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biostatistics
Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 9th Edition Wayne W. Daniel - Solutions
Johansson et al. (A-57) compared the effects of short-term treatments with growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in men with idiopathic osteoporosis. Subjects ranged in age from 32 to 57 years. Among the data collected were the
The objective of a study by Strijbos et al. (A-58) was to compare the results of a 12-week hospitalbased outpatient rehabilitation program (group 1) with those of a 12-week home-care rehabilitation program (group 2) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate to severe airflow
Seven healthy males (mean age 27.4 years with a standard deviation of 4.4) participated in a study by Lambert et al. (A-59), who measured intestinal absorption following oral ingestion and intestinal perfusion of a fluid. As part of the study the researchers recorded the following percent changes
Roemer et al. (A-60) developed a self-report measure of generalized anxiety disorder(GAD) for use with undergraduate populations. In reliability studies the undergraduate subjects completed the GAD questionnaire (GAD-Q) as well as the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). The following are the
Noting that non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) represent a heterogeneous group of diseases in which prognosis is difficult to predict, Christiansen et al. (A-61) report on the prognostic aspects of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in NHL. Among the data collected were the following
Cossette et al. (A-62) examined gender and kinship with regard to caregivers’ use of informal and formal support and to two models of support. Among the data collected were the following ages of three groups of caregivers of a demented relative living at home: husbands, wives, and adult
Tasaka et al. (A-63) note that Corynebacterium parvum (CP) increases susceptibility to endotoxin, which is associated with increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). They investigated the effect of CP-priming on the pathogenesis of acute lung injury caused by intratracheal Escherichia
Research indicates that dietary copper deficiency reduces growth rate in rats. In a related study, Allen(A-65) assigned weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats to one of three food groups: copper-deficient(CuD), copper-adequate (CuA), and pair-fed (PF). Rats in the PF group were initially weightmatched
Hughes et al. (A-66) point out that systemic complications in acute pancreatitis are largely responsible for mortality associated with the disease. They note further that proinflammatory cytokines, particularly TNFa, may play a central role in acute pancreatitis by mediating the systemic sequelae.
A study by Smarason et al. (A-67) was motivated by the observations of other researchers that sera from pre-eclamptic women damaged cultured human endothelial cells. Subjects for the present study were women with pre-eclampsia, matched control women with normal pregnancies, and nonpregnant women of
The objective of a study by LeRoith et al. (A-68) was to evaluate the effect of a 7-week administration of recombinant human GH (rhGH) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor (rhIGF-I)separately and in combination on immune function in elderly female rhesus monkeys. The assay for the in
Hampl et al. (A-69) note that inhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a selective pulmonary vasodilator. They hypothesized that a nebulized diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO) would stay in the lower airways and continuously supply sufficient NO to achieve sustained vasodilation in chronic pulmonary hypertension.
In Kreiter et al. (A-70) medical school exams were delivered via computer format. Because there were not enough computer stations to test the entire class simultaneously, the exams were administered over 2 days. Both students and faculty wondered if students testing on day 2 might have an advantage
Refer to the serum lipid-bound sialic acid data on 1400 subjects (LSADATA). We wish to conduct a study to determine if the measurement of serum lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) might be of use in the detection of breast cancer. The LSA measurements (mg/dl) are for four populations of subjects: normal
Refer to the serum angiotensin-converting enzyme data on 1600 subjects (SACEDATA).Sarcoidosis, found throughout the world, is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause. The assay of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) is helpful in the diagnosis of active sarcoidosis. The activity of
Refer to the urinary colony-stimulating factor data on 1500 subjects (CSFDATA). The data are the urinary colony-stimulating factor (CSF) levels in five populations: normal subjects and subjects with four different diseases. Each observation represents the mean colony count offour plates from a
Refer to the red blood cell data on 1050 subjects (RBCDATA). Suppose that you are a statistical consultant to a medical researcher who is interested in learning something about the relationship between blood folate concentrations in adult females and the quality of their diet.The researcher has
Refer to the serum cholesterol data on 350 subjects under three diet regimens (SERUMCHO).A total of 347 adult males between the ages of 30 and 65 participated in a study to investigate the relationship between the consumption of meat and serum cholesterol levels. Each subject ate beef as his only
1. Explain what is meant by descriptive statistics.
2. Explain what is meant by inferential statistics.
3. Define: (a) Statistics (c) Variable (e) Qualitative variable (g) Population (i) Infinite population (k) Discrete variable (m) Simple random sample (o) Sampling without replacement
4. Define the word measurement.
5. (b) Biostatistics (d) Quantitative variable (f) Random variable (h) Finite population (j) Sample (1) Continuous variable (n) Sampling with replacement List, describe, and compare the four measurement scales.
