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physics
mechanics

Fundamentals of Physics 8th Extended edition Jearl Walker, Halliday Resnick - Solutions

Using conversions and data in the chapter, determine the number of hydrogen atoms required to obtain 1.0 kg of hydrogen. A hydrogen atom has a mass of 1.0 u.
An astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between Earth and the Sun, approximately 1.50 x 108 km. The speed of light is about 3.0 x 108 m/s. Express the speed of light in astronomical units per minute.
What mass of water fell on the town in Problem 9? Water has a density of 1.0 x 103 kg/m3.
A Person on a diet might lose 2.3kg per week express the mass loss rate in milligrams per second, as if the dieter could sense the second-by-second loss.
The corn-hog ratio is a financial term used in the pig market and presumably is related to the cost of feeding a pig until it is large enough for market. It is defined as the ratio of the market price of a pig with a mass of 3.108 slugs to the market price of a U.S. bushel of corn. (The word "slug"
You are to fix dinners for 400 people at a convention of Mexican food fans. Your recipe calls for 2 jalapeno peppers per serving (one serving per person). However, you have only habanero peppers on hand. The spiciness of peppers is measured in terms of the scoville heat unit (SHU). On average, one
A unit of area often used in measuring land areas is the hectare, defined as 104 m2. An open-pit coal mine consumes 75 hectares of land, down to a depth of 26 m, each year. What volume of earth, in cubic kilometers, is removed in this time?
(a) A unit of time sometimes used in microscopic physics is the shake. One shake equals 10-8 s. Are there more shakes in a second than there are seconds in a year?(b) Humans have existed for about 106 years, whereas the universe is about 1010 years old. If the age of the universe is defined as 1
As a contrast between the old and the modern and between the large and the small, consider the following: In old rural England t hide (between 100 and I20 acres) was the area of land needed to sustain one family with a single plough for one year. (An area of 1 acre is equal to 4047 m2) Also, L
A traditional unit of length in Japan is the ken (1 ken = 1.97m). What are the ratios of?(a) Square kens to square meters and(b) Cubic kens to cubic meters? What is the volume of a cylindrical water tank of height 5.50 kens and radius 3.00 kens in?(c) Cubic kens and(d) Cubic meters?
You receive orders to sail due east for 24.5mi to put your salvage ship directly over a sunken pirate ship. However, when your divers probe the ocean floor at that location and find no evidence of a ship, you radio back to your source of information, only to discover that the sailing distance was
A standard interior staircase has steps each with a rise (height) of 19 cm and a run (horizontal depth) of 23 cm. Research suggests that the stairs would be safer for descent if the run were, instead, 28 cm. For a particular staircase of total height 4.57 m, how much farther into the room would the
An astronomical unit (AU) is equal to the average distance from Earth to the Sun, about 92.9 x 106 mi. A parsec (pc) is the distance at which a length of 1 AU would subtend an angle of exactly 1 second of arc (Fig. 1-8). A light-year (1y) is the distance that light, traveling through a vacuum with
In purchasing food for a political rally, you erroneously order shucked medium-sue Pacific oysters (which come 8 to 12 per U.S. pint) instead of shucked medium-size Atlantic oysters (which come 26 to 38 per U.S. pint. The filled oyster container shipped to you has the interior measure of 1.0 m x 12
The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance between the elbow and the tip of the middle finger of the measurer. Assume that the distance ranged from 43 to 53 cm, and suppose that ancient drawings indicate that a cylindrical pillar was to have a length of 9 cubits and a diameter of
An old English cookbook carries this recipe for cream of nettle soup: "Boil stock of the following amount: 1 break-fast cup plus 1 teacup plus 6 tablespoons plus 1 dessertspoon. Using gloves, separate nettle tops until you have 0.5 quart; add the tops to the boiling stock. Add 1 tablespoon of
An automobile travels on a straight road for 40 km at 30 km/h. It then continues in the same direction for another 40 km at 60 km/h.(a) What is the average velocity of the car during this 80 km trip? (Assume that it moves in the positive x direction.)(b) What is the average speed?(c) Graph x versus
A car travels up a hill at a constant speed of 40 km/h and re turns down the hill at a constant speed of 60 km/h. Calculate the average speed for the round trip.
