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biostatistics

Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 10th Edition Wayne W. Daniel, Chad L. Cross - Solutions

The objective of a study by Abrahamsson et al. (A-22) was to investigate the anti-thrombotic effects of an inhibitor of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in rats given endotoxin. Experimental subjects were male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 300 and 400 grams. Among the data
Pearse and Sylvester (A-23) conducted a study to determine the separate contributions of ischemia and extracorporeal perfusion to vascular injury occurring in isolated sheep lungs and to determine the oxygen dependence of this injury. Lungs were subjected to ischemia alone, extracorporeal perfusion
The purpose of a study by Balzamo et al. (A-24) was to investigate, in anesthetized rabbits, the effects of mechanical ventilation on the concentration of substance P (SP) measured by radioimmunoassay in nerves and muscles associated with ventilation and participating in the sensory innervation of
Scheeringa and Zeanah (A-25) examined the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the severity of posttraumatic symptomatology, and the pattern of expression of symptom clusters in relation to six independent variables that may be salient to the development of a posttraumatic disorder in
One of the objectives of a study by Mulloy and McNicholas (A-26) was to compare ventilation and gas exchange during sleep and exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The investigators wished also to determine whether exercise studies could aid in the prediction of nocturnal
The goal of a study by Gyurcsik et al. (A-27) was to examine the usefulness of aquatic exerciserelated goals, task self-efficacy, and scheduling self-efficacy for predicting aquatic exercise attendance by individuals with arthritis. The researchers collected data on 142 subjects participating in
Rodehorst (A-28) conducted a prospective study of 212 rural elementary school teachers. The main outcome variable was the teachers’ intent to manage children demonstrating symptoms of asthma in their classrooms. This variable was measured with a single-item question that used a seven-point Likert
Refer to the weight loss data on 588 cancer patients and 600 healthy controls (WGTLOSS). Weight loss among cancer patients is a well-known phenomenon. Of interest to clinicians is the role played in the process by metabolic abnormalities. One investigation into the relationships among these
understand the mathematical properties of the chi-square distribution.
be able to use the chi-square distribution for goodness-of-fit tests.
be able to construct and use contingency tables to test independence and homogeneity.
be able to apply Fisher’s exact test for 2 2 tables.
understand how to calculate and interpret the epidemiological concepts of relative risk, odds ratios, and the Mantel-Haenszel statistic.
The following table shows the distribution of uric acid determinations taken on 250 patients. Test the goodness-of-fit of these data to a normal distribution with m ¼ 5:74 and s ¼ 2:01. Let a ¼ .01.Uric Acid Determination Observed Frequency Uric Acid Determination Observed Frequency< 1 1 6 to
The following data were collected on 300 eight-year-old girls. Test, at the .05 level of significance, the null hypothesis that the data are drawn from a normally distributed population. The sample mean and standard deviation computed from grouped data are 127.02 and 5.08.Height in Centimeters
The face sheet of patients’ records maintained in a local health department contains 10 entries.A sample of 100 records revealed the following distribution of erroneous entries:Number of Erroneous Entries Out of 10 Number of Records 0 8 1 25 2 32 3 24 4 10 5 or more 1 Total 100 Test the
In a study conducted by Byers et al. (A-2), researchers tested a Poisson model for the distribution of activities of daily living (ADL) scores after a 7-month prehabilitation program designed to prevent functional decline among physically frail, community-living older persons. ADL measured the
The following are the numbers of a particular organism found in 100 samples of water from a pond:Number of Organisms per Sample Frequency Number of Organisms per Sample Frequency 0 154 5 1 305 4 2 256 1 3 207 0 Total 100 Test the null hypothesis that these data were drawn from a Poisson
A research team conducted a survey in which the subjects were adult smokers. Each subject in a sample of 200 was asked to indicate the extent to which he or she agreed with the statement: “I would like to quit smoking.” The results were as follows:Response: Strongly agree Agree Disagree
In the study by Silver and Aiello (A-4) cited in Example 12.4.2, a secondary objective was to determine if the frequency of falls was independent of wheelchair use. The following table gives the data for falls and wheelchair use among the subjects of the study.Wheelchair Use Yes No Fallers 62 121
Sternal surgical site infection (SSI) after coronary artery bypass graft surgery is a complication that increases patient morbidity and costs for patients, payers, and the health care system. Segal and Anderson (A-5) performed a study that examined two types of preoperative skin preparation before
