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biostatistics
Applied Biostatistics For The Health Sciences 2nd Edition Richard J. Rossi - Solutions
How is the target population different from a sample?
What is a(a) target population? (b) sample?(c) census?
What are three federal agencies that employ biostatisticians?
What does a biostatistician do?
What is biostatistics?
In a study to examine the relationship between alcohol use and Alzheimer’s disease, 500 participants aged 60 and older who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease were selected for this study. The 500 participants were classified into three groups by alcohol use with one group consisting
To study whether vitamin C is effective in shortening the duration of a common cold, a random sample of 300 volunteers with colds is selected, and the 300 volunteers are randomly divided into three groups of size 100. One group gets a supply of 1000 mg vitamin C pills and is instructed to take a
In a study designed to investigate the efficacy of three treatments for melanoma cancer, 912 individuals were identified as candidates for the study from Veterans Administration hospital records. The treatments being studied are excision surgery, excision surgery followed by Interferon Alpha-2B,
What are the four phases of clinical trials?
What is a(a) prevention trial? (b) quality-of-life trial?(c) screening trial? (d) treatment trial?
What are the six different types of clinical trials that were discussed in Chapter 1?
Explain why it would or would not be ethical to perform an experiment in each of the scenarios below.(a) A researcher is interested in the effects of smoking cigarettes on human health.The researcher would like to assign subjects to the two treatments smoked cigarettes for 25 years and did not
Why are retrospective studies and case–control studies observational studies?
Why is an experiment preferred over an observation study?
How is an experiment different from an observational study?
What is an(a) experiment? (b) observational study?
Use the Internet to find an article published in a biomedical journal where a prospective case-control study was used and identify the target population, the units of the population, the response variable, the treatments used in the study, and the explanatory variables measured in the study.
Use the Internet to find an article published in a biomedical journal where a cross-sectional study was used and identify the target population, the units of the population, the response variable, the treatments used in the study, and the explanatory variables measured in the study.
Use the Internet to find an article published in a biomedical journal where a doubleblind study was used and identify the target population, the units of the population, the response variable, the treatments used in the study, and the explanatory variables measured in the study.
Use the Internet to find an article published in a biomedical journal where a cohort study was used and identify the target population, the units of the population, the response variable, the treatments used in the study, and the explanatory variables measured in the study.
Use the Internet to find an article published in a biomedical journal where a retrospective study was used and identify the target population, the units of the population, the response variable, the treatments used in the case–control study, and the explanatory variables measured in the study.
Use the Internet to find an article published in a biomedical journal where a prospective study was used and identify the target population, the units of the population, the response variable, the treatments used in the study, and the explanatory variables measured in the study.
What is a randomized controlled study?
How do prospective and retrospective studies differ?
What is a(a) retrospective study? (b) prospective study?(c) longitudinal study? (d) case–control study?(e) cross-sectional study? (f) clinical trial?(g) blinded study? (h) double-blind study?
What are two different allocation plans that can be used in a stratified random sample?
What are the units of the correlation coefficient?
Determine the conservative sample size required for a simple random sample to attain the prespecified bound on the error of estimation for estimating a proportion when???? is unknown and(a) ???? = 0.03.(b) ???? = 0.025.(c) ???? = 0.04.(d) ???? = 0.01.
How does a systematic sample differ from a simple random sample?
How does a simple random cluster sample differ from a simple random sample?
Determine the sampling plan used in each of the following studies:(a) In a study on head injuries reported in the article “Helmet use and risk of head injuries in Alpine skiers and snowboarders” published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (Sulheim et al., 2005), the author
Determine the appropriate sampling plan for each of the following scenarios:(a) An American Red Cross blood center plans on sampling their inventory of stored blood for a quality control study on each of the four types of blood.(b) A pharmacist plans on selecting a sample of their Lipitor inventory
Which sampling plan should be used when(a) there are well-defined subpopulations in the target population that need to be represented in the sample?(b) information is needed on a small but important subset of the target population?(c) the units in the population are homogeneously distributed?(d)
When is it appropriate to use(a) a simple random sample to draw a sample from a population.(b) a stratified random sample draw a sample from a population.(c) a cluster random sample to draw a sample from a population.(d) a systematic random sample to draw a sample from a population.(e) a stratified
What is a stratum in a target population?
How many simple random samples of size ???? = 50 can be selected from a population when the population contains(a) ???? = 100 units?(b) ???? = 150 units?(c) ???? = 250 units?(d) ???? = 500 units?
Suppose a large sample of convenience is selected and then a simple random sample is selected from the sample of convenience.(a) Is this a probability sample? Why?(b) Does this sampling plan remove any of the concerns about making inferences about the target population from the sample of
Does a large sample always provide more accurate information about a population than a small sample? Why?
What are the advantages of using a well-designed probability sample in place of a sample of convenience?