During a hard sneeze, your eyes might shut for 0.50 s. If you are driving a car at 90 km/h during such a sneeze, how far does the car move during that time?
The 1992 world speed record for a bicycle (human powered vehicle) was set by Chris Huber. His time through the measured 200 m stretch was a srzzhng 6.509 s, at which he commented, "Cogito ergo zoom!" (I think, therefore I go fast!). In 2001 Sam Whittingham beat Huber's record by 19.0 km/h. What was
The position of an object moving along an x axis is given by x = 3t - 4t2 + t3, where x is in meters and t in seconds. Find the position of the object at the following values of r: (a) 1 s,(b) 2 s, (c) 3 s, and (d) 4 s. (e) What is the object's displacement between t = 0 and t =
Compute your average velocity in the following two cases:(a) You walk 73.2 m at a speed of 1.22 m/s and then run 73.2 m at a speed of 3.05 m/s along a straight track.(b) You walk for 1.00 min at a speed of 1.22 m/s and then run for 1.00 min at 3.05 m/s along a straight track.(c) Graph x versus t
In 1 km races, runner 1 on track 1 (with time 2 min, 27 .95 s) appears to be faster than runner 2 on track 2 (2 min, 28.15 s). However, length L2 of track 2 might be slightly greater than length L1 of track 1. How large can L2 – L1 be for us still to conclude that runner 1 is faster?
You are to drive to an interview in another town, at a distance of 300 km on an expressway. The interview is at 11: 15 A.M. You plan to drive at 100 km/h, so you leave at 8:00 A.M. to allow some extra time. You drive at that speed for the first 100 km, but then construction work forces you to slow
Two trains, each having a speed of 30 km/h, are headed at each other on the same straight track. A bird that can fly 60 km/h flies off the front of one train when they are 60 km apart and heads directly for the other train, on reaching the other train, the bird flies directly back to the first
You drive on Interstate 10 from San Antonio to Houston, half the time at 55 km/h and the other half at 90 km/h. On the way back you travel half the distance at 55 km/h and the other half at 90 km/h. What is your average speed?(a) From San Antonio to Houston,(b) From Houston back to San Antonio,
The position function x(r) of a particle moving along an x axis is x = 4.0 – 6.0t2, with x in meters and t in seconds.(a) At what time and (b) Where does the particle (momentarily) stop? At what (c) Negative time and (d) Positive time does the particle pass through the
(a) If particle's position is given by x = 4 – 12t + 3t2 (where t is in seconds and x is in meters), what is its velocity at t = 1 s? (b) Is it moving in the positive or negative direction of x just then? (c) What is its speed just then? (d) Is the speed increasing or
An electron moving along the x axis has a position given by x - I6te–1 m, where t is in seconds. How far is the electron from the origin when it momentarily stops?
The position of a particle moving along the x axis is given in centimeters by x = 9.15 + 1.50t3, where r is in seconds. Calculate(a) The average velocity during the time interval t = 2.00s to t = 3.00 s;(b) The instantaneous velocity at t = 2.00s;(c) The instantaneous velocity at t = 3.00 s;(d) The
(a) If the position of a particle is given by x - 20t - 5t3, where x is in meters and t is in seconds, when, if ever, is the particle's velocity zero?(b) When is its acceleration a zero?(c) For what time range (positive or negative) is a negative?(d) Positive?(e) Graph x(r) ,v(t), and a(t).
At a certain time a particle had a speed of 18 m/s in the positive x direction, and 2.4 s later its speed was 30 m/s in the opposite direction. What is the average acceleration of the particle during this 2.4 s interval?
The position of a particle moving along an x axis is given by x - I2t2 - 2t3, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine (a) The position, (b) The velocity, and(c) The acceleration of the particle at t - 3.0 s. (d) What is the maximum positive coordinate reached by the particle and(e) At
The position of a particle moving along the x axis depends on the time according to the equation x = ct2 – bt3, where x is in meters and r in seconds. What are the units of(a) Constant c and(b) Constant b? Let their numerical values be 3.0 and 2.0, respectively.(c) At what time does the particle
An electron has a constant acceleration of + 3.2 m/s2. At a certain instant its velocity is + 9.6m/s. What is its velocity? (a) 2.5s earlier and(b) 2.5s later?
