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physics
mechanics
Fundamentals of Ethics for Scientists and Engineers 1st Edition Edmund G. Seebauer, Robert L. Barry - Solutions
For an opening of a given size, is diffraction more pronounced for a longer wavelength or for a shorter wavelength?
What is the condition for an object experiencing free fall?
Which more easily diffracts around buildings: AM or FM radio waves? Why?
Is interference restricted to only some types of waves, or does it occur for all types of waves?
What aspect of light did Thomas Young demonstrate in his famous light experiment?
What accounts for the light and dark bands that are produced when monochromatic light reflects from a glass plate atop another glass plate?
What is meant by saying that a surface is optically flat?
What is the cause of Newton's rings?
What produces iridescence?
What causes the spectrum of colors seen in gasoline splotches on a wet street? Why aren't these splotches seen on a dry street?
What accounts for the different colors in either a soap bubble or a layer of gasoline on water?
Why are interference colors primarily cyan, magenta, and yellow?
The ratio circumference/diameter for all circles is π. What is the ratio force/mass for freely falling bodies?
What phenomenon distinguishes longitudinal waves from transverse waves?
How does the direction of polarization of light compare with the direction of vibration of the electron that produces it?
What is a metastable state?
Why is argon, instead of air, used inside an incandescent bulb?
How does the lifetime of a typical CFL compare with the lifetime of an incandescent bulb?
How does the lifetime of a typical LED compare with the lifetime of an incandescent bulb?
Distinguish between monochromatic light and sunlight.
Distinguish between coherent light and sunlight.
How does the avalanche of photons in a laser beam differ from the hordes of photons emitted by an incandescent lamp?
Chat with or write a letter to Grandma to explain how light is emitted from lamps, flames, and lasers. Tell her why fluorescent dyes and paints are so impressively vivid when illuminated with an ultraviolet lamp. Go on to tell her about the higher efficiencies of CFLs and LEDs.
Why doesn't a heavy object accelerate more than a light object when both are freely falling?
Borrow a diffraction grating from your physics instructor. The common kind looks like a photographic slide, and light passing through it or reflecting from it is diffracted into its component colors by thousands of finely ruled lines. Look through the grating at the light from a sodium-vapor street
Why is a gamma-ray photon more energetic than an X-ray photon?
Green light is emitted when electrons in a substance make a particular energy-level transition. If blue light were instead emitted from the same substance, would it correspond to a greater or lesser change of energy in the atom?
Why doesn't a neon sign finally "run out" of atoms to excite and produce dimmer and dimmer light?
An investigator wishes spectral lines in a spectrum to be thin crescents. What change in the spectroscope will accomplish this?
What difference does an astronomer see between the emission spectrum of an element in a receding star and a spectrum of the same element in the lab?
Low-pressure sodium-vapor lamps emit line spectra with well-defined wavelengths, but high-pressure sodiumvapor lamps emit light whose lines are more spread out. Relate this to the continuous smear of wavelengths emitted by solids.
How can a hydrogen atom, which has only one electron, have so many spectral lines?
Why do different fluorescent minerals emit different colors when illuminated with ultraviolet light?
Some doors have spring-and-damper combinations so they close slowly when released. How is this similar to phosphorescence?
Why are students of the arts encouraged to learn about science and science students encouraged to learn about the arts?
What is the net force that acts on a 10-N freely falling object?
Why are LEDs the lamps of choice in hard-to-get-to places, such as high ceilings?
What color results when a red and a green LED shine together?
Cite at least two reasons for predicting that LEDs will eventually be more popular than CFLs.
The forerunner to the laser involved microwaves rather than visible light. What does the word maser mean?
How do the avalanches of photons in a laser beam differ from the hordes of photons emitted by an incandescent lamp?
A laser cannot produce more energy than is put into it. A laser can, however, produce pulses of light that have more power output than the power input required to run the laser. Explain.
In the equation f T, what do the symbols f and T represent?
We know that the Sun radiates energy. Does Earth similarly radiate energy? If so, what is different about their radiations?
Going back to Chapter 16, since all bodies radiate energy, why don't all bodies become cooler?
How do the surface temperatures of reddish, bluish, and whitish stars compare?
What is the net force that acts on a 10-N falling object when it encounters 4 N of air resistance? 10 N of air resistance?
An electron de-excites from the fourth quantum level in the diagram of the preceding question to the third and then directly to the ground state. Two photons are emitted. How does the sum of their frequencies compare with the frequency of the single photon that would be emitted by de-excitation
A laboratory laser has a power of only 0.8 mW, 8 3 1024 W. Why does it seem more powerful than light from a 100-W lamp?
