3-cyclo-hexadiene with each of the following? (a) 1 mol Br2 in CH2C12 (b) O3 followed by Zn (c) 1 mol HCI in ether (d) 1 mol DCl in...
Draw d-ribulose in its five-membered cyclic -hemiacetalform. H- C=0 H- -HO- H Ribulose HO- H-
The following compound is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway, an alternative route for glucose metabolism. Identify the sugar it is derivedfrom.
A binary ionic compound is known to contain a cation with 51 protons and 48 electrons. The anion contains one third the number of protons as the cation. The number of electrons in the anion is equal...
a. List the noble gas elements. Which of the noble gases has only radioactive isotopes? (This situation is indicated on most periodic tables by parentheses around the mass of the element. See inside...
Complete the following table. Number of Protons in Number of Neutrons in Number of Net Symbo Nucleus Nucleus Electrons Charge 238 92 20 23 20 28 20 89 39 35 15 36 16
Many oxidation reduction reactions can be balanced by inspection. Try to balance the following reactions by in-spection. In each reaction, identify the substance reduced and the substance oxidized....
Balance each of the following oxidation reduction reactions by using the oxidation states method. a. C2H6(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) b. Mg(s) + HCl(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cl2(aq) + H2(g) c. Cu(s) + Ag+(aq)...
Consider an experiment in which two burets, Y and Z, are simultaneously draining into a beaker that initially contained 275.0 mL of 0.300 M HCl. Buret Y contains 0.150 M NaOH and buret Z contains...
Draw a qualitative graph to show how the first property varies with the second in each of the following (assume 1 mole of an ideal gas and T in kelvins). a. PV versus V with constant T b. P versus T...
Distinguish between the terms electronegativity and electron affinity, covalent bond and ionic bond, and pure covalent bond and polar covalent bond. Characterize the types of bonds in terms of...