The side effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include problems involving peptic ulceration, renal function, and liver disease. In 1996, the American College of Rheumatology issued and disseminated guidelines recommending baseline tests (CBC, hepatic panel, and renal tests) when
Boles and Johnson (A-7) examined the beliefs held by adolescents regarding smoking and weight.Respondents characterized their weight into three categories: underweight, overweight, or appropriate. Smoking status was categorized according to the answer to the question, “Do you currently smoke,
A sample of 500 college students participated in a study designed to evaluate the level of college students’ knowledge of a certain group of common diseases. The following table shows the students classified by major field of study and level of knowledge of the group of diseases:Knowledge of
The following table shows the results of a survey in which the subjects were a sample of 300 adults residing in a certain metropolitan area. Each subject was asked to indicate which of three policies they favored with respect to smoking in public places.College graduate 5 44 23 3 75 High-school
Refer to the study by Carter et al. [A-9], who investigated the effect of age at onset of bipolar disorder on the course of the illness. One of the variables studied was subjects’ family history. Table 3.4.1 shows the frequency of a family history of mood disorders in the two groups of interest:
Coughlin et al. (A-10) examined breast and cervical screening practices of Hispanic and nonHispanic women in counties that approximate the U.S. southern border region. The study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of adults ages 18 years or older conducted in 1999
Swor et al. (A-11) examined the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training in people over 55 years of age. They compared the skill retention rates of subjects in this age group who completed a course in traditional CPR instruction with those who received chest-compression–only
In an air pollution study, a random sample of 200 households was selected from each of two communities. A respondent in each household was asked whether or not anyone in the household was bothered by air pollution. The responses were as follows:Any Member of Household Bothered by Air
In a simple random sample of 250 industrial workers with cancer, researchers found that 102 had worked at jobs classified as “high exposure” with respect to suspected cancer-causing agents. Of the remainder, 84 had worked at “moderate exposure” jobs, and 64 had experienced no known exposure
The goal of a study by Tahmassebi and Curzon (A-13) was to determine if drooling in children with cerebral palsy is due to hypersalivation. One of the procedures toward that end was to examine the salivary buffering capacity of cerebral palsied children and controls. The following table gives the
In a study by Xiao and Shi (A-14), researchers studied the effect of cranberry juice in the treatment and prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. The eradication of Helicobacter pylori results in the healing of peptic ulcers. Researchers compared treatment with cranberry juice to
In a study by Shaked et al. (A-15), researchers studied 26 children with blunt pancreatic injuries.These injuries occurred from a direct blow to the abdomen, bicycle handlebars, fall from height, or car accident. Nineteen of the patients were classified as having minor injuries, and seven were
Davy et al. (A-19) reported the results of a study involving survival from cervical cancer. The researchers found that among subjects younger than age 50, 16 of 371 subjects had not survived for 1 year after diagnosis. In subjects age 50 or older, 219 of 376 had not survived for 1 year after
The objective of a prospective study by Stenestrand et al. (A-20) was to compare the mortality rate following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among subjects receiving early revascularization to the mortality rate among subjects receiving conservative treatments. Among 2554 patients receiving
Refer to Example 12.7.2. Toschke et al. (A-17), who collected data on obesity status of children ages 5–6 years and the smoking status of the mother during the pregnancy, also reported on another outcome variable: whether the child was born premature (37 weeks or fewer of gestation). The
Sugiyama et al. (A-21) examined risk factors for allergic diseases among 13- and 14-year-old schoolchildren in Japan. One risk factor of interest was a family history of eating an unbalanced diet.The following table shows the cases and noncases of children exhibiting symptoms of rhinitis in the
According to Holben et al. (A-22), “Food insecurity implies a limited access to or availability of food or a limited/uncertain ability to acquire food in socially acceptable ways.” These researchers collected data on 297 families with a child in the Head Start nursery program in a rural area of
Explain how the chi-square distribution may be derived.
