Propose a mechanism for the bromination of ethoxybenzene to give o- and p-bromoethoxybenzene.
Show how you would synthesize the following carboxylic acids, using the indicated starting materials. (a) oct-4-yne butanoic acid (b) trans-cyclodecene decanedioic acid (c) bromobenzene ...
Rank the following isomers in order of increasing boiling point, and explain the reasons for your order of ranking. OCH2CH2OH CH C 2-(vinyloxy ethanol OCH2CH CH,CH CHC-OH ethyl acetate butyric acid
Show how you would accomplish the following syntheses in good yields. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) NH-C-H NH2 COOH C-O-C CH HO COOH COCH(CH3)2 COOH COOH CHO CH2OH CHO COOH COOCH3 CH2OCCH3 COOCH...
Show how the following compounds can be made using the malonic ester synthesis. (a) 3-phenylpropanoic acid (b) 2-methylpropanoic acid (c) 4-phenylbutanoic acid (d) Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid
In Solved Problem 22-9, the target molecule was synthesized using a Michael addition to form the bond that is , to the upper carbonyl group. Another approach is to use a Michael addition to form the...
Show how the following products might be synthesized from suitable Michael donors and acceptors. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Ph CH CH, C OCH,CH CH COOCH,CH CH CH, CN CH COCH, CH,CH CN CH3 CH2CH2 C Ph CH...
Show how you would accomplish the following conversions in good yields. You may use any necessary reagents. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) CH, CH,-C-C-CH3 CH3 O CH3 CH Br CH3 CH COOH COOH CH O CH O 0...
On treatment with phenylhydrazine, aldohexoses A and B give the same osazone. On treatment with warm nitric acid, A gives an optically inactive aldaric acid, but sugar B gives an optically active...
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide. From memory, draw glucose in (a) The Fischer projection of the open chain (b) The most stable chair conformation of the most stable pyranose anomer (c)...
Show how you would use the Gabriel-malonic ester synthesis to make histidine. What stereochemistry would you expect in your synthetic product?
Draw the structure of the predominant form of (a) isoleucine at pH 11 (b) proline at pH 2 (c) arginine at pH 7 (d) glutamic acid at pH 7 (e) A mixture of alanine, lysine, and aspartic acid at (i) pH...
From among the molecules and ions shown, all of which are based on cycloundecapentaene, identify those which satisfy the criteria for aromaticity as prescribed by Huckel's rule. (a)...
When styrene is refluxed with aqueous sulfuric acid, two "styrene dimers" are formed as the major products. One of these styrene dimers is 1,3-diphenyl-1-butene; the other is 1-methyl- 3-phenylindan....
How many rings are present in each of the following compounds? Each consumes 2 moles of hydrogen on catalytic hydrogenation. (a) C8H8 (b) C8H8CI2 (c) C8H8O (d) C8H10O2 (e) C8H9ClO
Deduce the identity of the missing compounds in the following reaction sequences. Show stereochemistry in parts (b) through (d). a. b. c. d. LMCompound A Hr, Compound B KOH, 25 C KOH Compound C beat...
Compounds that contain both carbonyl and alcohol functional groups are often more stable as cyclic hemiacetals or cyclic acetals than as open-chain compounds. Examples of several of these are shown....
Give the structure of the expected product formed when benzylamine reacts with each of the following reagents: (a) Hydrogen bromide (b) Sulfuric acid (c) Acetic acid (d) Acetyl chloride (e) Acetic...
Each of the following compounds has been prepared from p-nitroaniline. Outline a reasonable series of steps leading to each one. (a) p-Nitrobenzonitrile (b) 3,4,5-Trichloroaniline (c)...
Calculate the number of spheres that would be found within a simple cubic, a body-centered cubic, and a face-centered cubic cell. Assume that the spheres are the same?
Draw and name the four stereoisomers of 1,3-dichloro-2-butanol using: a. Perspective formulas b. Fischer projections
Unimolecular elimination to form an alkene accompanies substitution in secondary and tertiary systems.