A muon (an elementary particle) enters a region with a speed of 5.00 x 106 m/s and then is slowed at the rate of I.25 x 1014 m/s2. (a) How far does the muon take to stop?(b) Graph x versus / and v versus / for the muon.
Suppose a rocket ship in deep space moves with constant acceleration equal to 9.8m/s2, which give the illusion of normal gravity during the flight. (a) If it starts from rest, how long will it take to acquire a speed one-tenth that of light, which travels at 3.0 x 108 m/s? (b) How far
On a dry road, o car with good tires may be able to brake with a constant deceleration of 4.92 m/s2. (a) How long does such a car, initially traveling at 24.6 m/s, take to stop? (b) How far does it travel in this time? (c) Graph x versus t and v versus t for the deceleration.
An electron with an initial velocity v0= 1.50 x 105?m/s enters a region of length L = 1.00 cm where it is electrically accelerated (Fig. 2-24). It emerges with v = 5.70 x 106m/s. What is its acceleration assumed constant?
An electric vehicle starts from rest and accelerates at a rate of 2.0m/s2 in a straight line until it reaches a speed of 20m/s.The vehicle then slows at a constant rate of 1.0 m/s2 until it stops. (a) How much time elapses from start to stop?(b) How far does the vehicle travel from start to
A world's land speed record was set by Colonel John P. Stapp when in March 1954 he rode a rocket-propelled sled that moved along a track at 1020 km/h. He and the sled were brought to a stop in 1.4 s. (See Fig. 2-7.) In terms of g, what acceleration did he experience while stopping?
Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in table 1.1:(a) Volume,(b) Acceleration,(c) Mass,(d) Moment of inertia, and(e) Work.
Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and MLT system, for(a) The product of force times volume,(b) The product of pressure times mass divided by area, and(c) Moment of a force divided by velocity.
Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the MLT system, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1:(a) Acceleration(b) Stress,(c) Moment of a force(d) Volume and,(e) Work.
If P is a force and x a length, what are the dimensions (in the FLT system) of(a) dp/dx,(b) d3p/dx3, and(c) ∫p dx?
If p is a pressure, V a velocity, and p a fluid density, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of(a) p/p,(b) pVp(c) p/pV2?
If V is a velocity, l a length and v a fluid property having dimensions of L2T-1, which of the following combinations are dimensionless:(a) Vlv,(b) Vl/v,(c) V2v,(d) V/lv?
Determine the dimensions of the coefficients A and B which appear in the dimensionally homogeneous equationD2x/ dt2 + A dx/dt + Bx = 0
The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a slowly moving liquid is given by the equation Q = πR4∆p/8µl. Where R is the pipe radius, ∆p the pressure drop along the pipe, µ a fluid property called viscosity (FL-2T), and l the length of pipe, what are the dimensions of the
According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy lost per unit weight of fluid flowing through a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula h = (0.04 to 0.09) (D/d) 4 V2/ 2g. Where h is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip
The pressure difference, ∆p, across a partial blockage in an artery (called a stenos is) is approximated by the equation ∆p = Kv µV/D + Ku (A0/ A1 -1)2 Pv2. Where V is the blood velocity, µ the blood viscosity (FL-2T), p the blood density (ML-3), D the artery diameter,
Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends on an elastic modulus, Eu, with dimensions FL-2, and the fluid density, p, in the form c = (Ev)a(p)b. If this is to be a dimensionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and b? Is your result consistence with the standard formula
Makes use of table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units:(a) 10.2 in. /min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (c) 3.02 lb, (d) 73.1ft/s2, (e) 0.0234lbs/ft2 .
Make use of table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m3, (c) 1.61 kg/m3, (d) 0.0320 N ∙ m/s(e) 5.67 mm/hr.
Express the following quantities in SI units:(a) 160 acre,(b) 15 gallons (U.S.),(c) 240 miles,(d) 79.1 hp,(e) 60.3 °F
Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liquid water content. Often this content is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m3). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies a volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m3. (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic
For tables1.3 verify the conversion relationship for:(a) Area, (b) Density, (c) Velocity, and (d) Specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1lb = 4.4482 N; and 1 slug= 14.594 kg.