What are the mean and variance of the chi-square distribution?
Explain how the degrees of freedom are computed for the chi-square goodness-of-fit tests.
State Cochran’s rule for small expected frequencies in goodness-of-fit tests.
How does one adjust for small expected frequencies?
How are the degrees of freedom computed when an X2 value is computed from a contingency table?
Explain the rationale behind the method of computing the expected frequencies in a test of independence.
Explain the difference between a test of independence and a test of homogeneity.
Explain the rationale behind the method of computing the expected frequencies in a test of homogeneity.
When do researchers use the Fisher exact test rather than the chi-square test?
Define the following:(a) Observational study (b) Risk factor(c) Outcome (d) Retrospective study(e) Prospective study (f) Relative risk(g) Odds (h) Odds ratio(i) Confounding variable
Under what conditions is the Mantel–Haenszel test appropriate?
Explain how researchers interpret the following measures:(a) Relative risk(b) Odds ratio(c) Mantel–Haenszel common odds ratio
In a study of violent victimization of women and men, Porcerelli et al. (A-23) collected information from 679 women and 345 men ages 18 to 64 years at several family practice centers in the metropolitan Detroit area. Patients filled out a health history questionnaire that included a question about
Refer to Exercise 15.The following table shows data reported by Porcerelli et al. for 644 AfricanAmerican and Caucasian women. May we conclude on the basis of these data that for women, race and victimization status are not independent? Let a ¼ .05.No Victimization Partner Nonpartner Multiple
A sample of 150 chronic carriers of a certain antigen and a sample of 500 noncarriers revealed the following blood group distributions:Blood Group Carriers Noncarriers Total 0 72 230 302 A 54 192 246 B 16 63 79 AB 8 15 23 Total 150 500 650 Can one conclude from these data that the two populations
The following table shows 200 males classified according to social class and headache status:Social Class Headache Group A B C Total No headache (in previous year) 6 30 22 58 Simple headache 11 35 17 63 Unilateral headache (nonmigraine) 4 19 14 37 Migraine 5 25 12 42 Total 26 109 65 200 Do these
The following is the frequency distribution of scores made on an aptitude test by 175 applicants to a physical therapy training facility ð Þ x ¼ 39:71; s ¼ 12:92 .Score Number of Applicants Score Number of Applicants 10–14 3 40–44 28 15–19 8 45–49 20 20–24 13 50–54 18 25–29 17
A local health department sponsored a venereal disease (VD) information program that was open to high-school juniors and seniors who ranged in age from 16 to 19 years. The program director believed that each age level was equally interested in knowing more about VD. Since each age level was about
A survey of children under 15 years of age residing in the inner-city area of a large city were classified according to ethnic group and hemoglobin level. The results were as follows:Hemoglobin Level (g/100 ml)Ethnic Group 10.0 or Greater 9.0–9.9 < 9:0 Total A 80 100 20 200 B 99 190 96 385 C 70
A sample of reported cases of mumps in preschool children showed the following distribution by age:Age (Years) Number of Cases Under 1 6 1 20 2 35 3 41 4 48 Total 150 Test the hypothesis that cases occur with equal frequency in the five age categories. Let a ¼ .05.What is the p value for this test?
Each of a sample of 250 men drawn from a population of suspected joint disease victims was asked which of three symptoms bother him most. The same question was asked of a sample of 300 suspected women joint disease victims. The results were as follows:Most Bothersome Symptom Men Women Morning
A researcher wishes to compare the status of three communities with respect to immunity against polio in preschool children. A sample of preschool children was drawn from each of the three communities.
In a study of the relationship between smoking and respiratory illness, a random sample of adults were classified according to consumption of tobacco and extent of respiratory symptoms.
A physician who wished to know more about the relationship between smoking and birth defects studies the health records of a sample of mothers and their children, including stillbirths and spontaneously aborted fetuses where possible.
A health research team believes that the incidence of depression is higher among people with hypoglycemia than among people who do not suffer from this condition.
