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biostatistics

Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 10th Edition Wayne W. Daniel, Chad L. Cross - Solutions

Can we conclude that the mean age at death of patients with homozygous sickle-cell disease is less than 30 years? A sample of 50 patients yielded the following ages in years:15.5 2.0 45.1 1.7 .8 1.1 18.2 9.7 28.1 18.2 27.6 45.0 1.0 66.4 2.0 67.4 2.5 61.7 16.2 31.7 6.9 13.5 1.9 31.2 9.0 2.6 29.7
The following are intraocular pressure (mm Hg) values recorded for a sample of 21 elderly subjects:14.5 12.9 14.0 16.1 12.0 17.5 14.1 12.9 17.9 12.0 16.4 24.2 12.2 14.4 17.0 10.0 18.5 20.8 16.2 14.9 19.6 Can we conclude from these data that the mean of the population from which the sample was drawn
Suppose it is known that the IQ scores of a certain population of adults are approximately normally distributed with a standard deviation of 15.A simple random sample of 25 adults drawn from this population had a mean IQ score of 105.On the basis of these data can we conclude that the mean IQ score
A research team is willing to assume that systolic blood pressures in a certain population of males are approximately normally distributed with a standard deviation of 16.A simple random sample of 64 males from the population had a mean systolic blood pressure reading of 133.At the .05 level of
A simple random sample of 16 adults drawn from a certain population of adults yielded a mean weight of 63 kg. Assume that weights in the population are approximately normally distributed with a variance of 49.Do the sample data provide sufficient evidence for us to conclude that the mean weight for
Subjects in a study by Dabonneville et al. (A-9) included a sample of 40 men who claimed to engage in a variety of sports activities (multisport). The mean body mass index (BMI) for these men was 22.41 with a standard deviation of 1.27. A sample of 24 male rugby players had a mean BMI of 27.75 with
The purpose of a study by Ingle and Eastell (A-10) was to examine the bone mineral density(BMD) and ultrasound properties of women with ankle fractures. The investigators recruited 31 postmenopausal women with ankle fractures and 31 healthy postmenopausal women to serve as controls. One of the
Hoekema et al. (A-11) studied the craniofacial morphology of 26 male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and 37 healthy male subjects (non–OSAS). One of the variables of interest was the length from the most superoanterior point of the body of the hyoid bone to the Frankfort
Can we conclude that patients with primary hypertension (PH), on the average, have higher total cholesterol levels than normotensive (NT) patients? This was one of the inquiries of interest for Rossi et al. (A-12). In the following table are total cholesterol measurements (mg/dl) for 133 PH
GarcS~ao and Cabrita (A-13) wanted to evaluate the community pharmacist’s capacity to positively influence the results of antihypertensive drug therapy through a pharmaceutical care program in Portugal. Eighty-two subjects with essential hypertension were randomly assigned to an intervention or a
A test designed to measure mothers’ attitudes toward their labor and delivery experiences was given to two groups of new mothers. Sample 1 (attenders) had attended prenatal classes held at the local health department. Sample 2 (nonattenders) did not attend the classes. The sample sizes and means
Cortisol level determinations were made on two samples of women at childbirth. Group 1 subjects underwent emergency cesarean section following induced labor. Group 2 subjects delivered by either cesarean section or the vaginal route following spontaneous labor. The sample sizes, mean cortisol
Protoporphyrin levels were measured in two samples of subjects. Sample 1 consisted of 50 adult male alcoholics with ring sideroblasts in the bone marrow. Sample 2 consisted of 40 apparently healthy adult nonalcoholic males. The mean protoporphyrin levels and standard deviations for the two samples
A researcher was interested in knowing if preterm infants with late metabolic acidosis and preterm infants without the condition differ with respect to urine levels of a certain chemical.The mean levels, standard deviations, and sample sizes for the two samples studied were as follows:Sample n x s
