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biostatistics

Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 10th Edition Wayne W. Daniel, Chad L. Cross - Solutions

The following data were collected during an experiment in which laboratory animals were inoculated with a pathogen. The variables are time in hours after inoculation and temperature in degrees Celsius.Time Temperature Time Temperature 24 38.8 44 41.1 28 39.5 48 41.4 32 40.3 52 41.6 36 40.7 56 41.8
Lamarre-Cliche et al. (A-15) state, “The QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) is believed to reflect sympathovagal balance. It has also been established that b-blockers influence the autonomic nervous system.” The researchers performed correlation analysis to measure the association
Skinner et al. (A-16) conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey to obtain 24-hour dietary recall of infants’ and toddlers’ food intakes, as reported by mothers or other primary caregivers. One finding of interest was that among 561 toddlers ages 15–24 months, the age in weeks of the child
Park et al. (A-17) studied 29 male subjects with clinically confirmed cirrhosis. Among other variables, they measured whole blood manganese levels (MnB), plasma manganese (MnP), urinary manganese (MnU), and pallidal index (PI), a measure of signal intensity in T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Moerloose et al. (A-18) conducted a study to evaluate the clinical usefulness of a new laboratory technique (method A) for use in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). The performance of the new technique was compared with that of a standard technique (method B). Subjects consisted of patients
Research by Huhtaniemi et al. (A-19) focused on the quality of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) during pubertal maturation in boys. Subjects, consisting of healthy boys entering puberty (ages 11 years 5 months to 12 years), were studied over a period of 18 months. The following are the
Tsau et al. (A-20) studied urinary epidermal growth factor (EGF) excretion in normal children and those with acute renal failure (ARF). Random urine samples followed by 24-hour urine collection were obtained from 25 children. Subjects ranged in age from 1 month to 15 years. Urinary EGF excretion
One of the reasons for a study by Usaj and Starc (A-21) was an interest in the behavior of pH kinetics during conditions of long-term endurance and short-term endurance among healthy runners. The nine subjects participating in the study were marathon runners aged 26 5 years. The authors report that
Bean et al. (A-22) conducted a study to assess the performance of the isoelectric focusing/immunoblotting/laser densitometry (IEF/IB/LD) procedure to evaluate carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) derived from dry blood spots. The investigators evaluated paired serum (S) and dry blood spot (DBS)
Kato et al. (A-23) measured the plasma concentration of adrenomedullin (AM) in patients with chronic congestive heart failure due to various cardiac diseases. AM is a hypotensive peptide, which, on the basis of other studies, the authors say, has an implied role as a circulating hormone in
In a study reported on in Archives of Disease in Childhood, Golden et al. (A-24) tested the hypothesis that plasma calprotectin (PCal) (a neutrophil cytosolic protein released during neutrophil activation or death) concentration is an early and sensitive indicator of inflammation associated with
Gelb et al. (A-25) conducted a study in which they explored the relationship between moderate to severe expiratory airflow limitation and the presence and extent of morphologic and CT scored emphysema in consecutively seen outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Among the data
The objective of a study by Witteman et al. (A-26) was to investigate skin reactivity with purified major allergens and to assess the relation with serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and to determine which additional factors contribute to the skin test result. Subjects consisted of
Garland et al. (A-27) conducted a series of experiments to delineate the complex maternal-fetal pharmacokinetics and the effects of zidovudine (AZT) in the chronically instrumented maternal and fetal baboon (Papio species) during both steady-state intravenous infusion and oral bolus dosage
The purpose of a study by Halligan et al. (A-28) was to evaluate diurnal variation in blood pressure (BP) in women who were normotensive and those with pre-eclampsia. The subjects were similar in age, weight, and mean duration of gestation (35 weeks). The researchers collected the following BP
Marks et al. (A-29) conducted a study to determine the effects of rapid weight loss on contraction of the gallbladder and to evaluate the effects of ursodiol and ibuprofen on saturation, nucleation and growth, and contraction. Subjects were obese patients randomly assigned to receive ursodiol,
The objective of a study by Peacock et al. (A-30) was to investigate whether spinal osteoarthritis is responsible for the fact that lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) is greater when measured in the anteroposterior plane than when measured in the lateral plane. Lateral spine radiographs were