Electrons made to vibrate to and fro at a few hundred thousand hertz emit radio waves. What class of waves is emitted from electron vibrations of a few million billion hertz?
What does it mean to say an energy state is discrete?
Which has more potential energy relative to the nucleus: electrons in inner electron shells or electrons in outer electron shells?
In a neon tube, what occurs immediately after an atom is excited?
How does the difference in energy between energy levels relate to the energy of the photon that is emitted by a transition between those levels?
How is the energy of a photon related to its vibrational frequency?
Which has the higher frequency: red or blue light? Which has the greater energy per photon: red or blue light?
Can a neon atom in a glass tube be excited more than once? Explain.
What two principal factors affect the force of air resistance on a falling object?
What do the various colors displayed in the flame of a burning log indicate?
Which puts out the greater percentage of its energy as light: an incandescent lamp or a mercury-vapor lamp?
What is a spectroscope, and what does it accomplish?
When a gas glows, discrete colors are emitted. When a solid glows, the colors are smudged. Why?
How is the peak frequency of emitted light related to the temperature of its incandescent source?
How does an absorption spectrum differ in appearance from an emission spectrum?
What are Fraunhofer lines?
How can astrophysicists tell whether a star is receding or approaching Earth?
Why is ultraviolet light, but not infrared light, effective in making certain materials fluoresce?
What evidence can you cite for the wave nature of particles?
What is the acceleration of a falling object that has reached its terminal velocity?
When electrons are diffracted through a double slit, do they hit the screen in a wavelike way or in a particle-like way? Is the pattern of hits wavelike or particle-like?
In which of the following are quantum uncertainties significant: Measuring simultaneously the speed and location of a baseball; of a spitball; of an electron?
What is the uncertainty principle with respect to momentum and position?
If measurements show a precise position for an electron, can those measurements show the precise momentum also?
If a measurement shows a precise value for the energy radiated by an electron, can that measurement show a precise time for this event as well?
What is the distinction in this book between passively and actively observing an event?
What is the principle of complementarily?
Cite evidence that the idea of opposites as components of a wholeness preceded Bohr's principle of complementarily?
The frequency of violet light is about twice that of red light. How does the energy of a violet photon compare with the energy of a red photon?
Which has more energy: A photon of visible light or a photon of ultraviolet light?
Why does a heavy parachutist fall faster than a lighter parachutist who wears a parachute of the same size?
Which laser beam carries more energy per photon: a red beam or a green beam?
If a beam of red light and a beam of blue light have exactly the same energy, which beam contains the greater number of photons?
Why are ultraviolet photons more effective at inducing the photoelectric effect than photons of visible light?
Does the photoelectric effect mainly depend on the wave nature or the particle nature of light?
What evidence can you cite for the wave nature of light? For the particle nature of light?
When does a photon behave like a wave? When does it behave like a particle?
What laboratory device utilizes the wave nature of electrons?
How might an atom obtain enough energy to become ionized?
An X-ray photon can hit an electron without that electron picking up all the photon's energy. Make a hypothesis about the frequency of the photon that "leaves the scene" of the collision. (This phenomenon is called the Compton effect.)
A hydrogen atom and a uranium atom move at the same speed. Which possesses more momentum? Which has the longer wavelength?
If two objects of the same size fall through the air at different speeds, which encounters the greater air resistance?
Suppose nature were entirely different so that an infinite number of photons would be needed to make up even the tiniest amount of radiant energy, the wavelength of material particles was zero, light had no particle properties, and matter had no wave properties. This would be the classical world
Does the uncertainty principle tell us that we can never know anything for certain?
When checking the pressure in tires, some air escapes. Why doesn't Heisenberg's uncertainty principle apply here?
We hear the expression "taking a quantum leap" to describe large changes. Is the expression appropriate? Defend your answer.
One of the technical challenges facing the original developers of color television was the design of an image tube (camera) for the red portion of the image. From an energy point of view, discuss why finding a material that would respond to red light was more difficult than finding materials to
Phosphors on the inside of fluorescent lamps convert ultraviolet light to visible light. Discuss the absence of substances that convert visible light to ultraviolet light?
An electron and a proton travel at the same speed. Which has the greater momentum? Which has the longer wavelength?
One electron travels twice as fast as another. Which has the longer wavelength?
Discuss whether the de Broglie wavelength of a proton becomes longer or shorter as its velocity increases?
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