6. For each of the following variables indicate whether it is quantitative or qualitative and specify the measurement scale that is employed when taking measurements on each: (a) Class standing of the members of this class relative to each other (b) Admitting diagnosis of patients admitted to a
2.3.1 In a study of the oral home care practice and reasons for seeking dental care among indi- viduals on renal dialysis, Atassi (A-1) studied 90 subjects on renal dialysis. The oral hygiene status of all subjects was examined using a plaque index with a range of 0 to 3 (0 = no soft plaque
2.3.2 Janardhan et al. (A-2) conducted a study in which they measured incidental intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in 125 patients. The researchers examined postprocedural complications and concluded that IIAs can be safely treated without causing mortality and with a lower complications rate than
2.3.3 Hoekema et al. (A-3) studied the craniofacial morphology of patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) in healthy male subjects. One of the demographic variables the researchers collected for all subjects was the Body Mass Index (calculated by dividing weight in kg by
2.3.4 David Holben (A-4) studied selenium levels in beef raised in a low selenium region of the United States. The goal of the study was to compare selenium levels in the region-raised beef to selenium levels in cooked venison, squirrel, and beef from other regions of the United States. The data
2.3.5 The following table shows the number of hours 45 hospital patients slept following the administration of a certain anesthetic. 7 10 12 4 8 7 3 8 5 12 11 3 8 1 1 13 10 4 4 5 5 8 7 7 3 2 3 8 13 1 7 17 3 4 5 5 3 1 17 10 4 7 7 11 8 (a) From these data construct: A frequency distribution A
2.3.6 The following are the number of babies born during a year in 60 community hospitals. 30 55 27 45 56 48 45 49 32 57 47 56 32 52 3335 37 55 52 34 26 39 56 59 58 22087 54 42 32 59 40 28 53 54 49 53 30 53 57 43 46 54 4222N 35 46 24 29 42 42 54 21 34 28 50 31 22 31 24 24 57 +3885 57 59 29
2.3.7 (a) From these data construct: A frequency distribution A relative frequency distribution A frequency polygon (b) Describe these data relative to symmetry and skewness as discussed in Exercise 2.3.1, part h. In a study of physical endurance levels of male college freshman, the following
2.3.8 The following are the ages of 30 patients seen in the emergency room of a hospital on a Friday night. Construct a stem-and-leaf display from these data. Describe these data rela- tive to symmetry and skewness as discussed in Exercise 2.3.1, part h.of the two displays suggest regarding the two
2.3.10 Refer to the ages of patients discussed in Example 1.4.1 and displayed in Table 1.4.1. (a) Use class interval widths of 5 and construct A frequency distribution A relative frequency distribution A cumulative frequency distribution A cumulative relative frequency distribution A histogram A
2.3.11 The objectives of a study by Skjelbo et al. (A-5) were to examine (a) the relationship between chloroguanide metabolism and efficacy in malaria prophylaxis and (b) the mephenytoin metabolism and its relationship to chloroguanide metabolism among Tanza- nians. From information provided by
2.3.12 SOURCE: Erik Skjelbo, M.D. Used with permission. (a) From these data construct the following distributions: frequency, relative frequency, cumulative frequency, and cumulative relative frequency; and the following graphs: his- togram, frequency polygon, and stem-and-leaf plot. (b) Describe
1. Define: (a) Stem-and-leaf display (c) Percentile (e) Location parameter (g) Ordered array (b) Box-and-whisker plot (d) Quartile (f) Exploratory data analysis (b) Frequency distribution (i) Relative frequency distribution (j) Statistic (k) Parameter (m) True class limits (1) Frequency polygon (n)
2. Define and compare the characteristics of the mean, the median, and the mode.
3. What are the advantages and limitations of the range as a measure of dispersion?
4. Explain the rationale for using n-1 to compute the sample variance.
5. What is the purpose of the coefficient of variation?
6. What is the purpose of Sturges's rule?
7. What is another name for the 50th percentile (second or middle quartile)?
8. Describe from your field of study a population of data where knowledge of the central ten- dency and dispersion would be useful. Obtain real or realistic synthetic values from this. population and compute the mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.