Researchers wished to know if they could conclude that two populations of infants differ with respect to mean age at which they walked alone. The following data (ages in months) were collected:Sample from population A: 9.5, 10.5, 9.0, 9.75, 10.0, 13.0, 10.0, 13.5, 10.0, 9.5, 10.0, 9.75 Sample from
Does sensory deprivation have an effect on a person’s alpha-wave frequency? Twenty volunteer subjects were randomly divided into two groups. Subjects in group A were subjected to a 10-day period of sensory deprivation, while subjects in group B served as controls. At the end of the experimental
Can we conclude that, on the average, lymphocytes and tumor cells differ in size? The following are the cell diameters ð Þ mm of 40 lymphocytes and 50 tumor cells obtained from biopsies of tissue from patients with melanoma:Lymphocytes 9.0 9.4 4.7 4.8 8.9 4.9 8.4 5.9 6.3 5.7 5.0 3.5 7.8 10.4 8.0
Ellen Davis Jones (A-15) studied the effects of reminiscence therapy for older women with depression. She studied 15 women 60 years or older residing for 3 months or longer in an assisted living long-term care facility. For this study, depression was measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale
Beney et al. (A-16) evaluated the effect of telephone follow-up on the physical well-being dimension of health-related quality of life in patients with cancer. One of the main outcome variables was measured by the physical well-being subscale of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy
The purpose of an investigation by Morley et al. (A-17) was to evaluate the analgesic effectiveness of a daily dose of oral methadone in patients with chronic neuropathic pain syndromes. The researchers used a visual analogue scale (0–100 mm, higher number indicates higher pain) ratings for
Woo and McKenna (A-18) investigated the effect of broadband ultraviolet B (UVB) therapy and topical calcipotriol cream used together on areas of psoriasis. One of the outcome variables is the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). The following table gives the PASI scores for 20 subjects
One of the purposes of an investigation by Porcellini et al. (A-19) was to investigate the effect on CD4 T cell count of administration of intermittent interleukin (IL-2) in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The following table shows the CD4 T cell count at baseline and then
Jacquemyn et al. (A-21) conducted a survey among gynecologists-obstetricians in the Flanders region and obtained 295 responses. Of those responding, 90 indicated that they had performed at least one cesarean section on demand every year. Does this study provide sufficient evidence for us to
In an article in the journal Health and Place, Hui and Bell (A-22) found that among 2428 boys ages 7 to 12 years, 461 were overweight or obese. On the basis of this study, can we conclude that more than 15 percent of the boys ages 7 to 12 in the sampled population are obese or overweight? Let a ¼
Becker et al. (A-23) conducted a study using a sample of 50 ethnic Fijian women. The women completed a self-report questionnaire on dieting and attitudes toward body shape and change.The researchers found that five of the respondents reported at least weekly episodes of binge eating during the
The following questionnaire was completed by a simple random sample of 250 gynecologists. The number checking each response is shown in the appropriate box.
When you have a choice, which procedure do you prefer for obtaining samples of endometrium?(a) Dilation and curettage 175(b) Vobra aspiration 75
Have you seen one or more pregnant women during the past year whom you knew to have elevated blood lead levels?(a) Yes 25(b) No 225
Do you routinely acquaint your pregnant patients who smoke with the suspected hazards of smoking to the fetus?(a) Yes 238(b) No 12 Can we conclude from these data that in the sampled population more than 60 percent prefer dilation and curettage for obtaining samples of endometrium? Let a ¼ :01.
Refer to Exercise
Can we conclude from these data that in the sampled population fewer than 15 percent have seen (during the past year) one or more pregnant women with elevated blood lead levels? Let a ¼ :05.
Refer to Exercise
Can we conclude from these data that more than 90 percent acquaint their pregnant patients who smoke with the suspected hazards of smoking to the fetus? Let a ¼ :05.
