A block diagram for internal model control, a control technique that is considered in Chapter, is shown in Figure. Transfer function Gp denotes the process model, while Gp, denotes the actual process...
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and two tube passes is used as a regenerator, to preheat milk before it is pasteurized. Cold milk enters the regenerator at T c,i = 5?C, while hot...
Consider a viscous film of liquid draining uniformly down the side of a vertical rod of radius a, as in Fig. P4.84. At some distance down the rod the film will approach a terminal or fully developed...
Determine the radius of gyration kx for the column's cross-sectional area. Given: a = 200 mm b = 100 mm b/2 b/2
The antenna tower is supported by three cables. If the forces of these cables acting on the antenna are FB = 520 N, FC = 680 N, and FD = 560 N, determine the magnitude and coordinate direction angles...
Handle forces F1 and F2 are applied to the electric drill. Replace this system by an equivalent resultant force and couple moment acting at point O. Express the results in Cartesian vector form....
A simple procedure for measuring surface convection heat transfer coefficients involves coating the surface with a thin layer of material having a precise melting point temperature. The surface is...
A truss supports the loading shown. Determine the equivalent force acting on the truss and the point of intersection of its line of action with a line through points A and G. -Sn 300 N
Vapor?liquid equilibrium data for mixtures of acetone (A) and ethanol at 1 atm are given in the following table: (a) Use the given data to construct a Txy diagram for this system. (b) A thermocouple...
(a) Calculate the diffusion coefficient for copper in aluminum at 500C. (b) What time will be required at 600C to produce the same diffusion result (in terms of concentration at a specific point) as...
The uniform dresser has weight W and rests on a tile floor for which the coefficient of friction is s. If the man pushes on it in the direction , determine the smallest magnitude of force F needed to...
The press shown is used to emboss a small seal at E. Knowing that P = 250 N, determine (a) The vertical component of the force exerted on the seal, (b) The reaction at A. 400 mm 15 200 mm 20 G0
A concentric tube heat exchanger for cooling lubricating oil is comprised of a thin-walled inner tube of 25-mm diameter carrying water and an outer tube of 45-mm diameter carrying the oil. The...
An insulated rigid tank initially contains 1.4-kg saturated liquid water and water vapor at 200°C. At this state, 25 percent of the volume is occupied by liquid water and the rest by vapor. Now...
Electrical strain gauges were applied to a notched specimen to determine the stresses in the notch. The results were x = 0.0021 and y = 0.00067. Find x and y if the material is carbon steel.
The compound-lever pruning shears shown can be adjusted by placing pin A at various ratchet positions on blade ACE. Knowing that 1.5-kN vertical forces are required to complete the pruning of a small...
To study the performance of a race car, a high-speed motion-picture camera is positioned at point A. The camera is mounted on a mechanism which permits it to record the motion of the car as the car...
You are performing an experiment to measure the specific internal energy of a gas relative to a reference state of 25?C and 1 atm (at which conditions U is arbitrarily set equal to 0). The gas is...
Calculate the solubilities of the following compounds in a 0.0167 M solution of Ba(NO3)2 using (1) activities and (2) molar concentrations: (a) AgIO3. (b) Mg(OH)2. (c) BaSO4. (d) La(IO3)3.
A Kelvin oval is formed by a line vortex pair with K = 9 m2/s, a = 1 m, and U = 10 m/s. What are the height, width, and shoulder velocity of this oval? y=H Vmax 10 m/s a= 1 m
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 4.00liters of a gas at 30C and 5.00bar. The piston is slowly moved to compress the gas to 8.00bar. (a) Considering the system to be the gas in the cylinder...
A mixture of 40 mol% carbon disulfide (CS2) in carbon tetrachloride (CC4) is continuously distilled. The feed is 50% vaporized (q = 0.5). The top product from a total condenser is 95 mol% CS2, and...
A speed reducer has 20 full-depth teeth and consists of a 22-tooth steel spur pinion driving a 60-tooth cast-iron gear. The horsepower transmitted is 15 at a pinion speed of 1200 rev/min. For a...
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force at C which member ABC exerts on member CEF. Given: F = 300 lb a = 4 ft b = 6 ft c = 3 ft r = 1 ft D'
The coefficients of friction between the load and the flatbed trailer shown are s = 0.40 and k = 0.35. Knowing that the speed of the rig is 55 mi/h, determine the shortest time in which the rig can...
A 16-tooth pinion drives the double-reduction spur-gear train in the figure. All gears have 25 pressure angles. The pinion rotates ccw at 1200 rev/min and transmits power to the gear train.