How is a random sample different from a sample of convenience?
What does it mean when a sampling frame is said to undercover the target population?
Why is it important to have a sampling frame that covers the target population?
How does the sampling frame differ from the target population?
What is the sampling frame?
What is the difference between a sampling unit and a sampling element?
What is the special condition that must be investigated before using a systematic sample?
Under what conditions would it make sense to use a stratified(a) cluster sample? (b) systematic sample?
Which sampling plan should be used to sample a population that is known to have a bimodal distribution? Why?
Determine the conservative sample size required for a simple random sample to attain the prespecified bound on the error of estimation for estimating a proportion when(a) ???? = 5000 and ???? = 0.04.(b) ???? = 50000 and ???? = 0.03.(c) ???? = 10000 and ???? = 0.04.(d) ???? = 12000 and ???? = 0.02.
Determine the cost of sampling in each part of Exercise 3.38 when the initial cost involved with sampling the target population is $5000 and the cost of sampling a unit is $10 per unit.
Determine the sample size required for a simple random sample to attain the prespecified bound on the error of estimation for estimating a mean in each of the following scenarios where the number of units in the target population is unknown.(a) ???? ≈ 30 and ???? = 7.5.(b) ???? ≈ 2, and ???? =
when the initial cost involved with sampling the target population is $1000 and the cost of sampling a unit is $3 per unit.
Determine the cost of sampling in each part of Exercise
Determine the sample size required for a simple random sample to attain the prespecified bound on the error of estimation for estimating a mean when(a) ???? = 7500, ???? ≈ 30, and ???? = 1.2.(b) ???? = 1500, ???? ≈ 3, and ???? = 0.2.(c) ???? = 12500, ???? ≈ 200, and ???? = 5.(d) ???? = 2500,
Why is it important to have a prespecified bound on the error of estimation in developing a well-designed sampling frame?
Why is the bound on the error of estimation an important number?
Determine a reasonable estimate of the standard deviation when(a) the expected range of a mound-shaped distribution is 80.(b) the expected range of a mound-shaped distribution is 5.(c) when several previous studies on the same target population found the estimated standard deviation to be 20.
How can an approximate value of the standard deviation be determined prior to sampling a target population?
Using the Body Fat data set as the sampling frame, select a systematic random sample of(a) ???? = 25 units.(b) ???? = 50 units.
Using the Birth Weight data set, draw a stratified random sample of(a) 30 mothers who smoked during pregnancy and 30 mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy.(b) 15 units from each of the three races represented in this data set.
Draw a simple random sample of ???? = 60 units from the(a) the Body Fat data set.(b) the Mammography Experience data set.
Draw a simple random sample of ???? = 50 units from the(a) the Coronary Heart Disease data set.(b) the Exerbike data set.
Determine the starting unit that would be sampled for each of the systematic random samples in Exercise 3.26.
A systematic random sample is to be used to select a sample from a population consisting of ???? = 12, 000 units. Determine the sampling interval for a 1 in ???? systematic random sample when the desired sample size is(a) 25. (b) 40.(c) 50. (d) 100.
For a population consisting of ???? = 5000 units, determine the sample size that will result from using a(a) 1 in 20 systematic random sample.(b) 1 in 40 systematic random sample.(c) 1 in 100 systematic random sample.
How is a census different from a sample?
How is a sample different from a population?
Why is it important to a have a sample that is representative of the target population?
Suppose an individual actually does have ESP and makes correct identifications with probability ???? = 0.95. If the individual is subjected to a series of 20 independent trials, determine(a) the probability of making 20 correct identifications.(b) the probability of making fewer than 19 correct
Many studies investigating extrasensory perception (ESP) have been conducted. A typical ESP study is carried out by subjecting an individual claiming to have ESP to a series of trials and recording the number of correct identifications made by the subject. Furthermore, when a subject is strictly
For what values of ???? will a binomial distribution(a) have a long tail to the right?(b) have a long tail to the left?(c) be symmetric?(d) have the largest value of ?????
Determine the mean, variance, and standard deviation for each of the following binomial distributions.(a) ???? = 50 and ???? = 0.4.(b) ???? = 200 and ???? = 0.75.(c) ???? = 80 and ???? = 0.25.
Suppose the random variable ???? has a binomial distribution with ???? = 10 trials and probability of success ???? = 0.25. Using the probabilities given in Table 2.17, determine(a) the most likely value of ????.(b) the least likely value of ????.(c) the probability that ???? is less than 6.(d) the
What are the four conditions necessary to have a binomial distribution?
