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physics
mechanics
Physics 10th edition David Young, Shane Stadler - Solutions
Which has the higher frequency: X-rays or gamma rays?
Susie Small finds that she weighs 300 N. Calculate her mass.
Distinguish between a rad and a rem?
Do humans receive more radiation from artificial or from natural sources of radiation?
Is the human body radioactive? Explain.
Name the two different nucleons.
Why doesn't the repulsive electrical force of protons in the atomic nucleus cause the protons to fly apart?
Why is a larger nucleus generally less stable than a smaller nucleus?
What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?
Which contains the higher percentage of neutrons: large nuclei or small nuclei?
What do U-235 and Pu-239 have in common?
What is the effect of placing small amounts of fissionable isotopes with large amounts of U-238?
Calculate the acceleration of a 2000-kg, single-engine airplane as it begins its takeoff with an engine thrust of 500 N. (The unit N/kg is equivalent to m/s2.)
Name two isotopes that undergo nuclear fission?
What element reacts in a breeder reactor to breed nuclear fuel?
In what way is a nuclear reactor similar to a conventional fossil-fuel plant?
What celebrated equation shows the equivalence of mass and energy?
Is work required to pull a nucleon out of an atomic nucleus? Does the nucleon, once outside, have more energy than it did when it was inside the nucleus? In what form is this energy?
Which ions of like charge and equal speed are least deflected in a mass spectrometer?
What is the basic difference between the graphs in Figure 34.15 and Figure 34.16?Figure 34.15: The plot shows how nuclear mass increases with increasing atomic number.Figure 34.16, Figure 34.16,
In which element is the mass per nucleon greatest? Least?
How does the mass per nucleon in uranium compare with the mass per nucleon in its fission fragments?
What becomes of the "lost" mass per nucleon in fission and fusion reactions?
Calculate the acceleration of a 300,000-kg jumbo jet just before takeoff when the thrust on the aircraft is 120,000 N.
If the graph in Figure 34.16 is seen as an energy valley, what can be said about the energy of nuclear transformations that progress toward iron?Figure 34.16,
When a pair of hydrogen nuclei are fused to create helium, how does the mass of the resulting helium nucleus compare with the sum of the nuclear masses before fusion?
For helium to release energy, should it be fissioned or fused?
What isotopes of hydrogen fuse best at "moderate" temperatures?
Which isotope of hydrogen-deuterium or tritium-is abundant and which is scarce?
A 56-kg sphere of U-235 constitutes a critical mass. If the sphere were flattened into a pancake shape, would it still be critical? Explain.
U-235 releases an average of 2.5 neutrons per fission, while Pu-239 releases an average of 2.7 neutrons per fission. Which of these elements might you therefore expect to have the smaller critical mass?
Why, after a uranium fuel rod reaches the end of its fuel cycle (typically 3 years), does most of its energy come from the fissioning of plutonium?
The energy release of nuclear fission is tied to the fact that the heaviest nuclei have about 0.1% more mass per nucleon than nuclei near the middle of the periodic table of the elements. What would be the effect on energy release if the 0.1% figure were instead 1%?
Mixing copper and zinc atoms produces the alloy brass. What would be produced with the fusion of copper and zinc nuclei?
In Chapter 3 acceleration is defined as a = ∆v/∆t. Show that the acceleration of a cart on an inclined plane that gains 6.0 m/s every 1.2 s is 5.0 m/s2.
Oxygen and hydrogen atoms combine to form water. If all three nuclei in a water molecule were fused, what element would be produced?
If a pair of carbon atoms were fused, and the product were to emit a beta particle, what element would be produced?
If a U-238 nucleus splits into two even pieces, and each piece emits an alpha particle, what elements are produced?
The energy of fission is mainly in the kinetic energy of its products. What becomes of this energy in a commercial power reactor?
What nuclei will result if a U-235 nucleus, after absorbing a neutron and becoming U-236, splits into two identical fragments?
Heavy nuclei can be made to fuse-for instance, by firing one gold nucleus at another one. Does such a process yield energy or cost energy? Explain.
In a nuclear fission reaction, which has more mass: the initial uranium or its products?
In a nuclear fusion reaction, which has more mass: the initial hydrogen isotopes or the fusion products?
Sustained nuclear fusion has yet to be achieved and remains a hope for abundant future energy. Yet the energy that has always sustained us has been the energy of nuclear fusion? Explain.
U-235 has a half-life of about 700 million years. What does this say about the likelihood of fission power on Earth 1 billion years from now?
In this chapter we learn that the cause of acceleration is given by Newton's second law: a = Fnet/m. Show that the acceleration in the preceding problem results from a net force of 15 N exerted on a 3.0-kg cart.
Why doesn't a chain reaction normally occur in uranium mines?
Why is a chain reaction more likely to occur in a big piece of uranium than in a small piece?
What is meant by the idea of a critical mass?
Which will leak more neutrons: two separate pieces of uranium or the same pieces stuck together?
What were the two methods used to separate U-235 from U-238 in the Manhattan Project during World War II?