The vapor pressure of ethylene glycol at several temperatures is given below: Use a semi log plot based on the Clausius?Clapeyron equation to derive an equation for p? (mm Hg) as a function of T(?C)....
A long cylindrical rod of diameter 200 mm with thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/m. K experiences uniform volumetric heat generation of 24,000 W/m3. The rod is encapsulated by a circular sleeve having an...
A slender missile is flying at Mach 1.5 at low altitude. Assume the wave generated by the nose of the missile is a Mach wave. This wave intersects the ground 559 ft behind the nose. At what altitude...
A pistoncylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and 120C. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100C. Determine the boundary work done...
Consider airflow over a flat plate of length L = 1 m under conditions for which transition occurs at xc = 0.5 m based on the critical Reynolds number, Re xc = 5 x 105. (a) Evaluating the thermo...
Air whose density is 0.078 lbm/ft3 enters the duct of an air-conditioning system at a volume flow rate of 450 ft3/min. If the diameter of the duct is 10 in, determine the velocity of the air at the...
Two parallel pipelines spaced 0.5 m apart are buried in soil having a thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/m K. The pipes have outer diameters of 100 and 75 mm with surface temperatures of 175C and 5C,...
A slurry contains crystals of copper sulfate pentahydrate [CuSO 4 5H 2 O(s), specific gravity = 2.3] suspended in an aqueous copper sulfate solution (liquid SG = 1.2). A sensitive transducer is used...
For the cascaded system of Fig. 5.174 with two identical stages, determine: a. The loaded voltage gain of each stage. b. The total gain of the system, Av and Avs. c. The loaded current gain of each...
A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep the refrigerated space at -35C by rejecting waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18C at a rate...
Scale-up of an agitated tank, experiments with a small-scale agitated tank are to be used to design a geometrically similar installation with linear dimensions 10 times as large. The fluid in the...
The double pulley shown has a mass of 14 kg and a centroidal radius of gyration of 165 mm. Cylinder A and block B are attached to cords that are wrapped on the pulleys as shown. The coefficient of...
The activation energy for the diffusion of carbon in chromium is 111,000 J/mol. Calculate the diffusion coefficient at 1100 K (827C), given that D at 1400 K (1127C) is 6.25 10 -11 m 2 /s.
A solid round bar with diameter of 2 in has a groove cut to a diameter of 1.8 in, with a radius of 0.1 in. The bar is not rotating. The bar is loaded with a repeated bending load that causes the...
The pipe assembly supports the vertical loads shown. Determine the components of reaction at the ball-and-socket joint A and the tension in the supporting cables BC and BD. Units Used: kN = 103 N...
Consider the isentropic flow over an airfoil. The free stream conditions are T = 245 K and p = 4.35x 104 N/m2. At a point on the airfoil, the pressure is 3.6 x 104 N/m2. Calculate the density at this...
Five kilograms of a 30 wt% acetone70% water mixture is added to 3.5 kg of a 20 wt% ace tone80% MIBK mixture at 25 C. Use Figure 6.6-1 to estimate the mass and composition of each phase of the...
A solvent-recovery plant consists of a plate-column absorber and a plate-column stripper. Ninety percent of the benzene (B) in the gas stream is recovered in the absorption column. Concentration of...
A solar collector consists of a long duct through which air is blown; its cross section forms an equilateral triangle 1 m on a side. One side consists of a glass cover of emissivity ? 1 = 0.9, while...
A hair dryer is basically a duct of constant diameter in which a few layers of electric resistors are placed. A small fan pulls the air in and forces it through the resistors where it is heated. If...
The platform assembly has a weight of 250 lb and center of gravity at G1 If it is intended to support a maximum load of 400 lb placed at point G2 determine the smallest counterweight W that should be...
A collar that can slide on a vertical rod is subjected to the three forces shown. Determine (a) The value of the angle α for which the resultant of the three forces is horizontal, (b)...
A cartridge electrical heater is shaped as a cylinder of length L = 200 mm and outer diameter D = 20 mm. Under normal operating conditions the heater dissipates 2 kW while submerged in a water flow...
Twelve different message signals, each with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, are to be multiplexed and transmitted. Determine the minimum bandwidth required for each method if the multiplexing/modulation...
Cable OA is used to support columns OB. Determine the angle ? it makes with beam OC. 8 m B.