In a simple random sample of 200 patients undergoing therapy at a drug abuse treatment center, 60 percent belonged to ethnic group I. The remainder belonged to ethnic group II. In ethnic group I, 60 were being treated for alcohol abuse (A), 25 for marijuana abuse (B), and 20 for abuse of heroin,
Solar keratoses are skin lesions commonly found on the scalp, face, backs of hands, forearms, ears, scalp, and neck. They are caused by long-term sun exposure, but they are not skin cancers. Chen et al.(A-24) studied 39 subjects randomly assigned (with a 3 to 1 ratio) to imiquimod cream and a
Janardhan et al. (A-25) examined 125 patients who underwent surgical or endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms. At 30 days postprocedure, 17 subjects experienced transient/persistent neurological deficits. The researchers performed logistic regression and found that the 95 percent
In a study of smoking cessation by Gold et al. (A-26), 189 subjects self-selected into three treatments:nicotine patch only (NTP), Bupropion SR only (B), and nicotine patch with Bupropion SRð Þ NTP þ B . Subjects were grouped by age into younger than 50 years old, between 50 and 64, and 65 and
Kozinszky and Bartai (A-27) examined contraceptive use by teenage girls requesting abortion in Szeged, Hungary. Subjects were classified as younger than 20 years old or 20 years old or older. Of the younger than 20-year-old women, 146 requested an abortion. Of the older group, 1054 requested an
The goal of a study by Crosignani et al. (A-28) was to assess the effect of road traffic exhaust on the risk of childhood leukemia. They studied 120 children in Northern Italy identified through a population-based cancer registry (cases). Four controls per case, matched by age and gender, were
Gallagher et al. (A-29) conducted a descriptive study to identify factors that influence women’s attendance at cardiac rehabilitation programs following a cardiac event. One outcome variable of interest was actual attendance at such a program. The researchers enrolled women discharged from four
In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, Stanley et al. (A-30) examined the relative efficacy and side effects of morphine and pethidine, drugs commonly used for patient-controlled analgesia(PCA). Subjects were 40 women, between the ages of 20 and 65 years, undergoing total abdominal
Screening data from a statewide lead poisoning prevention program between April 1990 and March 1991 were examined by Sargent et al. (A-31) in an effort to learn more about community risk factors for iron deficiency in young children. Study subjects ranged in age between 6 and 59 months.Among 1860
To increase understanding of HIV-infection risk among patients with severe mental illness, Horwath et al. (A-32) conducted a study to identify predictors of injection drug use among patients who did not have a primary substance use disorder. Of 192 patients recruited from inpatient and outpatient
Skinner et al. (A-33) conducted a clinical trial to determine whether treatment with melphalan, prednisone, and colchicine (MPC) is superior to colchicine (C) alone. Subjects consisted of 100 patients with primary amyloidosis. Fifty were treated with C and 50 with MPC. Eighteen months after the
The purpose of a study by Miyajima et al. (A-34) was to evaluate the changes of tumor cell contamination in bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) during the clinical course of patients with advanced neuroblastoma. Their procedure involved detecting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA to clarify the
Cohen et al. (A-35) investigated the relationship between HIV seropositivity and bacterial vaginosis in a population at high risk for sexual acquisition of HIV. Subjects were 144 female commercial sex workers in Thailand of whom 62 were HIV-positive and 109 had a history of sexually transmitted
The purpose of a study by Lipschitz et al. (A-36) was to examine, using a questionnaire, the rates and characteristics of childhood abuse and adult assaults in a large general outpatient population.Subjects consisted of 120 psychiatric outpatients (86 females, 34 males) in treatment at a large
Subjects of a study by O’Brien et al. (A-37) consisted of 100 low-risk patients having well-dated pregnancies. The investigators wished to evaluate the efficacy of a more gradual method for promoting cervical change and delivery. Half of the patients were randomly assigned to receive a placebo,
The purposes of a study by Adra et al. (A-38) were to assess the influence of route of delivery on neonatal outcome in fetuses with gastroschisis and to correlate ultrasonographic appearance of the fetal bowel with immediate postnatal outcome. Among 27 cases of prenatally diagnosed gastroschisis
Liu et al. (A-39) conducted household surveys in areas of Alabama under tornado warnings. In one of the surveys (survey 2) the mean age of the 193 interviewees was 54 years. Of these 56.0 percent were women, 88.6 percent were white, and 83.4 percent had a high-school education or higher. Among the