The following reaction can proceed through both El and E2 mechanisms. The El rate constant kEI = 1.4 Ã 10-4s-1 and the E2 rate constant kE2 = 1.9 Ã 10-4 L mol-1 s-1; 0.02 M haloalkane....
When 2.0 mol CO2 is heated at a constant pressure of 1.25 atm, its temperature increases from 250 K to 277 K. Given that the molar heat capacity of CO2 at constant pressure is 37.11 J K-1 mol-1,...
Estimate the change in the Gibbs energy of 1.0 dm3 of water when the pressure acting on it is increased from 100 kPa to 300 kPa.
A constant-volume perfect gas thermometer indicates a pressure of 6.69 kPa at the triple point temperature of water (273.16 K). (a) What change of pressure indicates a change of 1.00 K at this...
Estimate the coefficients a and b in the Dieterici equation of state from the critical constants of xenon. Calculate the pressure exerted by 1.0 mol Xe when it is confined to 1.0 dm3 at 25C.
Use the Maxwell relations to show that the entropy of a perfect gas depends on the volume as 5 = R In V.
Devise cells in which the following are the reactions and calculate the standard emf in each case: (a) 2 Na(s) + 2 H20 (l) --7 2 NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) (b) H2 (g) + I2 (g) --72 HI (aq) (c) H30+ (aq) + OW...
W.P. Wijesundera, S.H. Vosko, and F.A. Parpia (Phys. Rev. A 51, 278 (1995)) attempted to determine the electron configuration of the ground state of lawrencium, element 103. The two contending...
The band gap in silicon is 1.12 eV. Calculate the minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation that results in promotion of electrons from the valence to the conduction band.
Derive an expression for the rate of disappearance of a species A in a photochemical reaction for which the mechanism is: Hence, show that rate measurements will give only a combination of k2 and k3...
Show the steps in the mechanism and predict the product that would be formed in thisreaction. Br2 CH,
Predict the major product(s) you would obtain from sulfonation of the following compounds: (a) Fluor benzene (b) Br-Bromo phenol (c) m-Dichlorobenzene (d) 2, 4-Dibromophenol
Propose a mechanism to account for the reaction of benzene with 2, 2, 5, 5- tetra methyl tetra hydrofuran. H2SO4
The 1H NMR spectrum shown is that of an ether with the formula C4H8O. Propose astructure. TMS 10 9. 8. 7. 6. O ppm Chemical shift (8) Intensity 3.
How would you carry out the following transformations? Co .CO2H (a) (b) Co CH2 C (c) CH2SH
The 1H NMR spectrum shown is that of 3-methyl-3-buten-l-ol. Assign all the observed resonance peaks to specific protons, and account for the splittingpatterns. TMS H H2H20 10 8. O ppm Chemical shift...
A compound of unknown structure gave the following spectroscopic data: Mass spectrum: M + = 88.1. IR: 3600 cm 1 1 H NMR: 1.4 (2 H, quartet, J = 7 Hz); 1.2 (6 H, singlet); 1.0 (1 H, singlet); 0.9 ...
Formaldehyde, H2C = O, is known to all biologists because of its usefulness as a tissue preservative. When pure, formaldehyde trimerizes to give trioxane, C3H6O3, which, surprisingly enough, has no...
A Follow the flow of electrons indicated by the curved arrows in each of the following reactions, and predicts the products thatresult: (b) :0- (a) -: "CH
Ketones undergo a reduction when treated with sodium borohydride, NaBH 4 . What is the structure of the compound produced by reaction of 2-butanone with NaBH4 if it has an IR absorption at 3400 cm ?1...
Predict the products of the following Diels?Alder reactions; (b) (a)
Name the followingcompounds: CH-CH , (a) CH3NHCH2CH3 (b) (c) " (d) le) (f) CH H2NCH2CH2CHNH2 .N' CH
Propose syntheses of the following compounds from benzene: (a) N, N-Dimethylaniline (b) p-Chloroaniline (c) m-Chloroaniline (d) 2, 4-Dimethylaniline
Cyclopentamine is an amphetamine-like central nervous system stimulant. Propose a synthesis of Cyclopentamine from materials of five carbons orless. CH3 -CH2CHNHCH3 Cyclopentamine
Urea, a compound formed in the liver, is one of the ways humans excrete nitrogen. The Lewis structure for urea is Using hybrid orbitals for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, determine which orbitals...