What are the three possible fates of neutrons in uranium metal?
What are the four main components of a fission reactor?
What components are the safeguards to prevent a reactor from generating energy out of control?
What isotope is produced when U-238 absorbs a neutron?
What isotope is produced when Np-239 emits a beta particle?
Psychological comfort is a benefit of having solid answers to religious questions. What benefit accompanies a position of not knowing the answers?
Knowing that a 1-kg object weighs 10 N, confirm that the acceleration of a 1-kg stone in free fall is 10 m/s2.
What is an algebraic expression for the Lorentz factor ᵞ (gamma)? Why is ᵞ never less than 1?
How do measurements of time differ for events in a frame of reference that moves at 50% of the speed of light relative to us? At 99.5% of the speed of light relative to us?
What is the evidence for time dilation?
When a flashing light approaches you, each flash that reaches you has a shorter distance to travel. What effect does this have on how frequently you receive the flashes?
When a flashing light source approaches you, does the speed of light or the frequency of light-or both-increase?
If a flashing light source moves toward you fast enough so that the time interval between flashes is half as long, how long will the time interval between flashes be if the source is moving away from you at the same speed?
How many frames of reference does the stay-at-home twin experience in the twin trip? How many frames of reference does the traveling twin experience?
What two main obstacles prevent us from traveling today throughout the galaxy at relativistic speeds?
What is the universal standard of time?
How long would a meterstick appear to be if it were traveling like a properly thrown spear at 99.5% of the speed of light?
A simple rearrangement of Newton's second law gives Fnet = ma. Show that a net force of 84 N exerted on a 12-kg package is needed to produce an acceleration of 7.0 m/s2.
How long would the meterstick in the preceding question appear to be if it were traveling with its length perpendicular to its direction of motion? (Why is your answer different from your answer to the preceding question?)
If you were traveling in a high-speed rocket ship, would metersticks on board appear to you to be contracted? Defend your answer.
What would be the momentum of an object if it were moving at the speed of light?
When a beam of charged particles moves through a magnetic field, what is the evidence that particles in the beam have momenta greater than the value mv?
Compare the amounts of mass converted to energy in nuclear reactions and in chemical reactions.
How does the energy from the fissioning of a single uranium nucleus compare with the energy from the combustion of a single carbon atom?
Does the equation E = mc2 apply to chemical reactions?
How does E = mc2 describe the identities of energy and mass?
How does the correspondence principle relate to special relativity?
Do the relativity equations for time, length, and momentum hold true for everyday speeds? Explain.
If Lillian weighs 500 N, what is her weight in pounds?
Pretend that the starship in the preceding problem is somehow traveling at c with respect to Earth and it fires a drone forward at speed c with respect to itself. Use the equation for the relativistic addition of velocities to show that the speed of the drone with respect to Earth is still c.
When you drive down the highway, you are moving through space. What else are you moving through?
Astronomers view light coming from distant galaxies moving away from Earth at speeds greater than 10% of the speed of light. How fast does this light meet the telescopes of the astronomers?
The beam of light from a laser on a rotating turntable casts into space. At some distance, the beam moves across space faster than c. Why doesn't this contradict relativity?
Due to length contraction, you see people in a spaceship passing by you as being slightly narrower than they normally appear. How do these people view you?
Because of time dilation, you observe the hands of your friend's watch to be moving slowly. How does your friend view your watch: as running slowly, running rapidly, or neither?
Does the equation for time dilation show dilation occurring for all speeds, whether slow or fast? Explain.
How do the measured densities of a body compare at rest and in motion?
If stationary observers measure the shape of a passing object to be exactly circular, what is the shape of the object when viewed face-on by observers on board the object, traveling with it?
Alex, who has a mass of 100 kg, is skateboarding at 9.0 m/s when he smacks into a brick wall and comes to a dead stop in 0.2 s.a. Show that his deceleration is 45 m/s2.b. Show that the force of impact is 4500 N. (Ouch!)
Light is reflected from a moving mirror. How is the reflected light different from the incident light, and how is it the same?
In the preceding exercise, if the stick is moving in a direction along its length (like a properly thrown spear), how long will you measure its length to be?
If a high-speed spaceship appears shrunken to half its normal length, how does its momentum compare with the classical formula p 5 mv?
The 2-mile linear accelerator at Stanford University in California "appears" to be less than a meter long to the electrons that travel in it. Explain.
According to E = mc2, how does the amount of energy in a kilogram of feathers compare with the amount of energy in a kilogram of iron?
Does a fully charged flashlight battery weigh more than the same battery when dead? Defend your answer.
Does special relativity allow anything to travel faster than light? Discuss.
When a light beam approaches you, its frequency is higher and its wavelength is shorter. Does this contradict the postulate that the speed of light cannot change? Discuss.
Discuss with your friends how length contraction occurs for a racing car that travels at 200 miles per hour, but why the decrease can be ignored.
If you walk at 1 km/h down the aisle toward the front of a train that moves at 60 km/h, what is your speed relative to the ground?
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