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biostatistics

Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 10th Edition Wayne W. Daniel, Chad L. Cross - Solutions

According to the National Health Statistics Report Number 122, December 20, 2018(Fryar, 2018), the estimated mean weight of an adult male in the United States is 197.8 pounds. Suppose the distribution of weights of adult males in the US is normally distributed with mean weight ???? = 200 pounds
Suppose the birth weight of a full-term baby born in the United States follows a normal distribution with mean 7.5 pounds and standard deviation 0.5 pounds. Determine the(a) probability that a full-term baby born in the United States weighs between 7 and 8 pounds.(b) probability that a full-term
Intelligence quotient scores are known to follow a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. Using the normal probability model, determine(a) the probability that an individual has an IQ score of greater than 140.(b) the probability that an individual has an IQ score of less than
If ???? has a standard normal distribution, determine(a) the 5th percentile.(b) the 25th percentile.(c) the 75th percentile.(d) the 98th percentile.(e) the interquartile range.
If ???? has a standard normal distribution, determine(a) ????(???? ≤ −0.76).(b) ????(???? < 1.28).(c) ????(???? ≤ −2.04).(d) ????(???? > 0.42).(e) ????(???? ≥ −1.65).(f) ????(???? > 2.87).(g) ????(−1.12 < ???? ≤ 2.25).(h) ????(1.10 < ???? < 2.25).(i) ????(−0.80 ≤ ???? ≤
What does it mean when two events are said to be(a) independent events?(b) dependent events?
For the clinical trial NCT01370538 summarized at https://clinical trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01370538, determine(a) the disease/condition being studied.(b) whether the trial is an experiment or an observational study.
In developing a sampling plan for estimating the difference between the means ????????and ???????? (i.e., ???????? − ????????), suppose the goal is to minimize the bound on the error of estimation for an fixed overall sample size of ???? = 150. Determine the individual sample sizes ???????? and
In the article “Assessment of the DRCR Retina Network Approach to Management With Initial Observation for Eyes With Center-Involved Diabetic Macular Edema and Good Visual Acuity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial”published in JAMA Opthalmology (Glassman, 2020), the authors
Determine the bound on the error of estimation for each part in Exercise 5.76.
Suppose independent random samples have been selected from the ???? and ????populations. Determine the estimated standard error of ????̄ − ????̄ when(a) ???????? = 50, ???????? = 75, ???????? = 12.4, and ???????? = 16.5.(b) ???????? = 125, ???????? = 115, ???????? = 88.3, and ???????? =
Under what conditions is the sampling distribution of ????̄ −????̄ approximately normally distributed?
For independent random samples from the ???? and ???? populations, what is the formula for computing the(a) SE(????̄ − ????̄)? (b) se(????̄ − ????̄)?
What are the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of ˆ?????
For independent random samples from the ???? and ???? populations, what are the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of ????̄ − ????̄?
In developing the sampling plan for estimating the difference between two proportions???????? and ???????? (i.e., ???????? − ????????) with independent samples, suppose the goal is to minimize the total cost of sampling for a pre-specified value of the bound on the error of estimation of ???? =
Determine the total cost of sampling for the resulting sampling plan in Exercise 5.79 when the initial cost of sampling is ????0 = $3500 and the costs of sampling a unit from populations ???? and ???? are ???????? = $12 and ???????? = $8, respectively.
In developing a sampling plan for estimating the difference between the means ????????and ???????? (i.e., ???????? − ????????), suppose the goal is to minimize the overall sample size ????.Determine the overall sample size ???? and the individual sample sizes ???????? and ????????, when(a) ???? =
The information in Figure 5.6, Table 5.18, and Table 5.19 resulted from bootstrapping the sample standard deviation for the variable BMI computed on the Body Fat data set. Use the information in Figure 5.6, Table 5.18, and Table 5.19 to answer the following:(a) What is the bootstrap standard error
Using the data on the variable abdomen circumference in the Body Fat data set and a statistical computing package,(a) estimate the median abdomen circumference.(b) bootstrap the standard error of the sample median of abdomen circumference.
Suppose independent random samples are drawn from populations ???? and ????. Explain how the bootstrap algorithm would be used to estimate the standard error of ˜???? − ˜????.
Explain how the bootstrap algorithm would be used to estimate the standard error of the(a) sample median.(b) sample interquartile range.(c) Q1.(d) ????.
What is the bootstrap algorithm for estimating the standard error of a statistic ?????
How can a computer be used to estimate the standard error of a statistic?