Ho et al. (A-25) used telephone interviews of randomly selected respondents in Hong Kong to obtain information regarding individuals’ perceptions of health and smoking history. Among 1222 current male smokers, 72 reported that they had “poor” or “very poor” health, while 30 among 282
Landolt et al. (A-26) examined rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in mothers and fathers.Parents were interviewed 5 to 6 weeks after an accident or a new diagnosis of cancer or diabetes mellitus type I for their child. Twenty-eight of the 175 fathers interviewed and 43 of the 180 mothers
In a Kidney International article, Avram et al. (A-27) reported on a study involving 529 hemodialysis patients and 326 peritoneal dialysis patients. They found that at baseline 249 subjects in the hemodialysis treatment group were diabetic, while at baseline 134 of the subjects in the peritoneal
In a study of obesity the following results were obtained from samples of males and females between the ages of 20 and 75:n Number Overweight Males 150 21 Females 200 48 Can we conclude from these data that in the sampled populations there is a difference in the proportions who are overweight? Let
Recall Example 7.2.3, where Nakamura et al. (A-1) studied subjects with acute medial collateral ligament injury (MCL) with anterior cruciate ligament tear (ACL). The ages of the 17 subjects were:31; 26; 21; 15; 26; 16; 19; 21; 28; 27; 22; 20; 25; 31; 20; 25; 15 Use these data to determine if there
Robinson et al. (A-29) studied nine subjects who underwent baffle procedure for transposition of the great arteries (TGA). At baseline, the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (measured in WU m2)values at rest yielded a standard deviation of 28.Can we conclude from these data that the SVR variance
Vital capacity values were recorded for a sample of 10 patients with severe chronic airway obstruction. The variance of the 10 observations was .75. Test the null hypothesis that the population variance is 1.00. Let a ¼ :05.
Hemoglobin (g percent) values were recorded for a sample of 20 children who were part of a study of acute leukemia. The variance of the observations was 5.Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the population variance is greater than 4? Let a ¼ :05.
A sample of 25 administrators of large hospitals participated in a study to investigate the nature and extent of frustration and emotional tension associated with the job. Each participant was given a test designed to measure the extent of emotional tension he or she experienced as a result of the
In a study in which the subjects were 15 patients suffering from pulmonary sarcoid disease, blood gas determinations were made. The variance of the Pao2 (mm Hg) values was 450.Test the null hypothesis that the population variance is greater than 250.Let a ¼ :05.
Analysis of the amniotic fluid from a simple random sample of 15 pregnant women yielded the following measurements on total protein (grams per 100 ml) present::69; 1:04; :39; :37; :64; :73; :69; 1:04;:83; 1:00; :19; :61; :42; :20; :79 Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the
Dora et al. (A-31) investigated spinal canal dimensions in 30 subjects symptomatic with disc herniation selected for a discectomy and 45 asymptomatic individuals. The researchers wanted to know if spinal canal dimensions are a significant risk factor for the development of sciatica. Toward that
Nagy et al. (A-32) studied 50 stable patients who were admitted for a gunshot wound that traversed the mediastinum. Of these, eight were deemed to have a mediastinal injury and 42 did not. The standard deviation for the ages of the eight subjects with mediastinal injury was 4.7 years, and the
A test designed to measure level of anxiety was administered to a sample of male and a sample of female patients just prior to undergoing the same surgical procedure. The sample sizes and the variances computed from the scores were as follows:Males: n ¼ 16; s2 ¼ 150 Females: n ¼ 21; s2 ¼ 275 Do
In an experiment to assess the effects on rats of exposure to cigarette smoke, 11 animals were exposed and 11 control animals were not exposed to smoke from unfiltered cigarettes. At the end of the experiment, measurements were made of the frequency of the ciliary beat (beats/min at 20C) in each
Two pain-relieving drugs were compared for effectiveness on the basis of length of time elapsing between administration of the drug and cessation of pain. Thirteen patients received drug 1, and 13 received drug 2.The sample variances were s2 1 ¼ 64 and s2 2 ¼ 16.Test the null hypothesis that the
Packed cell volume determinations were made on two groups of children with cyanotic congenital heart disease. The sample sizes and variances were as follows:Group n s2 1 10 40 2 16 84 Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the variance of population 2 is larger than the variance
Independent simple random samples from two strains of mice used in an experiment yielded the following measurements on plasma glucose levels following a traumatic experience:Strain A: 54; 99; 105; 46; 70; 87; 55; 58; 139; 91 Strain B: 93; 91; 93; 150; 80; 104; 128; 83; 88; 95; 94; 97 Do these data
Given H0: m ¼ 516; HA: m > 516; n ¼ 16; s ¼ 32; a ¼ :05: Let b ¼ :10 and m1 ¼ 520, and find n and C. State the appropriate decision rule.
Given H0: m 4:500; HA: m > 4:500; n ¼ 16; s ¼ :020; a ¼ :01: Let b ¼ :05 andm1 ¼ 4:52, and find n and C. State the appropriate decision rule.