Determine the force in each member of the truss and state if the members are in tension or compression. Set P1 = 0, P2 = 1000lb. SHAPE * MERGEFORMAT 10 ft -10 ft- 10 ft -10 ft P2
Will Maynez burns a 0.6-g peanut beneath 50 g of water, which increases in temperature from 22C to 50C. (The specific heat capacity of water is 1.0 cal/g C.) a. Assuming that 40% of the heat...
For the frame and loading shown, determine the components of all forces acting on member ABC. 6 ft 4.5 kips 6 ft B. 6 ft +10.8 ft-
Torricelli's equation for efflux from a tank (Fig. 3B.14) a large uncovered tank is filled with a liquid to a height h. Near the bottom of the tank, there is a hole that allows the fluid to exit to...
A useful measure of an individuals physical condition is the fraction of his or her body that consists of fat. This problem describes a simple technique for estimating this fraction by weighing the...
An ammonia solution at a high pressure is flash-vaporized at a rate of 200lbm/h. The solution contains 0.70lbm NH3/lbm, and its enthalpy relative to H2O (1, 32F) and NH3 (1, 40F) is 50 Btu/lbm....
Consider pressurized water, engine oil (unused), and NaK (22%/78%) flowing in a 20-mm-diameter tube. (a) Determine the mean velocity, the hydrodynamic entry length, and the thermal entry length for...
If the percentage of fuel in a fuelair mixture falls below a certain value called the lower flammability limit (LFL), the mixture cannot be ignited. For example, the LFL of propane in air is 2.05...
A solid square rod is cantilevered at one end. The rod is 0.8 m long and supports a completely reversing transverse load at the other end of 1 kN. The material is AISI 1045 hot-rolled steel. If the...
Member AB is supported at B by a cable and at A by a smooth fixed square rod which fits loosely through the square hole of the collar. Determine the tension in cable BC if the force F = {-45k}lb. 8...
A steady-flow Carnot cycle uses water as the working fluid. Water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor as heat is transferred to it from a source at 250C. Heat rejection takes place at a...
Express force F as a Cartesian vector; then determine its coordinate direction angles. Given: F = 600 lb c = 3 ft a = 1.5 ft φ = 60 deg b = 5 ft F
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force that the pins A and B exert on the two-member frame. Given: w = 400N/m a = 1.5 m b = 1 m c = 1 m F = 500 N = 60 deg
Determine the force P needed to hold the cable in the position shown, i.e., so segment BC remains horizontal. Also, compute the sag yB and the maximum tension in thecable. 3 m 6 kN 4 kN +3m-2 m -6 m...
The scissors jack supports a load P. Determine the axial force in the screw necessary for equilibrium when the jack is in the position . Each of the four links has a length L and is pin-connected at...
The machine element shown is fabricated from steel. Determine the mass moment of inertia of the assembly with respect to (a) The x axis, (b) The y axis, (c) The z axis. (The specific weight of steel...
A radioactive material of thermal conductivity k is cast as a solid sphere of radius ro and placed in a liquid bath for which the temperature T and convection coefficient h are known. Heat is...
A hot fluid passes through a thin-walled tube of 10-mm diameter and 1-m length and a coolant at T = 25C is in cross flow over the tube. When the flow rate is m = 18 kg/h and the inlet temperature is...
A He-Xe mixture containing 0.75 mole fraction of helium is used for cooling of electronics in an avionics application. At a temperature of 300 K and atmospheric pressure, calculate the mass fraction...
How does the B-H curve of a single-phase transformer relate to the voltage and current waveforms found on a transformer winding?
The windlass is subjected to load W. Determine the horizontal force P needed to hold the handle in the position shown, and the components of reaction at the ball-and-socket joint A and the smooth...
Stainless steel (AISI 304) ball bearings, which have uniformly been heated to 850C, are hardened by quenching them in an oil bath that is maintained at 40C. The ball diameter is 20 mm, and the...
Consider coaxial, parallel, black disks separated a distance of 0.20 m. The lower disk of diameter 0.40 m is maintained at 500 K and the surroundings are at 300 K. What temperature will the upper...
A 100-mm-long, hollow iron cylinder is exposed to a 1000C carburizing gas (a mixture of CO and CO2) at its inner and outer surfaces of radii 4.30 and 5.70 mm, respectively. Consider steady-state...
The curved rod lies in the x-y plane and has radius r. If a force F acts at its end as shown, determine the moment of this force about point O. Given: r = 3 m a = 1 m θ = 45 deg F = 80 N b = 2...