Sloan et al. (A-31) note that cardiac sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal result in heart rate increases during psychological stress. As indicators of cardiac adrenergic activity, plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) generally increase in response to psychological
The purpose of a study by Chati et al. (A-32) was to ascertain the role of physical deconditioning in skeletal muscle metabolic abnormalities in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Subjects included ambulatory CHF patients (12 males, two females) ages 35 to 74 years. Among the data collected
Czader et al. (A-33) investigated certain prognostic factors in patients with centroblasticcentrocytic non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (CB/CC NHL). Subjects consisted of men and women between the ages of 20 and 84 years at time of diagnosis. Among the data collected were the following measurements on two
Fleroxacin, a fluoroquinolone derivative with a broad antibacterial spectrum and potent activity in vitro against gram-negative and many gram-positive bacteria, was the subject of a study by Reigner and Welker (A-34). The objectives of their study were to estimate the typical values of clearance
Yasu et al. (A-35) used noninvasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the short- and long-term effects of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) on exercise capacity and metabolic responses of skeletal muscles during exercise. Data were collected on 11 patients (2 males, 9
Refer to the data for 1050 subjects with cerebral edema (CEREBRAL). Cerebral edema with consequent increased intracranial pressure frequently accompanies lesions resulting from head injury and other conditions that adversely affect the integrity of the brain. Available treatments for cerebral edema
Refer to the data for 1050 subjects with essential hypertension (HYPERTEN). Suppose you are a statistical consultant to a medical research team interested in essential hypertension. Select a simple random sample from the population and perform the analyses that you think would be useful to the
Refer to the data for 1200 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (CALCIUM). One hundred patients received the medicine at each dose level. Suppose you are a medical researchers wishing to gain insight into the nature of the relationship between dose level of prednisolone and total body calcium. Select
understand how to include more than one independent variable in a regression equation.
be able to obtain a multiple regression model and use it to make predictions.
be able to evaluate the multiple regression coefficients and the suitability of the regression model.
understand how to calculate and interpret multiple, bivariate, and partial correlation coefficients.
Machiel Naeije (A-2) studied the relationship between maximum mouth opening and measurements of the lower jaw (mandible). He measured the dependent variable, maximum mouth opening (MMO, measured in mm), as well as predictor variables, mandibular length (ML, measured in mm) and angle of rotation of
Family caregiving of older adults is more common in Korea than in the United States. Son et al. (A-3)studied 100 caregivers of older adults with dementia in Seoul, South Korea. The dependent variable was caregiver burden as measured by the Korean Burden Inventory (KBI). Scores ranged from 28 to
In a study of factors thought to be related to patterns of admission to a large general hospital, an administrator obtained these data on 10 communities in the hospital’s catchment area:Community Persons per 1000 Population Admitted During Study Period(Y)Index of Availability of Other Health
The administrator of a general hospital obtained the following data on 20 surgery patients during a study to determine what factors appear to be related to length of stay:Postoperative Length of Stay in Days(Y)Number of Current Medical Problems(X1)Preoperative Length of Stay in Days(X2)6 11 6 21 11
A random sample of 25 nurses selected from a state registry yielded the following information on each nurse’s score on the state board examination and his or her final score in school. Both scores relate to the nurse’s area of affiliation. Additional information on the score made by each nurse
The following data were collected on a simple random sample of 20 patients with hypertension. The variables are Y ¼ mean arterial blood pressure mm Hg ð ÞX1 ¼ age years ð ÞX2 ¼ weight kg ð ÞX3 ¼ body surface area sq m ð ÞX4 ¼ duration of hypertension years ð ÞX5 ¼ basal pulse
Refer to Exercise 10.3.1. (a) Calculate the coefficient of multiple determination; (b) perform an analysis of variance; (c) test the significance of each b^ið Þ i > 0 . Let a ¼ :05 for all tests of significance and determine the p value for all tests; (d) construct a 95 percent confidence
The objective of a study by Anton et al. (A-5) was to investigate the correlation structure of multiple measures of HIV burden in blood and tissue samples. They measured HIV burden four ways. Two measurements were derived from blood samples, and two measurements were made on rectal tissue.The two