In developing a sampling plan for estimating the difference between the means ????????and ???????? (i.e., ???????? −????????), suppose the goal is to minimize the total cost of sampling for a fixed value of the bound on the error of estimation. Determine the overall sample size ???? and the
In developing a sampling plan for estimating the difference between the means ????????and ???????? (i.e., ???????? − ????????), suppose the goal is to minimize the bound on the error of estimation when the total cost of sampling is fixed at ???? = $2500. Determine the overall sample size ???? and
Determine the total cost of sampling for the resulting sampling plan in Exercise 5.81 when the initial cost of sampling is ????0 = $900 and the costs of sampling a unit from populations ???? and ???? are ???????? = $5 and ???????? = $12, respectively.
In developing the sampling plan for estimating the difference between two proportions???????? and ???????? (i.e., ???????? − ????????) with independent samples, suppose the goal is to minimize the bound on the error of estimation for a fixed total cost of sampling of???? = $5000. Determine the
In the article “Effect of Pregnenolone vs Placebo on Self-reported Chronic Low Back Pain Among US Military Veterans A Randomized Clinical Trial” published in JAMA Network Open (Naylor, 2020), the authors reported the statistics on a pretreatment measure of pain intensity, shown in Table 5.14,
Under what conditions does the distribution of ????̄−????????∕√???? follow a ???? distribution?
Assuming that the Central Limit Theorem applies to the sampling distribution of ????̄, approximate the probability that ????̄ is within(a) 1 standard error of ???? (b) 1.65 standard errors of ???? (c) 2 standard errors of ???? (d) 3 standard errors of ????
Many researchers report the estimate of the mean in the form of sample mean plus and minus the standard error. Assuming that the Central Limit Theorem applies, what is the approximate probability that ???? − SE(????̄) ≤ ????̄ ≤ ???? + SE(????̄)?
For a population with ???? = 200 and ???? = 30, use the Central Limit Theorem for ????̄ to approximate the probability that 195 ≤ ????̄ ≤ 205 when(a) ???? = 50.(b) ???? = 200.(c) ???? = 400.
Under what conditions does the Central Limit Theorem apply to the sampling distribution of ????̄?
What does the Central Limit Theorem say about the sampling distribution of ????̄?
Determine the cost of sampling for each of the scenarios in Exercise 5.51, when the initial cost of sampling is ????0 = $4500 and the cost per unit sampled is ???? = $15.
Determine the value of ???? required to achieve the desired bound on the error of estimation associated with ????̄ when(a) ???? = 7500, ???? = 20, and ???? = 2.5.(b) ???? = 15000, ???? = 60, and ???? = 4.5.(c) ???? = 25000, ???? = 120, and ???? = 5.(d) ???? is unknown, ???? = 5, and ???? = 0.1.(e)
In the article “Experimental investigation of the effects of naturalistic dieting on bulimic symptoms: moderating effects of depressive symptoms” published in Appetite (Presnell et al., 2008), the summary statistics given in Table 5.15 on the variable Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were
When sampling from a normal population, what is the distribution of ????̄−????????∕√???? for a sample of size ?????
What happens to a ???? distribution as the degrees of freedom become extremely large?
Determine the total cost of sampling for the resulting sampling plans in Exercise 5.69, when the initial cost of sampling is ????0 = $250 and the costs of sampling a unit from the populations ???? and ???? are ???????? = $1 and ???????? = $1.50, respectively.
In developing the sampling plan for estimating the difference between two proportions???????? and ???????? (i.e., ???????? − ????????) with independent samples, suppose the goal is to minimize the overall sample size ???? and the individual sample sizes ???????? and ???????? when???? = 0.03.
Determine the total cost of sampling for the resulting sampling plans in Exercise 5.67, when the initial cost of sampling is ????0 = $2000 and the costs of sampling a unit from the populations ???? and ???? are ???????? = $3 and ???????? = $5, respectively.
In developing the sampling plan for estimating the difference between two proportions???????? and ???????? (i.e., ???????? − ????????) with independent samples, suppose the goal is to minimize the bound on the error of estimation for an overall sample size fixed at???? = 100. Determine the sample
In the article “Experimental investigation of the effects of naturalistic dieting on bulimic symptoms: moderating effects of depressive symptoms” published in Appetite (Presnell et al., 2008), the summary counts in Table 5.16 were reported for the number of participants increasing their level
Determine the bound on the error of estimation for each part in Exercise 5.64.
Suppose independent random samples from the ???? and ???? populations have been selected. Determine the estimated standard error of ˆ???????? − ˆ???????? when(a) ???????? = 85, ???????? = 67, ˆ???????? = 0.58, and ˆ???????? = 0.48.(b) ???????? = 220, ???????? = 248, ˆ???????? = 0.77, and
Under what conditions is the sampling distribution of ˆ???????? − ˆ???????? approximately normally distributed?