9. Collect a set of real, or realistic, data from your field of study and construct a frequency distribution, a relative frequency distribution, a histogram, and a frequency polygon.
10. Compute the mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation for the data in Exer- cise 9.
11. Find an article in a journal from your field of study in which some measure of central ten- dency and dispersion have been computed.
12. The purpose of a study by Tam et al. (A-15) was to investigate the wheelchair maneuvering in individuals with lower level spinal cord injury (SCI) and healthy controls. Subjects used a modified wheelchair to incorporate a rigid seat surface to facilitate the specified exper- imental
13. Johnson et al. (A-16) performed a retrospective review of 50 fetuses that underwent open fetal myelomeningocele closure. The data below show the gestational age in weeks of the 50 fetuses undergoing the procedure.25 25 26 27 29 29 29 30 30 31 32 32 52 33 33 33 33 34 34 84 85 35 35 35 35 35 35
14. The following table gives the age distribution for the number of deaths in New York State due to accidents for residents age 25 and older. Age (years) Number of Deaths Due to Accidents 15. 25-34 393 35-44 514 45-54 460 55-64 341 65-24 365 75-84 616 85-94* 618 SOURCE: New York State Department
15. Krieser et al. (A-17) examined glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pediatric renal transplant recipients. GFR is an important parameter of renal function assessed in renal transplant recipients. The following are measurements from 19 subjects of GFR measured with dieth- ylenetriamine
Seghaye et al. (A-31) analyzed the influence of low-dose aprotinin on complement activation, leukocyte stimulation, cytokine production, and the acute-phase response in children undergoing cardiac operations. Inclusion criterion for the study was a noncyanotic congenital cardiac defect requiring a
Torre et al. (A-30) conducted a study to determine serum levels of nitrite in pediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Subjects included 10 healthy control children(six boys and four girls) with a mean age of 9.7 years and a standard deviation of 3.3. The
The purpose of a study by Maltais et al. (A-29) was to compare and correlate the increase in arterial lactic acid (La) during exercise and the oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and control subjects (C). There were nine subjects
The three objectives of a study by Wolkin et al. (A-28) were to determine (a) the effects of chronic haloperidol treatment on cerebral metabolism in schizophrenic patients, (b) the relation between negative symptoms and haloperidol-induced regional changes in cerebral glucose utilization, and(c)
Heijdra et al. (A-27) state that many patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) have low arterial oxygen saturation during the night. These investigators conducted a study to determine whether there is a causal relationship between respiratory muscle dysfunction and nocturnal
Velthuis et al. (A-26) conducted a study to evaluate whether the combination of passively immobilized heparin-coating and standard heparization can reduce complement activation in patients undergoing cardiac surgical intervention. The investigators note that heparin-coated extracorporeal circuits
The purpose of a study by Kim et al. (A-25) was to investigate the serial changes in Lp(a) lipoprotein levels with the loss of female sex hormones by surgical menopause and with estrogen replacement therapy in the same women. Subjects were 44 premenopausal women who underwent a transabdominal
Kuna et al. (A-24) conducted a study concerned with chemokines in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Subjects included 18 atopic individuals with seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by ragweed pollen.Among the data collected on these subjects were the following eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)and histamine
The purpose of a study by Dubuis et al. (A-23) was to determine whether neuropsychological deficit of children with the severe form of congenital hypothyroidism can be avoided by earlier onset of therapy and higher doses of levothyroxine. Subjects consisted of 10 infants (ages 3 to 24 days) with
The objective of a study by Sakhaee et al. (A-22) was to ascertain body content of aluminum (A1)noninvasively using the increment in serum and urinary Al following the intravenous administration of deferoxamine (DFO) in patients with kidney stones and osteoporotic women undergoing long-term