Given H0: m 4:25; HA: m > 4:25; n ¼ 81; s ¼ 1:8; a ¼ :01: Let b ¼ :03 and m1 ¼ 5:00, and find n and C. State the appropriate decision rule.
What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?
List and explain each step in the ten-step hypothesis testing procedure.
Define:(a) Type I error (b) Type II error(c) The power of a test (d) Power function(e) Power curve (f) Operating characteristic curve
Explain the difference between the power curves for one-sided tests and two-sided tests.
Explain how one decides what statement goes into the null hypothesis and what statement goes into the alternative hypothesis.
What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t statistic in testing hypotheses about a single mean? The difference between two means?
When may the z statistic be used in testing hypotheses about(a) a single population mean?(b) the difference between two population means?(c) a single population proportion?(d) the difference between two population proportions?
In testing a hypothesis about the difference between two population means, what is the rationale behind pooling the sample variances?
Explain the rationale behind the use of the paired comparisons test.
Give an example from your field of interest where a paired comparisons test would be appropriate.Use real or realistic data and perform an appropriate hypothesis test.
Give an example from your field of interest where it would be appropriate to test a hypothesis about the difference between two population means. Use real or realistic data and carry out the ten-step hypothesis testing procedure.
Do Exercise 12 for a single population mean.
Do Exercise 12 for a single population proportion.
Do Exercise 12 for the difference between two population proportions.
Do Exercise 12 for a population variance.
Do Exercise 12 for the ratio of two population variances.
Ochsenk€uhn et al. (A-33) studied birth as a result of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and birth from spontaneous conception. In the sample, there were 163 singleton births resulting from IVF with a mean birth weight of 3071 g and sample standard deviation of 761 g. Among the 321 singleton births
William Tindall (A-34) performed a retrospective study of the records of patients receiving care for hypercholesterolemia. The following table gives measurements of total cholesterol for patients before and 6 weeks after taking a statin drug. Is there sufficient evidence at the a ¼ :01 level of
The objective of a study by van Vollenhoven et al. (A-35) was to examine the effectiveness of Etanercept alone and Etanercept in combination with methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. They performed a retrospective study using data from the STURE database, which collects efficacy
Miyazaki et al. (A-36) examined the recurrence-free rates of stripping with varicectomy and stripping with sclerotherapy for the treatment of primary varicose veins. The varicectomy group consisted of 122 limbs for which the procedure was done, and the sclerotherapy group consisted of 98 limbs for
Recall the study, reported in Exercise 7.8.1, in which Dora et al. (A-37) investigated spinal canal dimensions in 30 subjects symptomatic with disc herniation selected for a discectomy and 45 asymptomatic individuals (control group). One of the areas of interest was determining if there is a
Iannelo et al. (A-38) investigated differences between triglyceride levels in healthy obese (control)subjects and obese subjects with chronic active B or C hepatitis. Triglyceride levels of 208 obese controls had a mean value of 1.81 with a standard error of the mean of .07 mmol/L. The 19 obese
Kindergarten students were the participants in a study conducted by Susan Bazyk et al. (A-39). The researchers studied the fine motor skills of 37 children receiving occupational therapy. They used an index of fine motor skills that measured hand use, eye–hand coordination, and manual dexterity
A survey of 90 recently delivered women on the rolls of a county welfare department revealed that 27 had a history of intrapartum or postpartum infection. Test the null hypothesis that the population proportion with a history of intrapartum or postpartum infection is less than or equal to .25. Let
In a sample of 150 hospital emergency admissions with a certain diagnosis, 128 listed vomiting as a presenting symptom. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate, at the .01 level of significance, that the population proportion is less than .92? Determine the p value.
A research team measured tidal volume in 15 experimental animals. The mean and standard deviation were 45 and 5 cc, respectively. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is greater than 40 cc? Let a ¼ :05.
A sample of eight patients admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of biliary cirrhosis had a mean IgM level of 160.55 units per milliliter. The sample standard deviation was
Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is greater than 150? Let a ¼ :05. Determine the p value.