For independent random samples selected from the ???? and ???? populations what is the formula for computing the(a) SE(ˆ???????? − ˆ????????)?(b) se(ˆ???????? − ˆ????????)?
For independent random samples selected from the ???? and ???? populations, what are the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of ˆ???????? − ˆ?????????
Use the following facts to compute and label appropriate measures of morbidity.(a) In 2000, in the United States, there were 1560 cases of Malaria. The estimated population of the United States as of July 1, 2000, was 281,422,000. [SOURCE: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
For one or more geographical areas (for example, the United States, your state of residence, and your county of residence) collect data and compute as many of the rates and ratios discussed in this chapter as possible.
Define and discuss the following morbidity measures:(a) Incidence rate (d) Immaturity ratio(b) Prevalence rate (e) Secondary attack rate(c) Case-fatality ratio
What is morbidity?
Define and discuss each of the following:(a) Maternal mortality rate (h) Crude birth rate(b) Infant mortality rate (i) General fertility rate(c) Fetal death rate ( j) Age-specific fertility rate(d) Fetal death ratio (k) Total fertility rate(e) Perinatal mortality rate (l) Cumulative fertility
What is an adjusted or standardized death rate? What is the advantage of an adjusted death rate over a crude death rate?
Why is it inadvisable to compare the crude death rates of two geographic areas?
Explain the difference between a crude death rate and a specific death rate.
Explain the difference between a rate and a ratio.
be able to obtain a simple linear regression model and use it to make predictions.
be able to calculate the coefficient of determination and to interpret tests of regression coefficients.
be able to calculate correlations among variables.
understand how regression and correlation differ and when the use of each is appropriate.
Plot each of the following regression equations on graph paper and state whether X and Yare directly or inversely related.(a) ^y ¼ 3 þ 2x(b) ^y ¼ 3 þ 0:5x(c) ^y ¼ 10 0:75x
The following scores represent a nurse’s assessment (X) and a physician’s assessment (Y) of the condition of 10 patients at time of admission to a trauma center.X: 18 13 18 15 10 12 8 4 7 3 Y: 23 20 18 16 14 11 10 7 6 4(a) Construct a scatter diagram for these data.(b) Plot the following
Methadone is often prescribed in the treatment of opioid addiction and chronic pain. Krantz et al.(A-2) studied the relationship between dose of methadone and the corrected QT (QTc) interval for 17 subjects who developed torsade de pointes (ventricular tachycardia nearly always due to medications).
Reiss et al. (A-3) compared point-of-care and standard hospital laboratory assays for monitoring patients receiving a single anticoagulant or a regimen consisting of a combination of anticoagulants.It is quite common when comparing two measuring techniques, to use regression analysis in which one
Digoxin is a drug often prescribed to treat heart ailments. The purpose of a study by Parker et al. (A-4)was to examine the interactions of digoxin with common grapefruit juice. In one experiment, subjects took digoxin with water for 2 weeks, followed by a 2-week period during which digoxin was
Evans et al. (A-5) examined the effect of velocity on ground reaction forces (GRF) in dogs with lameness from a torn cranial cruciate ligament. The dogs were walked and trotted over a force platform and the GRF recorded (in newtons) during the stance phase. The following table contains 22
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most important parameter of renal function assessed in renal transplant recipients. Although inulin clearance is regarded as the gold standard measure of GFR, its use in clinical practice is limited. Krieser et al. (A-6) examined the relationship between the
The purpose of a study by Brown and Persley (A-8) was to characterize acute hepatitis A in patients more than 40 years old. They performed a retrospective chart review of 20 subjects who were diagnosed with acute hepatitis A, but were not hospitalized. Of interest was the use of age (years) to
Another variable of interest in the study by Reiss et al. (A-3) (see Exercise 9.3.4) was partial thromboplastin (aPTT), the standard test used to monitor heparin anticoagulation. Use the data in the following table to examine the correlation between aPTT levels as measured by the CoaguCheck
In the study by Parker et al. (A-4) (see Exercise 9.3.5), the authors also looked at the change in AUC(area under the curve of plasma concentration of digoxin) when comparing digoxin levels taken with and without grapefruit juice. The following table gives the AUC when digoxin was consumed with
An article by Tuzson et al. (A-9) in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation reported the following data on peak knee velocity in walking (measured in degrees per second) at flexion and extension for 18 subjects with cerebral palsy.Flexion ð Þ =s Extension ð Þ =s 100 100 150 150 210
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by a progressive decline of motor function. The degenerative process affects the respiratory system. Butz et al. (A-10) investigated the longitudinal impact of nocturnal noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation on patients with ALS. Prior to
A simple random sample of 15 apparently healthy children between the ages of 6 months and 15 years yielded the following data on age, X, and liver volume per unit of body weight (ml/kg), Y:XYXY.5 41 10.0 26.7 55 10.1 35 2.5 41 10.9 25 4.1 39 11.5 31 5.9 50 12.1 31 6.1 32 14.1 29 7.0 41 15.0 23 8.2
What are the assumptions underlying simple linear regression analysis when one of the objectives is to make inferences about the population from which the sample data were drawn?