The following results were obtained at 600 K for the de-composition of ethanol on an alumina (Al2O3) surface C2H5OH(g) C2H4(g) + H2O(g) a. Predict PTotal in torr at t = 80. s. b. What is the value of...
A current liability is a short- term obligation that is normally expected to be settled within one year. For each of the following events and transactions that occurred in November 2014, indicate the...
Which has the greater volume, 100.0 g of hydrogen gas (d = 0.0000899 g/cm3) or 25.0 g of argon gas (d = 0.00178 g/cm3)?
Give the formula and name for each ionic compound formed between the two listed ions. a. K+ and S2 b. Ag+ and Br c. Sr2+ and N3
Write the complete and net ionic equations for the neutralization reaction between HClO3(aq) and Zn(OH)2(s). Assume the salt is soluble.
Predict the products of each acid-base combination listed. Assume that a neutralization reaction occurs. a. HBr and Fe(OH)3 b. HNO2 and Al(OH)3 c. HClO3 and Mg(OH)2
Write a balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between each given acid and base. Include the proper phase labels. a. HNO3(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s) ( ? b. H3PO4(aq) + CsOH(aq) ( ?
A gas has an initial volume of 638 mL and an initial pressure of 779 torr. What is its final volume in liters if its pressure is changed to 0.335 atm? Assume temperature and amount are held constant.
A gas starts at the conditions 78.9 mL, 3.008 atm, and 56C. Its conditions change to 35.6 mL and 2.55 atm. What is its final temperature?
Use the combined gas law to complete this table. Assume that the amount remains constant in all cases. T1 334 K 56.9 mL 334 torr 266 K 0.976L 2.33 atm 443 K 1.223 L 3.66 L 889 torr |230 219L 722 torr...
What is the density of each gas at STP? a. He b. Ne c. Ar d. Kr
It takes 2,267 J of heat to raise the temperature of a 44.5 g sample of a metal from 33.9(C to 288.3(C. What is the heat capacity of the metal?
How many kilojoules are given off when 8.32 mol of Mg react? 2Mg(s) + O2(g) ( 2MgO(s)H = 1,213 kJ
Given the thermochemical equation 2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) ( Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s)H = 850.2 kJ How much energy is given off when 288 g of Fe are produced?
What is the enthalpy change for the unknown reaction? Pb(s) + Cl2(g) ( PbCl2(s)H = 359 kJ PbCl2(s) + Cl2(g) ( PbCl4()H = ? Pb(s) + 2Cl2(g) ( PbCl4() H = 329 kJ
What is the frequency of a light wave if its energy is 4.l56 1020 J?
What is the frequency of light if its wavelength is 7.33 105 m?
Write the abbreviated electron configuration for each atom in Exercise 10. In exercise 10 Write the complete electron configuration for each atom. a. Cs, 55 electrons b. Ar, 18 electrons
Predict the type of crystal exhibited by each solid. 1. I2 2. Ca(NO3)2
Identify the strongest intermolecular force present in each substance. a. C10H22 b. HF c. glucose OH 1 HO OH OH
What is the energy change when 78.0 g of Hg melt at 38.8C?
The concentration of Fe3+ ion in a sample of H2O is 335.0 ppm. What mass of Fe3+ ion is present in 3,450 mL of H2O, which has a density of 1.00 g/mL?
If the Cl- ion concentration in a solution is 2.61 M, what is the concentration of FeCl3?
What volume of 0.556 M NaCl is needed to obtain 0.882 mol of NaCl?
If 1.00 mL of a 2.25 M H2SO4 solution needs to be diluted to 1.00 M, what will be its final volume?
Using concentration as a conversion factor, how many moles of solute are in 844 mL of 2.09 M MgSO4?
Using concentration as a conversion factor, how many liters are needed to provide 0.822 mol of NaBr from a 0.665 M solution?