Some researchers have observed a greater airway resistance in smokers than in nonsmokers. Suppose a study, conducted to compare the percent of tracheobronchial retention of particles in smokingdiscordant monozygotic twins, yielded the following results:Percent Retention Percent Retention Smoking
Circulating levels of estrone were measured in a sample of 25 postmenopausal women following estrogen treatment. The sample mean and standard deviation were 73 and 16, respectively. At the .05 significance level can one conclude on the basis of these data that the population mean is higher than 70?
Systemic vascular resistance determinations were made on a sample of 16 patients with chronic, congestive heart failure while receiving a particular treatment. The sample mean and standard deviation were 1600 and 700, respectively. At the .05 level of significance do these data provide sufficient
The mean length at birth of 14 male infants was 53 cm with a standard deviation of 9 cm. Can one conclude on the basis of these data that the population mean is not 50 cm? Let the probability of committing a type I error be .10.For each of the studies described in Exercises 33 through 38, answer as
During a one-year period, Hong et al. (A-40) studied all patients who presented to the surgical service with possible appendicitis. One hundred eighty-two patients with possible appendicitis were randomized to either clinical assessment (CA) alone or clinical evaluation and abdominal/pelvic CT. A
Recall the study reported in Exercise 7.8.2 in which Nagy et al. (A-32) studied 50 stable patients admitted for a gunshot wound that traversed the mediastinum. They found that eight of the subjects had a mediastinal injury, while 42 did not have such an injury. They performed a student’s t test
Dykstra et al. (A-41) studied 15 female patients with urinary frequency with or without incontinence. The women were treated with botulinum toxin type B (BTX-B). A t test of the pre/post-difference in frequency indicated that these 15 patients experienced an average of 5.27 fewer frequency episodes
Recall the study reported in Exercise 6.10.2 in which Horesh et al. (A-42) investigated suicidal behavior among adolescents. In addition to impulsivity, the researchers studied hopelessness among the 33 subjects in the suicidal group and the 32 subjects in the nonsuicidal group. The means for the
Mauksch et al. (A-43) surveyed 500 consecutive patients (ages 18 to 64 years) in a primary care clinic serving only uninsured, low-income patients. They used self-report questions about why patients were coming to the clinic, and other tools to classify subjects as either having or not having major
A study by Hosking et al. (A-44) was designed to compare the effects of alendronate and risedronate on bone mineral density (BMD). One of the outcome measures was the percent increase in BMD at 12 months. Alendronate produced a significantly higher percent change (4.8 percent) in BMD than
For each of the following situations, identify the type I and type II errors and the correct actions.(a) H0: A new treatment is not more effective than the traditional one.(1) Adopt the new treatment when the new one is more effective.(2) Continue with the traditional treatment when the new one is
A study by Bell (A-45) investigated the hypothesis that alteration of the vitamin D–endocrine system in blacks results from reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and that the alteration is reversed by oral treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The eight subjects (three men and five women) were
Montner et al. (A-46) conducted studies to test the effects of glycerol-enhanced hyperhydration(GEH) on endurance in cycling performance. The 11 subjects, ages 22–40 years, regularly cycled at least 75 miles per week. The following are the pre-exercise urine output volumes (ml) following
D’Alessandro et al. (A-47) wished to know if preexisting airway hyperresponsiveness (HR)predisposes subjects to a more severe outcome following exposure to chlorine. Subjects were healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 50 years who were classified as with and without HR.The following are
Noting the paucity ofinformation on the effect of estrogen on platelet membrane fatty acid composition, Ranganath et al. (A-48) conducted a study to examine the possibility that changes may be present in postmenopausal women and that these may be reversible with estrogen treatment. The 31 women
The purpose of a study by Goran et al. (A-49) was to examine the accuracy of some widely used bodycomposition techniques for children through the use of the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)technique. Subjects were children between the ages of 4 and 10 years. The following are fat mass
Hartard et al. (A-50) conducted a study to determine whether a certain training regimen can counteract bone density loss in women with postmenopausal osteopenia. The following are strength measurements for five muscle groups taken on 15 subjects before (B) and after (A) 6 months of training:Leg
Vitacca et al. (A-51) conducted a study to determine whether the supine position or sitting position worsens static, forced expiratory flows and measurements of lung mechanics. Subjects were aged persons living in a nursing home who were clinically stable and without clinical evidence of

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