Why is the regression equation called the least-squares equation?
Explain the meaning of b^0 in the sample regression equation.
Explain the meaning of b^1 in the sample regression equation.
Explain the following terms:(a) Total sum of squares(b) Explained sum of squares(c) Unexplained sum of squares
Explain the meaning of and the method of computing the coefficient of determination.
What is the function of the analysis of variance in regression analysis?
Describe three ways in which one may test the null hypothesis that b^1 ¼ 0.
For what two purposes can a regression equation be used?
What are the assumptions underlying simple correlation analysis when inference is an objective?
What is meant by the unit of association in regression and correlation analysis?
What are the possible explanations for a significant sample correlation coefficient?
Explain why it is risky to use a sample regression equation to predict or to estimate outside the range of values of the independent variable represented in the sample.
Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where simple regression analysis would be useful. Use real or realistic data and do a complete regression analysis.
Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where simple correlation analysis would be useful. Use real or realistic data and do a complete correlation analysis.In each of the following exercises, carry out the required analysis and test hypotheses at the indicated significance levels.
A study by Scrogin et al. (A-11) was designed to assess the effects of concurrent manipulations of dietary NaCl and calcium on blood pressure as well as blood pressure and catecholamine responses to stress. Subjects were salt-sensitive, spontaneously hypertensive male rats. Among the analyses
Dean Parmalee (A-12) wished to know if the year-end grades assigned to Wright State University Medical School students are predictive of their second-year board scores. The following table shows, for 89 students, the year-end score (AVG, in percent of 100) and the score on the second-year medical
Maria Mathias (A-13) conducted a study of hyperactive children. She measured the children’s attitude, hyperactivity, and social behavior before and after treatment. The following table shows for 31 subjects the age and improvement scores from pre-treatment to post-treatment for attitude (ATT),
A study by Triller et al. (A-14) examined the length of time required for home health-care nurses to repackage a patient’s medications into various medication organizers (i.e., pill boxes). For the 19 patients in the study, researchers recorded the time required for repackaging of medications.
The following are the pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and pulmonary blood volume (PBV) values recorded for 16 infants and children with congenital heart disease:Y X PBV (ml/sqM) PBF (L/min/sqM)168 4.31 280 3.40 391 6.20 420 17.30 303 12.30 429 13.99 605 8.73 522 8.90 224 5.87 291 5.00 233 3.51 370 4.24
Fifteen specimens of human sera were tested comparatively for tuberculin antibody by two methods.The logarithms of the titers obtained by the two methods were as follows:Method A (X) B (Y)3.31 4.09 2.41 3.84 2.72 3.65 2.41 3.20 2.11 2.97 2.11 3.22 3.01 3.96 2.13 2.76 2.41 3.42 2.10 3.38 2.41 3.28
The following table shows the methyl mercury intake and whole blood mercury values in 12 subjects exposed to methyl mercury through consumption of contaminated fish:X Y Methyl Mercury Intakeð Þ mg Hg=day Mercury in whole blood(ng/g)180 90 200 120 230 125 410 290 YPBV (ml/sqM)X PBF (L/min/sqM)600
The following are the weights (kg) and blood glucose levels (mg/100 ml) of 16 apparently healthy adult males:Weight (X) Glucose (Y)64.0 108 75.3 109 73.0 104 82.1 102 76.2 105 95.7 121 59.4 79 93.4 107 82.1 101 78.9 85 76.7 99 82.1 100 83.9 108 73.0 104 64.4 102 77.6 87 Find the simple linear
The following are the ages (years) and systolic blood pressures of 20 apparently healthy adults:Age (X) BP (Y) Age (X) BP (Y)20 120 46 128 43 128 53 136 63 141 70 146 26 126 20 124 53 134 63 143 31 128 43 130 58 136 26 124 46 132 19 121 58 140 31 126 70 144 23 123 Find the simple linear regression

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