The following data were obtained on 12 males between the ages of 12 and 18 years (all measurements are in centimeters):Height(Y)Radius Length(X1)Femur Length(X2)149.0 21.00 42.50 152.0 21.79 43.70 155.7 22.40 44.75 159.0 23.00 46.00 163.3 23.70 47.00 166.0 24.30 47.90 169.0 24.92 48.95 172.0 25.50
The following data were collected on 15 obese girls:Weight in Kilograms(Y)Lean Body Weight(X1)Mean Daily Caloric Intake(X2)79.2 54.3 2670 64.0 44.3 820 67.0 47.8 1210 78.4 53.9 2678 66.0 47.5 1205 63.0 43.0 815 65.9 47.1 1200 63.1 44.0 1180 73.2 44.1 1850 66.5 48.3 1260 61.9 43.5 1170 72.5 43.3
A research project was conducted to study the relationships among intelligence, aphasia, and apraxia.The subjects were patients with focal left hemisphere damage. Scores on the following variables were obtained through the application of standard tests.Y ¼ intelligence X1 ¼ ideomotor apraxia X2
What are the assumptions underlying multiple regression analysis when one wishes to infer about the population from which the sample data have been drawn?
What are the assumptions underlying the correlation model when inference is an objective?
Explain fully the following terms:(a) Coefficient of multiple determination (b) Multiple correlation coefficient(c) Simple correlation coefficient (d) Partial correlation coefficient
Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where multiple regression analysis would be useful. Use real or realistic data and do a complete regression analysis.
Describe a situation in your particular area of interest where multiple correlation analysis would be useful. Use real or realistic data and do a complete correlation analysis.In Exercises 6 through 11 carry out the indicated analysis and test hypotheses at the indicated significance levels.
We learned in Example
that the purpose of a study by Kwast-Rabben et al. (A-6) was to analyze somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and their interrelations following stimulation of digits I, III, and V in the hand. Healthy volunteers were recruited for the study. Researchers applied stimulation below-pain-level
The following table shows the weight and total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 15 patients with primary type II hyperlipoproteinemia just prior to initiation of treatment:Y Weight (kg)X1 Total Cholesterol (mg/100 ml)X2 Triglyceride (mg/100 ml)76 302 139 97 336 101 83 220 57 52 300 56 70 382
In a study of the relationship between creatinine excretion, height, and weight, the data shown in the following table were collected on 20 infant males:Infant Creatinine Excretion(mg/day)Y Weight (kg)X1 Height (cm)X2 1 100 9 72 2 115 10 76 3 52 6 59 4 85 8 68 5 135 10 60 6 58 5 58 7 90 8 70 8 60 7
A study was conducted to examine those variables thought to be related to the job satisfaction of nonprofessional hospital employees. A random sample of 15 employees gave the following results:Score on Job Satisfaction Test (Y)Coded Intelligence Score(X1)Index of Personal Adjustment(X2)54 15 8 37
A medical research team obtained the index of adiposity, basal insulin, and basal glucose values on 21 normal subjects. The results are shown in the following table. The researchers wished to investigate the strength of the association among these variables.Index of Adiposity Y Basal Insulin
As part of a study to investigate the relationship between stress and certain other variables, the following data were collected on a simple random sample of 15 corporate executives.(a) Find the least-squares regression equation for these data.(b) Construct the analysis of variance table and test
Hashimoto et al. (A-7) developed a multiple regression model to predict the number of visits to emergency rooms at Jikei University hospitals in Tokyo for children having an asthma attack. The researchers found that the number of visits per night increased significantly when climate conditions
Correlation was one of many procedures discussed in a study reported by Stenvinkel et al. (A-8). In a cohort of 204 subjects with end-stage renal disease, they found no significant correlations between log plasma adiponectin levels and age and no significant correlation between log plasma
Van Schuylenbergh et al. (A-9) used physiological and anthropometric measurements as independent variables to predict triathlon performance (expressed in minutes). Ten triathletes underwent extensive physiological testing in swimming, cycling, and running. Within 2 weeks after the last laboratory
Maximal static inspiratory (PImax) mouth pressure is a simple measurement of respiratory muscle strength. A study by Tomalak et al. (A-10) examined correlations among the variables with PImax(measured sitting), forced expiratory volume (FEV), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximal inspiratory flow
Di Monaco et al. (A-11) used multiple regression to predict bone mineral density of the femoral neck(among other locations). Among 124 Caucasian, healthy postmenopausal women, they found that weight ð Þ p < :001 , age ð Þ p < :01 , and total lymphocyte count ð Þ p < :001 were each useful in