What is the mass of solute in 3.81 L of 0.0232 M Zn(NO3)2?
If 25.0 g of C6H12O6 are dissolved in 100.0 g of H2O, what is the freezing point of this solution?
What is the vapor pressure of an aqueous solution of 36.4 g of KBr in 199.5 g of H2O if the vapor pressure of H2O at the same temperature is 32.55 torr? What other solute(s) would give a solution...
Order these solutions in order of decreasing osmotic pressure, assuming an ideal van't Hoff factor: 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M CaCl2, 0.05 M MgBr2, and 0.07 M Ga(C2H3O2)3
What mass of FeCl2 is present in 445 mL of 0.0812 M FeCl2 solution?
The name 2-ethylhexane is incorrect. Draw the carbon backbone and write the correct name for this molecule.
Which of the following models represent a(n): a. Element b. Compound c. Mixture d. Ionic solid e. Gas made up of an element and a compound f. Mixture of elements g. Solid element h. Solid i. Liquid...
For each atomic symbol, give the name of the element. a. Ca b. Cu c. Hg d. Sn
A 10.0-mL sample of potassium iodide solution was analyzed by adding an excess of silver nitrate solution to produce silver iodide crystals, which were filtered from the solution. KI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) ...
The graph below represents the distribution of molecular speeds of hydrogen and neon at 200 K. a. Match each curve to the appropriate gas. b. Calculate the rms speed (in m/s) for each of the gases at...
A block of aluminum and a block of iron, both having the same mass, are removed from a freezer and placed outside on a warm day. When the same quantity of heat has flowed into each block, which block...
For each of the following, write the electron configuration and Lewis symbol: a. As b. As3+ c. Se d. Se2
Solid sulfur normally consists of crystals of S8 molecules, but when heated strongly, the solid vaporizes to give S2 molecules (among other molecular species). Describe the bonding in S2 in molecular...
Using the information presented in this chapter, explain why farmers spray water above and on their fruit trees on still nights when they know the temperature is going to drop below 0C.
Consider the reaction Draw a graph illustrating the changes of concentrations of N2O4 and NO2 as equilibrium is approached. Describe how the rates of the forward and reverse reactions change as the...
When 1.0 mol each of H2(g) and I2(g) are mixed at a certain high temperature, they react to give a final mixture consisting of 0.5 mol each of H2(g) and I2(g) and 1.0 mol HI(g). Why do you obtain the...
The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction at 450oC is 0.159. Calculate the equilibrium composition when 1.00 mol N2 is mixed with 3.00 mol H2 in a 5.00-L vessel. N2(g) 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
What is the pH at the equivalence point when 25 mL of 0.10 M HF is titrated by 0.15 M NaOH?
Carbonic acid, H2CO3, can be found in a wide variety of body fluids (from dissolved CO2).
Gasoline is composed primarily of hydrocarbons, including many with eight carbon atoms, called octanes. One of the cleanest-burning octanes is a compound called 2,3,4- trimethylpentane, which has the...
When 1.50 mol CO2 and 1.50 mol H2 are placed in a 3.00-L container at 395 oC, the following reaction occurs: If Kc = 0.802, what are the concentrations of each substance in the equilibrium mixture?...
Add any missing unshared electron pairs (if any), then, using curved arrows to show the shifts in electrons, write the contributing resonance structures and resonance hybrid for each of the...
Write equations showing the Lewis acid-base reaction that takes place when: (a) Methanol (CH3OH) reacts with BF3. (b) Chloromethane (CH3Cl) reacts with AlCl3. (c) Dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) reacts with...
Write structures for the cis and trans isomers of (a) 1,2-dichlorocyclopentane and (b) 1,3-dibromocyclobutane. (c) Are cis-trans isomers possible for 1,1-dibromocyclobutane?
Give systematic IUPAC names for each of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Br Br Cl
A compound D with the molecular formula C6H12 is optically inactive but can be resolved into enantiomers. On catalytic hydrogenation, D is converted to E (C6H14) and E is optically inactive. Propose...