Transforming growth factor (TGF ), according to Tomiya and Fujiwara (A-21), is alleged to play a role in malignant progression as well as normal cell growth in an autocrine manner, and its serum levels have been reported to increase during this progression. The present investigators have developed
Ichinose et al. (A-20) studied the involvement of endogenous tachykinins in exercise-induced airway narrowing in patients with asthma by means of a selective neurokinin 1-receptor antagonist, FK-888. Nine subjects (eight male, one female) ages 18 to 43 years with at least a 40 percent fall in the
The concern of a study by Crim et al. (A-19) was the potential role of flow cytometric analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in diagnosing acute lung rejection. The investigators note that previous studies suggested an association of acute lung rejection with increases in CD8 lymphocytes,
Gutin et al. (A-18) compared three measures of body composition, including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subjects were apparently healthy children (21 boys and 22 girls) between the ages of 9 and 11 years. Among the data collected were the following measurements of bodycomposition
Dominic Sprott (A-16) conducted an experiment with rabbits in which the outcome variable was the fatty infiltration in the shoulder mass (PFI, measured as a percent). At baseline, 15 rabbits had a randomly chosen shoulder muscle detached. The shoulder was then reattached. Six weeks later, five
Mary White (A-15) surveyed physicians to measure their opinions regarding the importance of ethics in medical practice. The measurement tool utilized a scale from 1 to 5 in which a higher value indicated higher opinion of the importance of ethics. The ages and scores of the study subjects are shown
The following table shows the caloric intake (cal/day/kg) and oxygen consumption VO2 (ml/min/kg)in 10 infants:Calorie Calorie Intake (X) VO2(Y) Intake (X) VO2(Y)50 7.0 100 10.8 70 8.0 150 12.0 90 10.5 110 10.0 120 11.0 75 9.5 40 9.0 160 11.9 Test the null hypothesis that the two variables are
The following are the PaCO2 (mm Hg) values in 16 patients with bronchopulmonary disease:39, 40, 45, 48, 49, 56, 60, 75, 42, 48, 32, 37, 32, 33, 33, 36 Use the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test to test the null hypothesis that PaCO2 values in the sampled population are normally distributed with and
One facet of the nursing curriculum at Wright State University requires that students use mathematics to perform appropriate dosage calculations. In a study by Wendy Gantt (A-14), undergraduate nursing students were given a standardized mathematics test to determine their mathematical aptitude
Ten subjects with bronchial asthma participated in an experiment to evaluate the relative effectiveness of three drugs. The following table shows the change in (forced expired volume in 1 second) values (expressed as liters) 2 hours after drug administration:Drug Drug Subject A B C Subject A B C 1
The subjects of a study by J. Jose and S. R. Ell (A-13) were 303 healthy volunteers who selfassessed their own nasal flow status by indicating whether their nasal airway was (1) totally clear, (2) not very clear, (3) very blocked, or (4) totally blocked. Following the self-assessment, an In-Check
Otani and Kishi (A-12) studied seven subjects with diabetic macular edema. They measured the foveal thickness in seven eyes pre- and post-unilateral vitrectomy surgery. The results are shown in the following table:Subject Pre-op Foveal Thickness Post-op Foveal Thickness 1 690 200 2 840 280 3 470
The following are the ranks of the ages (X) of 20 surgical patients and the dose (Y ) of an analgesic agent required to block one spinal segment.Rank of Rank of Dose Rank of Rank of Dose Age in Requirement Age in Requirement Years (X) (Y) Years (X) (Y)1 1 11 13 2 7 12 5 3 2 13 11 4 4 14 16 5 6 15
Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where each of the following tests could be used. Use real or realistic data and test an appropriate hypothesis using each test.(a) The sign test(b) The median test(c) The Wilcoxon test(d) The Mann–Whitney test(e) The Kolmogorov–Smirnov
What are some of the disadvantages of the nonparametric tests?
What are some of the advantages of using nonparametric statistical tests?
What is meant by the term distribution-free statistical tests?
Define nonparametric statistics.