Pellegrino et al. (A-12) hypothesized that maximal bronchoconstriction can be predicted from the bronchomotor effect of deep inhalation and the degree of airway sensitivity to methacholine(MCh). One group of participants consisted of 26 healthy or mildly asthmatic subjects (22 males, 4 females) who
The purpose of a study by O’Brien et al. (A-13) was to assess hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis function (known to be altered in depression) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)by means of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) test, which assesses adrenal function by measuring
Johnson et al. (A-14) note that the ability to identify the source of remembered information is a fundamental cognitive function. They conducted an experiment to explore the relative contribution of perceptual cues and cognitive operations information to age-related deficits in discriminating
Winters et al. (A-15) conducted a study involving 248 high-school students enrolled in introductory physical education courses. The researchers wanted to know if social cognitive theory constructs were correlated with discretionary, “leisure-time” physical exercise. The main outcome variable is
With data obtained from a national database on childbirth, Matulavich et al. (A-16) examined the number of courses of prescribed steroids a mother took during pregnancy (STEROIDS). The size of the baby was measured by length (cm), weight (grams), and head circumference (cm).Calculate the
Refer to the data on cardiovascular risk factors (RISKFACT). The subjects are 1000 males engaged in sedentary occupations. You wish to study the relationships among risk factors in this population. The variables are Y ¼ oxygen consumption X1 ¼ systolic blood pressure mm Hg ð ÞX2 ¼ total
Refer to the data on 500 patients who have sought treatment for the relief of respiratory disease symptoms (RESPDIS). A medical research team is conducting a study to determine what factors may be related to respiratory disease. The dependent variable Y is a measure of the severity of the disease.
understand how to include qualitative variables in a regression analysis.
understand how to use automated variable selection procedures to develop regression models.
be able to perform logistic regression for dichotomous and polytomous dependent variables.
For subjects undergoing stem cell transplants, dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that are critical to the generation of immunologic tumor responses. Bolwell et al. (A-2) studied lymphoid DCs in 44 subjects who underwent autologous stem cell transplantation. The outcome variable is
According to Pandey et al. (A-3) carcinoma of the gallbladder is not infrequent. One of the primary risk factors for gallbladder cancer is cholelithiasis, the asymptomatic presence of stones in the gallbladder. The researchers performed a case-control study of 50 subjects with gallbladder cancer
The purpose of a study by Krantz et al. (A-4) was to investigate dose-related effects of methadone in subjects with torsades de pointes, a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. In the study of 17 subjects, 10 were men (sex ¼ 0) and seven were women (sex ¼ 1). The outcome variable, is the QTc
Refer to Exercise 9.7.2, which describes research by Reiss et al. (A-5), who collected samples from 90 patients and measured partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) using two different methods: the CoaguChek point-of-care assay and standard laboratory hospital assay. The subjects were also classified by
Refer to the data of Exercise 10.3.2 reported by Son et al. (A-6), who studied family caregiving in Korea of older adults with dementia. The outcome variable, caregiver burden (BURDEN), was measured by the Korean Burden Inventory (KBI) where scores ranged from 28 to 140 with higher scores
Machiel Naeije (A-7) identifies variables useful in predicting maximum mouth opening (MMO, millimeters) for 35 healthy volunteers. The variables examined were:AGE: years DOWN_CON: downward condylar translation, mm FORW_CON: forward condylar translation, mm Gender: 0 ¼ Female, 1 ¼ Male MAN_LENG:
One purpose of a study by Connor et al. (A-8) was to examine reactive aggression among children and adolescents referred to a residential treatment center. The researchers used the Proactive/Reactive Rating Scale, obtained by presenting three statements to clinicians who examined the subjects. The
In a study of violent victimization of women and men, Porcerelli et al. (A-11) collected information from 679 women and 345 men ages 18 to 64 years at several family-practice centers in the metropolitan Detroit area. Patients filled out a health history questionnaire that included a question about
Refer to the research of Gallagher et al. (A-10) discussed in Example 11.4.2. Another covariate of interest was a score using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Index. A higher value for this score indicates a higher level of anxiety and depression. Use the following data to predict whether a
What is a qualitative variable?
