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physics
mechanics
Fundamentals of Ethics for Scientists and Engineers 1st Edition Edmund G. Seebauer, Robert L. Barry - Solutions
Suppose that you lived in a hypothetical world in which you'd be knocked down by a single photon, in which matter would be so wavelike that it would be fuzzy and hard to grasp, and in which the uncertainty principle would impinge on simple measurements of position and speed in a laboratory, making
Write a letter to Grandma and tell her what you've learned about Galileo, introducing the concepts of acceleration and inertia. State that he was familiar with forces but didn't see their connection to acceleration and mass. Tell her how Isaac Newton did see the connection and how it explains why
Which theory of light, the wave theory or the particle theory, did the findings of Young, Maxwell, and Hertz support?
Does the photoelectric effect support the wave theory or the particle theory of light?
What exactly did Max Planck consider quantized: the energy of vibrating atoms or the energy of light itself?
What is a quantum of light called?
In the formula E = hf, does f stand for wave frequency, as defined in Chapter 19?
Which has the lower energy quanta: red light or blue light? Radio waves or X-rays?
Which are more successful in dislodging electrons from a metal surface: photons of violet light or photons of red light? Why?
Why won't a very bright beam of red light impart more energy to an ejected electron than a feeble beam of violet light?
Why do photographs in a book or magazine look grainy when magnified?
Does light behave primarily as a wave or as a particle when it interacts with the crystals of matter in photographic film?
Drop a sheet of paper and a coin at the same time. Which reaches the ground first? Why? Now crumple the paper into a small, tight wad and again drop it with the coin. Explain the difference observed. Will they fall together if dropped from a second-, third-, or fourth story window? Try it and
Does light travel from one place to another in a wavelike or a particle-like way?
Does light interact with a detector in a wavelike or a particle-like way?
When does light behave as a wave? When does it behave as a particle?
According to the simple de Broglie model, how many wavelengths are there in an electron wave in the first orbit? In the second orbit? In the nth orbit?
How can we explain why electrons don't spiral into the attracting nucleus?
What does the wave function c represent?
How does the probability density function differ from the wave function?
How does the probability cloud of the electron in a hydrogen atom relate to the orbit described by Niels Bohr?
Exactly what is that "corresponds" in the correspondence principle?
Would Schrödinger's equation be valid if applied to the solar system? Would it be useful?
Drop a book and a sheet of paper, and you'll see that the book has a greater acceleration-g. Repeat, but place the paper beneath the book so that it is forced against the book as both fall, so both fall equally at g. How do the accelerations compare if you place the paper on top of the raised book
Consider photons emitted from an ultraviolet lamp and a TV transmitter. Which has the greater (a) Wavelength, (b) Energy, (c) Frequency, and (d) Momentum?
Which color light is the result of a greater energy transition: red or blue?
At the time of Rutherford's gold-foil experiment, scientists knew that negatively charged electrons exist within the atom, but they did not know where the positive charge resides. What information about the positive charge was provided by Rutherford's experiment?
Why are spectral lines often referred to as "atomic fingerprints"?
When an electron makes a transition from its first quantum level to ground level, the energy difference is carried by the emitted photon. In comparison, how much energy is needed to return an electron at ground level to the first quantum level?
In terms of wavelength, what is the smallest orbit that an electron can have about the atomic nucleus?
Which better explains the photoelectric effect: the particle nature or the wave nature of the electron? Which better explains the discrete levels in the Bohr model of the atom? Defend your answers.
Does the de Broglie model assert that an electron must be moving in order to have wave properties? Defend your answer.
An orbit is a distinct path followed by an object in its revolution around another object. An atomic orbital is an electron spread out over a volume of space in which the electron is most likely to be found. What do orbits and orbitals have in common?
What is it that waves in the Schrödinger wave equation?
Drop two balls of different masses from the same height, and, at low speeds, they practically fall together. Will they roll together down the same inclined plane? If each is suspended from an equal length of string, making a pair of pendulums, and displaced through the same angle, will they swing
What does Bohr's correspondence principle say about quantum mechanics versus classical mechanics?
Did Einstein support quantum mechanics as being fundamental physics, or did he think quantum mechanics was incomplete?
Why do most alpha particles fired through a piece of gold foil emerge almost un-deflected?
What did Rutherford discover about the atomic nucleus?
What did Benjamin Franklin postulate about electricity?
What is a cathode ray?
What property of a cathode ray is indicated when a magnet is brought near the tube?
What discovery of J. J. Thomson won him the Nobel Prize?
What did Robert Millikan discover about the electron?
What did Johann Jakob Balmer discover about the spectrum of hydrogen?
Must people choose between science and religion?
The net force acting on an object and the resulting acceleration are always in the same direction. You can demonstrate this with a spool. If the spool is gently pulled horizontally to the right, in which direction will it roll?
What did Johannes Rydberg and Walter Ritz discover about atomic spectra?
What relationship between electron orbits and light emission did Bohr postulate?
According to Niels Bohr, can a single electron in one excited state give off more than one photon when it jumps to a lower energy state?