For table 1.4 verify the conversion relationship for: (a) Acceleration (b) Density, (c) Pressure, and (d) Volume flow rate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft; 1 N= 0.22481 lb; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug.
Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 1200 gal/min. what is the volume rate of flow in(a) m3/s, (b) liters/min. and (c) ft3/s?
A tank of oil has a mass of 25 slugs.(a) Determine its weight in pounds and in Newton’s at the earth’s surface.(b) What would be its mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if located on the moon’s surface where the gravitational attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth’s
A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth’s surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in Newton’s) when located on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s2.
An important dimensionless parameter in certain types of fluid flow problem is the Froude number defined as V/√gl, where V is a velocity, g the acceleration of gravity, and l a length. Determine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s2, and l= 2 ft.
The specific gravity of mercury at 80°C is 13.4. Determine its density and specific weight at this temperature. Express your answer in both BG and SI units.
A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liquids. For a certain liquid a hydrometer reading indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s density and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units.
An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 ft3 of water at 40°F. Over a 24-hour period of the time the water temperature varies from 40°F to 90°F. Make use of the data in appendix B to determine how much the volume of the water will change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the
A breaker contains 10 in. 3 of pure glycerin. If 2 in. 3 of water is added to the glycerin, what is the specific gravity of the mixture?
The information on a can of pop indicates that the can contains 355mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your result with the corresponding values for water at 20°C.
The variation in the density of water,p , with temperature, T, in the range 20°C ‰¤T ‰¤ 50°C, is given in the following table.Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form p= c1 + c2T + c3T2 which can be used to predict the density over
If 1 cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m3 is turned into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity and specific weight of the whipped cream.
The density of nitrogen contained in a tank is 1.5 kg/m3 when the temperature is 25°C. Determine the gage pressure of the gas if the atmospheric pressure is 97kPa.
The temperature and pressure at the surface of mars during a Martian spring day where determined to be -50°C and 900 pa, respectively.(a) Determine the density of the Martian atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant for the Martian atmosphere is assumed to be equivalent to that of
A closed tank having a volume of 2 ft3 is filled with 0.30 lb of a gas. A pressure gage attached to a tank reads 12 psi when the gas temperature is 80°F. There is some question as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your
A tire having a volume of 2.5 ft3 contains air at a gage pressure of 30 psi and a temperature of 70°F. Determine the density of the weight of the air contained in the tire.
A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and a temperature of 60°F. By how much will the pressure increase as the temperature is increased to 110°F?
A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and a temperature of 60°F. By how much will the pressure increase as the temperature is increased to 110°F?
Repeat problem 1.38 for the case in which the pressure is given in psi (gage), the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, and the gas constant in ft.lb/slug. °R.
Make use of the data in appendix B to determine the dynamic viscosity of glycerin at 85°F. Express your answer in both SIS and BG units.
One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in Fig.?PI.41. For this device the liquid to be tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top etched line. The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain to the bottom etched line. The kinetic viscosity, v, in m2/s is then obtained from the
The x component of vector A is – 25.0m and the y component is + 40.0m.(a) What is the magnitude of A?(b) What is the angle between the direction of a and the positive direction of x?
Express the following angles in radians(a) 20.0o,(b) 50.0o,(c) 100o Convert the following angles to degrees:(d) 0.330 rad,(e) 2.10 rad,(f) 7.70rad.
What are(a) The x component and(b) The y component of a vector a in the xy positive direction of the x axis and its magnitude is 7.3m?
In Fig 3-28, a heavy place of machinery is raised by sliding it a distance d = 12.5m along a plank oriented at angle θ = 20.0o to the horizontal. How far is it moved? (a) Vertically and (b) Horizontally?
A ship sets out to sail to a point 120km due north. An un-expected storm blows the ship to a point 100km due east of its starting point.(a) How far and(b) In what direction must it now sail to reach its original destination?
A displacement vector r in the xy plane is 15m long and directed at angle θ = 30o in Fig. 3-29, determine (a) The x component and (b) The y component of the vector.