What is a dummy variable?
Explain and illustrate the technique of dummy variable coding.
Why is a knowledge of variable selection techniques important to the health sciences researcher?
What is stepwise regression?
Explain the basic concept involved in stepwise regression.
When is logistic regression used?
Write out and explain the components of the logistic regression model.
Define the word odds.
What is an odds ratio?
Give an example in your field in which logistic regression analysis would be appropriate when the independent variable is dichotomous.
Give an example in your field in which logistic regression analysis would be appropriate when the independent variable is continuous.
Find a published article in the health sciences field in which each of the following techniques is employed:(a) Dummy variable coding(b) Stepwise regression(c) Logistic regression Write a report on the article in which you identify the variables involved, the reason for the choice of the technique,
In Example 10.3.1, we saw that the purpose of a study by Jansen and Keller (A-12) was to predict the capacity to direct attention (CDA) in elderly subjects. The study collected information on 71 community-dwelling older women with normal mental status. Higher CDA scores indicate better attentional
In the following table are the cardiac output (L/min) and oxygen consumption (VO2 ) values for a sample of adults (A) and children (C), who participated in a study designed to investigate the relationship among these variables. Measurements were taken both at rest and during exercise. Treat cardiac
A simple random sample of normal subjects between the ages of 6 and 18 yielded the data on total body potassium (mEq) and total body water (liters) shown in the following table. Let total potassium be the dependent variable and use dummy variable coding to quantify the qualitative variable.Analyze
The data shown in the following table were collected as part of a study in which the subjects were preterm infants with low birth weights born in three different hospitals. Use dummy variable coding and multiple regression techniques to analyze these data. May we conclude that the three sample
Refer to Chapter 9, Review Exercise 18.In the study cited in that exercise, Maria Mathias (A-13)investigated the relationship between ages (AGE) of boys and improvement in measures of hyperactivity, attitude, and social behavior. In the study, subjects were randomly assigned to two different
Golfinopoulos and Arhonditsis (A-14) used a multiple regression model in a study of trihalomethanes(THMs) in drinking water in Athens, Greece. THMs are of concern since they have been related to cancer and reproductive outcomes. The researchers found the following regression model useful in
In a study by Takata et al. (A-15), investigators evaluated the relationship between chewing ability and teeth number and measures of physical fitness in a sample of subjects ages 80 or higher in Japan.One of the outcome variables that measured physical fitness was leg extensor strength. To measure
Varela et al. (A-16) examined 515 patients who underwent lung resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. The outcome variable was the occurrence of cardiorespiratory morbidity after surgery.Any of the following postoperative events indicated morbidity: pulmonary atelectasis or pneumonia, respiratory or
A study by Davies et al. (A-17) was motivated by the fact that, in previous studies of contractile responses to b-adrenoceptor agonists in single myocytes from failing and nonfailing human hearts, they had observed an age-related decline in maximum response to isoproterenol, at frequencies where
Hayton et al. (A-18) investigated the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefetamet and cefetamet pivoxil in infants between the ages of 3.5 and 17.3 months who had received the antibiotic during and after urological surgery. Among the pharmacokinetic data collected were the following
According to Fils-Aime et al. (A-21), epidemiologic surveys have found that alcoholism is the most common mental or substance abuse disorder among men in the United States. Fils-Aime and associates investigated the interrelationships of age at onset of excessive alcohol consumption, family history

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