Girard et al. (A-51) conducted a study to identify prognostic factors of improved survival after resection of isolated pulmonary metastases (PM) from colorectal cancer. Among the data collected were the following regarding number of resected PM, survival, and outcome for 77 patients who underwent a
The objective of a study by Lee et al. (A-50) was to improve understanding of the biologic behavior of gastric epithelioid stromal tumors. They studied the clinical features, histologic findings, and DNA ploidy of a series of the tumors to identify factors that might distinguish between benign and
The subjects of a study conducted by O’Keefe and Lavan (A-49) were 60 patients with cognitive impairment who required parenteral fluids for at least 48 hours. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) fluids. The mean age of the 30 patients in the
Thomas et al. (A-48) conducted a study to determine the correlates of compliance with follow-up appointments and prescription filling after an emergency department visit. Among 235 respondents, 158 kept their appointments. Of these, 98 were females. Of those who missed their appointments, 31 were
In a study of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Burger et al. (A-47) compared those who were human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and those who were HPV-negative with respect to risk factors for HPV infection. Among their findings were 60 out of 91 nonsmokers with HPV infection and
Kohashi et al. (A-46) conducted a study in which the subjects were patients with scoliosis. As part of the study, 21 patients treated with braces were divided into two groups, group and group on the basis of certain scoliosis progression factors. Two patients in group A and eight in group B
Harris et al. (A-45) conducted a study to compare the efficacy of anterior colporrhaphy and retropubic urethropexy performed for genuine stress urinary incontinence. The subjects were 76 women who had undergone one or the other surgery. Subjects in each group were comparable in age, social status,
Voskuyl et al. (A-44) investigated those characteristics (including male gender) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that are associated with the development of rheumatoid vasculitis (RV).Subjects consisted of 69 patients who had been diagnosed as having RV and 138 patients with RA who were
The purposes of a study by Patel et al. (A-43) were to investigate the incidence of acute angleclosure glaucoma secondary to pupillary dilation and to identify screening methods for detecting angles at risk of occlusion. Of 5308 subjects studied, 1287 were 70 years of age or older. Seventeen of the
Liu et al. (A-42) conducted household surveys in areas of Alabama under tornado warnings. In one of the surveys (survey 2) the mean age of the 193 interviewees was 54 years. Of these 56.0 percent were women, 88.6 percent were white, and 83.4 percent had a high-school education or higher. Among the
The purposes of a study by Adra et al. (A-41) were to assess the influence of route of delivery on neonatal outcome in fetuses with gastroschisis and to correlate ultrasonographic appearance of the fetal bowel with immediate postnatal outcome. Among 27 cases of prenatally diagnosed gastroschisis
Subjects of a study by O’Brien et al. (A-40) consisted of 100 low-risk patients having well-dated pregnancies. The investigators wished to evaluate the efficacy of a more gradual method for promoting cervical change and delivery. Half of the patients were randomly assigned to receive a placebo,
The purpose of a study by Lipschitz et al. (A-39) was to examine, using a questionnaire, the rates and characteristics of childhood abuse and adult assaults in a large general outpatient population.Subjects consisted of 120 psychiatric outpatients (86 females, 34 males) in treatment at a large
Cohen et al. (A-38) investigated the relationship between HIV seropositivity and bacterial vaginosis in a population at high risk for sexual acquisition of HIV. Subjects were 144 female commercial sex workers in Thailand of whom 62 were HIV-positive and 109 had a history of sexually transmitted
The purpose of a study by Miyajima et al. (A-37) was to evaluate the changes of tumor cell contamination in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) during the clinical course of patients with advanced neuroblastoma. Their procedure involved detecting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)mRNA to clarify the
Skinner et al. (A-36) conducted a clinical trial to determine whether treatment with melphalan, prednisone, and colchicine (MPC) is superior to colchicine (C) alone. Subjects consisted of 100 patients with primary amyloidosis. Fifty were treated with C and 50 with MPC. Eighteen months after the
To increase understanding of HIV-infection risk among patients with severe mental illness, Horwath et al. (A-35) conducted a study to identify predictors of injection drug use among patients who did not have a primary substance use disorder. Of 192 patients recruited from inpatient and outpatient
Screening data from a statewide lead poisoning prevention program between April 1990 and March 1991 were examined by Sargent et al. (A-34) in an effort to learn more about community risk factors for iron deficiency in young children. Study subjects ranged in age between 6 and 59 months.Among 1860
Gallagher et al. (A-32) conducted a descriptive study to identify factors that influence women’s attendance at cardiac rehabilitation programs following a cardiac event. One outcome variable of interest was actual attendance at such a program. The researchers enrolled women discharged from four
The goal of a study by Crosignani et al. (A-31) was to assess the effect of road traffic exhaust on the risk of childhood leukemia. They studied 120 children in Northern Italy identified through a population-based cancer registry (cases). Four controls per case, matched by age and gender, were
Kozinszky and Bártai (A-30) examined contraceptive use by teenage girls requesting abortion in Szeged, Hungary. Subjects were classified as younger than 20 years old or 20 years old or older. Of the younger than 20-year-old women, 146 requested an abortion. Of the older group, 1054 requested an
In a study of smoking cessation by Gold et al. (A-29), 189 subjects self-selected into three treatments:nicotine patch only (NTP), Bupropion SR only (B), and nicotine patch with Bupropion SR Subjects were grouped by age into younger than 50 years old, between 50 and 64, and 65 and older. There were
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