A section of a composite wall with the dimensions shown below has uniform temperatures of 200C and 50C over the left and right surfaces, respectively. If the thermal conductivities of the wall...
Given the following information, calculate the standard potential for the reaction, FeY- + e- FeY2- where Y is EDTA. FeY_ + e-= Fe2+ + Y4- Fey?-: K, = 2.1 1014 FeY E--0.730 V Kr = 1.3 1025
Sketch the (1101) and (1120) planes in a hexagonal unit cell.
Saturated steam at 1 atm condenses on the outer surface of a vertical. 100-mm-diameter pipe 1 m long, having a uniform surface temperature of 94C. Estimate the total condensation rate and the heat...
An open tank, 10 ft in diameter and containing benzene at 25oC, is exposed to air in such a manner that the surface of the liquid is covered with a stagnant air film estimated to be 0.2 in, thick. If...
The brake shown in the figure has a coefficient of friction of 0.30 and is to operate using a maximum force F of 400 N. If the band width is 50 mm, find the band tensions and the braking torque
Consider two tanks, A and B, connected by a valve, as shown in Fig. P3.97. Each has a volume of 200 L and tank A has R-12 at 25C, 10% liquid and 90% vapor by volume, while tank B is evacuated. The...
A small radiant source A 1 emits diffusely with an intensity I 1 = 1.2 x 10 5 W/m 2 ? sr. The radiation detector A 2 is aligned normal to the source at a distance of L o = 0.2 m. An opaque screen is...
A temperature control system for a distillation column is shown in figure. The temperature T of a tray near the top of the column is controlled by adjusting the reflux flow rate R. Draw a block...
A stirred-tank blending system with a bypass stream is shown in Figure. The control objective is o control the composition of a key component in the exit stream, x4. The chief disturbance variables...
Annular aluminum fins of rectangular profile are attached to a circular tube having an outside diameter of 50 mm and an outer surface temperature of 200C. The fins are 4 mm thick and 15 mm long. The...
A 95 wt% Pt-5 wt% Ni alloy is known to have an electrical resistivity of 2.35 x 10-7 ohm-m at room temperature (25oC). Calculate the composition of a platinum-nickel alloy that gives a...
The specific enthalpy of liquid n-hexane at 1 atm vanes linearly with temperature and equals 25.8 kJ/kg at 30C and 129.8 kJ/kg at 50C. (a) Determine the equation that relates H (kJ/kg) to T(C) and...
The metal iridium has an FCC crystal structure. If the angle of diffraction for the (220) set of planes occurs at 69.22( (first-order reflection) when monochromatic x-radiation having a wavelength of...
Collars A and B are pin-connected to bar ABD and can slide along fixed rods. Knowing that at the instant shown the velocity of A is 0.9 m/s to the right, determine (a) The angular velocity of ABD,...
A gas containing nitrogen, benzene, and toluene is in equilibrium with a 40 mole% benzene 60 mole% toluene liquid mixture at 100C and 10 atm. Estimate the gas-phase composition (mole fractions) using...
A steam trap is a device to purge steam condensate from a system without venting uncondensed steam. In one of the crudest trap types, the condensate collects and raises a float attached to a drain...
Coatings applied to long metallic strips are cured by installing the strips along the walls of a long oven of square cross section. Thermal conditions in the oven are maintained by a long silicon...
An object whose weight 100 lbf experiences a decrease in kinetic energy of 500 ft. lbf and an increase in potential energy of 1500 ft.lbf. The initial velocity and elevation of the object, each...
A 100.0 mL solution of 0.0500 M Mn buffered to pH 9.00 was titrated with 0.0500 M EDTA. (a) What is the equivalence volume, Ve, in milliliters? (b) Calculate the concentration of Mn+ at V = 1/2 Ve+....
One of the strengths of numerical methods is their ability to handle complex boundary conditions. In the sketch, the boundary condition changes from specified heat flux, if: (into the domain), to...
You are writing energy balances for a compound for which you cannot find heat capacity or latent heat data. All you know about the material are its molecular formula (C7H12N) and that it is a liquid...
The steel eyebolt shown in the figure is loaded with a force F = 300 N. The bolt is formed from wire of diameter d = 6 mm to a radius R = 10 mm in the eye and at the shank. Estimate the stresses at...
Consider a 1000-W iron whose base plate is made of 0.5-cm-thick aluminum alloy 2024-T6 (r = 2770 kg/m3 and cp - 875 J/kg ¢ °C). The base plate has a surface area of 0.03 m2. Initially, the...