The autosomal recessive genetic disorder sickle cell anemia is caused by a defect in the hemoglobin beta (HBB) gene. Two defective genes, denoted by SS, are needed for sickle cell anemia to occur in an individual. If each parent carries one sickle HBB gene (S) and one normal HBB gene (A), and a
According to the American Red Cross, the percentage of people in the United States having blood type O is 38%. If four people from the United States are selected at random and independently, determine the probability that(a) none have blood type O.(b) all four have blood type O.(c) at least one has
In the article “Diagnostic testing for Lyme disease: beware of false positives” published in BC Medical Journal (Kling, 2015), the authors reported the sensitivity and specificity for two diagnostic tests, a two-step diagnostic test and a standard laboratory test, shown in Table 2.16. Assuming
According to the Medscape Today article “Standard care for pap screening” (Lie, 2003), the sensitivity and specificity of the pap smear test are at least 0.29 and 0.97, respectively. If the prevalence of cervical cancer is 0.01, determine(a) the probability that a woman has a positive test
In the article “Prevalence and predictability of low-yield inpatient laboratory diagnostic tests” published in JAMA Network Open (Xu, 2019), the authors reported the prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity for diagnosing normal troponin I levels; troponin I is a marker for acute myocardial
Of the people who have had a heart attack, suppose that 80% change their diet, 42%get more exercise, and 36% change their diet and get more exercise. Determine the probability that a randomly selected individual who has had a heart attack(a) does not get more exercise.(b) changes their diet or gets
Suppose that ????(????) = 0.6, ????(????) = 0.8 and ???? and ???? are independent events.Determine(a) the probability that the event ???? does not occur.(b) the probability that the event ???? and ???? occurs.(c) the probability that the event ???? or ???? occurs.(d) the conditional probability
Suppose that ????(????) = 0.60, ????(????) = 0.25, and the events ???? and ???? are disjoint events.Determine(a) the probability that event ???? does not occur.(b) the probability that event ???? or ???? occurs.(c) the probability that neither event ???? nor event ???? occurs.(d) the conditional
Suppose that ????(????) = 0.54, ????(????) = 0.48, and ????(???? and ????) = 0.33. Determine(a) the probability that the event ???? does not occur.(b) the probability that the event ???? or ???? occurs.(c) the probability that neither event ???? nor event ???? occurs.(d) the conditional probability
Under what conditions is the probability of the event “???? and ????” equal to the product of their respective probabilities?
Under what conditions is the probability of the event “???? or ????” equal to the sum of their respective probabilities?
Past studies have shown that 60% of the children of parents who both smoke cigarettes will also end up smoking cigarettes, and only 20% of children whose parents do not smoke cigarettes will end up smoking cigarettes. In a family with four children, use the binomial probability model to
In Exercise 2.48, is it reasonable to assume that each of the four children will or will not become a smoker independently of the other children? Explain.
Side effects are often encountered by patients receiving a placebo in a clinical trial.Suppose 10 individuals were randomly and independently selected for the placebo group in a clinical trial. From past studies, it is known that the percentage of individuals experiencing significant side effects
What does it mean when a sample is said to be representative of the target population?
In a retrospective study of the health problems associated with smoking, a researcher is interested in the relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases(COPD) and the risk factor smokes. Use the probabilities in Table 2.66 to answer the following questions.COPD Risk Factor Yes No
In a prospective study on gum disease, group of 50 subjects will receive an oral wash treatment and a control group of 50 subjects will receive a placebo wash. Suppose four subjects in the treatment group developed gum disease and 16 in the control group developed gum disease.(a) Determine the
In a prospective study on melanoma and the risk factor fair complexion, the probability that an individual will have a melanoma in their life given they have a fair complexion is 0.12, and the probability that an individual will have a melanoma in their life given they do not have a fair complexion
In which study designs can the(a) relative risk be computed?(b) odds ratio be computed
According to the National Health Statistics Report Number 122, December 20, 2018(Fryar, 2018), the estimated mean height of an adult male in the United States is 69 inches and the mean height of an adult female in the United States is 63.6 inches.Suppose the standard deviation of the heights of
Because a BMI value for a child depends on age and sex of the child, ???? scores are often used to compare children of different ages or sexes. Table 2.19 gives the mean and standard deviation for the distribution of BMI values for male children aged 10 and 15. Use the information in Table 2.19 to
Table 2.18 contains the standard weight classifications based on body mass index(BMI) values. Assuming that BMI is approximately normally distributed, determine the ???? score corresponding to the cutoff for the(a) underweight classification.(b) healthy classification.(c) at-risk-of-overweight
Under what conditions is it possible to determine the percentile associated with an observed ???? score?
How many standard deviations below the mean does a ???? score of −3 correspond to?
What are the units of a ???? score?
According to the National Health Statistics Report Number 122, December 20, 2018(Fryar, 2018), the estimated mean body mass index (BMI) of an adult female in the United States is 29.6. Suppose the distribution of BMI values for adult females in the US is normally distributed with mean BMI ???? = 30
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