The purposes of a study by Patel et al. (A-40) were to investigate the incidence of acute angle-closure glaucoma secondary to pupillary dilation and to identify screening methods for detecting angles at risk of occlusion. Of 5308 subjects studied, 1287 were 70 years of age or older. Seventeen of
Voskuyl et al. (A-41) investigated those characteristics (including male gender) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that are associated with the development of rheumatoid vasculitis (RV).Subjects consisted of 69 patients who had been diagnosed as having RV and 138 patients with RA who were
Harris et al. (A-42) conducted a study to compare the efficacy of anterior colporrhaphy and retropubic urethropexy performed for genuine stress urinary incontinence. The subjects were 76 women who had undergone one or the other surgery. Subjects in each group were comparable in age, social status,
Kohashi et al. (A-43) conducted a study in which the subjects were patients with scoliosis. As part of the study, 21 patients treated with braces were divided into two groups, group Að Þ nA ¼ 12 and group Bð Þ nB ¼ 9 , on the basis of certain scoliosis progression factors. Two patients in
In a study of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, Burger et al. (A-44) compared those who were human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and those who were HPV-negative with respect to risk factors for HPV infection. Among their findings were 60 out of 91 nonsmokers with HPV infection and
Thomas et al. (A-45) conducted a study to determine the correlates of compliance with follow-up appointments and prescription filling after an emergency department visit. Among 235 respondents, 158 kept their appointments. Of these, 98 were females. Of those who missed their appointments, 31 were
The subjects of a study conducted by O’Keefe and Lavan (A-46) were 60 patients with cognitive impairment who required parenteral fluids for at least 48 hours. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) fluids. The mean age of the 30 patients in the
Refer to the data on smoking, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and respiratory disease among 1200 adults (SMOKING). The variables are as follows:Sex Að Þ :Smoking status Bð Þ :Drinking level Cð Þ :Symptoms of respiratory disease Dð Þ :High blood pressure status Eð Þ :1 ¼ male; 0 ¼
Refer to Exercise 1.Select a simple random sample of size 100 from the population and carry out a test to see if you can conclude that there is a relationship between drinking status and high blood pressure status in the population. Let a ¼ .05 and determine the p value. Compare your results with
Refer to Exercise 1.Select a simple random sample of size 100 from the population and carry out a test to see if you can conclude that there is a relationship between gender and smoking status in the population. Let a ¼ .05 and determine the p value. Compare your results with those of your
Refer to Exercise
Select a simple random sample of size 100 from the population and carry out a test to see if you can conclude that there is a relationship between gender and drinking level in the population. Let a ¼ .05 and find the p value. Compare your results with those of your classmates.
understand the rank transformation and how nonparametric procedures can be used for weak measurement scales.
be able to calculate and interpret a wide variety of nonparametric tests commonly used in practice.
understand which nonparametric tests may be used in place of traditional parametric statistical tests when various test assumptions are violated.
A random sample of 15 student nurses was given a test to measure their level of authoritarianism with the following results:Student Number Authoritarianism Score Student Number Authoritarianism Score 1 75 9 82 2 90 10 104 3 85 11 88 4 110 12 124 5 115 13 110 6 95 14 76 7 132 15 98 8 74 Test at the
Determining the effects of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics of oral digoxin (a drug often prescribed for heart ailments) was the goal of a study by Parker et al. (A-1). Seven healthy nonsmoking volunteers participated in the study. Subjects took digoxin with water for 2 weeks, no digoxin for 2
A sample of 15 patients suffering from asthma participated in an experiment to study the effect of a new treatment on pulmonary function. Among the various measurements recorded were those of forced expiratory volume (liters) in 1 second (FEV1) before and after application of the treatment.The
Sixteen laboratory animals were fed a special diet from birth through age 12 weeks. Their weight gains (in grams) were as follows:63 68 79 65 64 63 65 64 76 74 66 66 67 73 69 76 Can we conclude from these data that the diet results in a mean weight gain of less than 70 grams? Let a ¼ :05, and find

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