A room has dimensions 3.00m (height) x 3.70 x 4.30m. A fly starting at one corner flies around, ending up at the diagonally opposite corner.(a) What is the magnitude of its displacement?(b) Could the length of its path he less than this magnitude?(c) Greater?(d) Equal?(e) Choose a suitable
(a) In unit-vector notation, what is the sum a + b if a = (4.0m)i + (3.0m)j and b = (– 13.0m)i + (7.0m)k? What are the(b) Magnitude and(c) Direction of a + b
A person walks in the following pattern: 3.1km north, then 2,4km west, and finally 5.2km south.(a) Sketch the vector diagram that represents this motion.(b) How far and(c) In what direction would a bird fly in a straight line from the same starting point to the same final point?
A person desires to reach a point that is 3.40km from her present location and in a direction that is 35.0o north of east. However, she must travel along streets that are oriented either north-south or east-west. What is the minimum distance she could travel to reach her destination?
For the vectors a = (3.0m)i + (4.0m)j and b = (5.0m)i + (– 2.0m)j, give a + b in(a) Unit-vector notation, and as(b) Unit-vector notation, and as(e) A magnitude and(f) An Angle.
Two vectors are given by d = (4.0 m)i – (3.0 m)j + (1.0m)k and b = (– 1.0 m)i + (1.0 m)j + (4.0 m)k.In unit-vector notation, find(a) d + b,(b) a – b, and(c) a third vector c such that a - b + c = 0.
Find the(a) x,(b) y, and(c) z components of the sum r of e displacements c and d whose components in meters along the three axes are cx = 7.4, cy = – 3.8, cz = – 6.1, dx = 4.4, d, = – 2.0, dz = 3.3.
An ant, crazed by the Sun on a hot Texas afternoon, darts over an xy plane scratched in the dirt. The x and y components of four consecutive darts are the following, all in centimeters: (30.0, 40.0), (bx –70.0), (–20.0, cy), (–80.0, –70.0).Th" overall displacement of the four darts has the
In the sum A + B = C, vector A has magnitude of 12.0 m and is angled 40.0o counterclockwise from the + x direction, and vector C has a magnitude of 15.0 m and is angled 20.0o counterclockwise from the -x direction. What are?(a) The magnitude and(b) The angle (relative to +x) of B?
The two vectors d and b in Fig. 3-30 have equal magnitudes of 10.0 m and the angles ate θ1 = 30o and θ2 = l05o. Find the (a) x and (b) y components of their vector sum r, (c) The magnitude of r, and (d) The angle r makes with the positive direction of the x axis.
You are to make four straight-line moves over a flat desert floor, starting at the origin of an xy coordinate system and ending at the xy coordinates (– 140 m, 30 m). The x component and y component of your moves are the following, respectively, in meters: (20 and 60), then (b, and –70), then
Three vectors a, b, and c each have a magnitude of 50m and lie in an xy plane. Their directions relative to the positive direction of the x axis are 30o, 195o, and 315o, respectively. What are?(a) The Magnitude and(b) The angle of the vector a + b + c(c) The magnitude and(d) The angle of a – b +
(a) What is the sum of the following four vectors in unit-vector notation? For that sum, what are(b) The magnitude,(c) The angle in degrees, and(d) The angle in radians? E: 6.00m at + 0.900 rad F: 5.00m at – 75.0o G: 4:00m at + 1.20 and H: 6.00m at – 210o
An explorer is caught in a whiteout (in which the snowfall is so thick that the ground cannot be distinguished from the sky) while returning to base camp. He was supposed to travel due north for 5.6 km, but when the snow clears he discovers that he actually traveled 7.8 km at 50o north of due
Oasis B is 25 km due east of oasis A. Starting from oasis A, a camel walks 24km in a direction 15o south of east and then walks 8.0 km due north. How far from oasis B?
Two beetles run across flat sand, starting at the same point. Beetle 1 runs 0.50 m due east, then 0.80 m at 30o north of due east. Beetle 2 also makes two runs; the first is 1.6 m at 40o east of due north. What must be?(a) The magnitude and(b) The direction of its second run if it is to end up at

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