What is the relationship between the energy differences of orbits in an atom and the light emitted by the atom?
How does treating the electron as a wave rather than as a particle solve the riddle of why electron orbits are discrete?
How does the rate of decay of a long-half-life material normally compare with the rate of decay of a short-half life material?
What is the half-life of Ra-226?
What kind of trail is left when an energetic particle shoots through matter?
Which type of detector senses radiation by the ionization of gas in a tube?
Which type of detector senses flashes of light produced by charged particles or gamma rays?
Calculate the weight in newtons of a person who has a mass of 50 kg.
What is transmutation?
When thorium (atomic number 90) decays by emitting an alpha particle, what is the atomic number of the resulting nucleus?
What is the change in the atomic mass number for each of the reactions in the preceding two questions?
What change in atomic number occurs when a nucleus emits an alpha particle? A beta particle? A gamma ray?
What is the long-range fate of all the uranium that exists in the world?
When, and by whom, did the first successful intentional transmutation of an element occur?
What occurs when a nitrogen nucleus captures an extra neutron?
Which is more prevalent in the food we eat: carbon-12 or carbon-14?
Why is lead found in all deposits of uranium ore?
Write a letter to one of your favorite relatives that will help dispel any notion they may have about radioactivity being something new in the world. Briefly discuss the role of radioactivity in dating ancient objects. Also discuss how radioactivity is a major source of natural heat in Earth's
Calculate the weight in newtons of a 2000-kg elephant.
If a sample of a radioactive isotope has a half-life of 1 year, how much of the original sample will be left at the end of the second year? At the end of the third year? At the end of the fourth year?
The isotope cesium-137, which has a half-life of 30 years, is a product of nuclear power plants. Show that it will take 120 years for this isotope to decay to about one sixteenth its original amount?
Suppose you want to find out how much gasoline is in an underground storage tank. You pour in 1 gallon of gasoline that contains some radioactive material with a long half-life that gives off 5000 counts per minute. The next day, you remove a gallon from the underground tank and measure its
Rank these three types of radiation by their ability to penetrate this page of your book, from greatest penetration to least: a. Alpha particle b. Beta particle c. Gamma ray
Consider these three nuclei: A. Th-233; B. U-235; C. U-238. From most to least, rank them by the number of a. protons in the nucleus. b. Neutrons in the nucleus. c. Electrons that normally surround the nucleus.
Consider the following reactions: A. uranium-238 emits an alpha particle; B. plutonium-239 emits an alpha particle; C. thorium-239 emits a beta particle. a. Rank the resulting nucleus by atomic number, from highest to lowest. b. Rank the resulting nucleus by the number of neutrons, from most to
In the 19th century, the famous physicist Lord Kelvin estimated the age of Earth to be much less than the present estimate. What information that Kelvin did not have might have allowed him to avoid making his erroneous estimate?
X-rays are most similar to which of the following: alpha, beta, or gamma rays?
Gamma radiation is fundamentally different from alpha and beta radiation. What is this basic difference?
Which type of radiation-alpha, beta, or gamma-predominates within an enclosed elevator descending into a uranium mine?
Calculate the weight in newtons of a 2.5-kg melon. What is its weight in pounds?
What do all isotopes of the same element have in common? How do they differ?
Which interaction tends to hold the particles in an atomic nucleus together, and which interaction tends to push them apart?
Can it be truthfully stated that whenever a nucleus emits an alpha or beta particle, it necessarily becomes the nucleus of another element?
Why do different isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?
What two quantities are always conserved in all nuclear equations?
If an atom has 100 electrons, 157 neutrons, and 100 protons, what is its approximate atomic mass? What is the name of this element?
When a nucleus of 21884 Po emits a beta particle, it transforms into the nucleus of a different element. What are the atomic number and the atomic mass number of this "daughter" element?
Which has the greater number of protons: U-235 or U-238? Which has the greater number of neutrons?
How could an element emit alpha and beta particles and result in the same element?
Radium-226 is a common isotope on Earth, but it has a half-life of about 1600 years. Given that Earth is some 5 billion years old, why is there any radium left at all?
A small apple weighs about 1 N. What is its mass in kilograms? What is its weight in pounds?
Why is carbon dating ineffective in finding the ages of dinosaur bones?
The age of the Dead Sea Scrolls was found by carbon dating. Could this technique apply if they were carved in stone tablets? Explain.
Judging from Figure 33.22, how many alpha and beta particles are emitted in the series of radioactive decay events from a U-238 nucleus to a Pb-206 nucleus? Does it matter which path is followed?Figure 33.22: U-238 decays to Pb-206 through a series of alpha and beta decays.
When the author attended high school some 60 years ago, his teacher showed a piece of uranium ore and measured its radioactivity with a Geiger counter. Would that reading for the same piece of ore be different today?
What did Roentgen discover about a cathode-ray beam striking a glass surface?
What kind of rays are X-rays?
What did the Becquerel discover about uranium?
What two elements did Pierre and Marie Curie discover?
Why aren't gamma rays deflected in a magnetic field?
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