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biostatistics

Biostatistics A Foundation For Analysis In The Health Sciences 10th Edition Wayne W. Daniel, Chad L. Cross - Solutions

The purpose of an investigation by Young et al. (A-52) was to examine the efficacy and safety of a particular suburethral sling. Subjects were women experiencing stress incontinence who also met other criteria. Among the data collected were the following pre- and postoperative cystometric capacity
Diamond et al. (A-53) wished to know if cognitive screening should be used to help select appropriate candidates for comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation. They studied a sample of geriatric rehabilitation patients using standardized measurement strategies. Among the data collected were the
In a study to explore the possibility of hormonal alteration in asthma, Weinstein et al. (A-54)collected data on 22 postmenopausal women with asthma and 22 age-matched, postmenopausal, women without asthma. The following are the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) values collected by the
The motivation for a study by Gruber et al. (A-55) was a desire to find a potentially useful serum marker in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that reflects underlying pathogenic mechanisms. They measured, among other variables, the circulating levels of gelatinase B in the serum and synovial fluid(SF) of
Benini et al. (A-56) conducted a study to evaluate the severity of esophageal acidification in achalasia following successful dilatation of the cardias and to determine which factors are associated with pathological esophageal acidification in such patients. Twenty-two subjects, of whom seven were
The objective of a study by Baker et al. (A-57) was to determine whether medical deformation alters in vitro effects of plasma from patients with preeclampsia on endothelial cell function to produce a paradigm similar to the in vivo disease state. Subjects were 24 nulliparous pregnant women before
Zisselman et al. (A-58) conducted a study to assess benzodiazepine use and the treatment of depression before admission to an inpatient geriatric psychiatry unit in a sample of elderly patients.Among the data collected were the following behavior disorder scores on 27 patients treated with
The objective of a study by Reinecke et al. (A-59) was to investigate the functional activity and expression of the sarcolemmal Naþ=Ca2þ exchange in the failing human heart. The researchers obtained left ventricular samples from failing human hearts of 11 male patients (mean age 51
Reichman et al. (A-60) conducted a study with the purpose of demonstrating that negative symptoms are prominent in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and are distinct from depression. The following are scores made on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease by
Refer to the creatine phosphokinase data on 1005 subjects (PCKDATA). Researchers would like to know if psychologically stressful situations cause an increase in serum creatine phosphokinase(CPK) levels among apparently healthy individuals. To help the researchers reach a decision, select a simple
Refer to the prothrombin time data on 1000 infants (PROTHROM). Select a simple random sample of size 16 from each of these populations and conduct an appropriate hypothesis test to determine whether one should conclude that the two populations differ with respect to mean prothrombin time.Let a ¼
Refer to the head circumference data of 1000 matched subjects (HEADCIRC). Select a simple random sample of size 20 from the population and perform an appropriate hypothesis test to determine if one can conclude that subjects with the sex chromosome abnormality tend to have smaller heads than normal
Refer to the hemoglobin data on 500 children with iron deficiency anemia and 500 apparently healthy children (HEMOGLOB). Select a simple random sample of size 16 from population A and an independent simple random sample of size 16 from population B. Does your sample data provide sufficient evidence
Refer to the manual dexterity scores of 500 children with learning disabilities and 500 children with no known learning disabilities (MANDEXT). Select a simple random sample of size 10 from population A and an independent simple random sample of size 15 from population B. Do your samples provide
understand the basic statistical concepts related to linear models.
understand how the total variation in a data set can be partitioned into different components.
be able to compare the means of more than two samples simultaneously.
understand multiple comparison tests and when their use is appropriate.
understand commonly used experimental designs.
Researchers at Case Western Reserve University (A-2) wanted to develop and implement a transducer, manageable in a clinical setting, for quantifying isometric moments produced at the elbow joint by individuals with tetraplegia (paralysis or paresis of all four limbs). The apparatus, called an elbow
Patients suffering from rheumatic diseases or osteoporosis often suffer critical losses in bone mineral density (BMD). Alendronate is one medication prescribed to build or prevent further loss of BMD.Holcomb and Rothenberg (A-3) looked at 96 women taking alendronate to determine if a difference
Ilich-Ernst et al. (A-4) investigated dietary intake of calcium among a cross section of 113 healthy women ages 20–88. The researchers formed four age groupings as follows: Group A, 20.0–45.9 years; group B, 46.0–55.9 years; group C, 56.0–65.9 years; and group D, over 66 years. Calcium from
Gold et al. (A-5) investigated the effectiveness on smoking cessation of a nicotine patch, bupropion SR, or both, when co-administered with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Consecutive consenting patients ð Þ n ¼ 164 assigned themselves to one of three treatments according to personal
In a study by Wang et al. (A-6), researchers examined bone strength. They collected 10 cadaveric femurs from subjects in three age groups: young (19–49 years), middle-aged (50–69 years), and elderly (70 years or older) [Note: one value was missing in the middle-aged group]. One of the outcome
In a study of 90 patients on renal dialysis, Farhad Atassi (A-7) assessed oral home care practices. He collected data from 30 subjects who were in (1) dialysis for less than 1 year, (2) dialysis for 1 to 3 years, and (3) dialysis for more than 3 years. The following table shows plaque index scores
Thrombocytopaenia is a condition of abnormally low platelets that often occurs during necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)—a serious illness in infants that can cause tissue damage to the intestines.Ragazzi et al. (A-8) investigated differences in the log10 of platelet counts in 178 infants with
The objective of a study by Romita et al. (A-9) was to determine whether there is a different response to different calcium channel blockers. Two hundred and fifty patients with mild-tomoderate hypertension were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of treatment with once-daily doses of (1) lercanidipine,
Kosmiski et al. (A-10) conducted a study to examine body fat distributions of men infected and not infected with HIV, taking and not taking protease inhibitors (PI), and having been diagnosed and not diagnosed with lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy is a syndrome associated with HIV/PI treatment that
The objective of a study by Brooks et al. (A-11) was to evaluate the efficacy of using a virtual kitchen for vocational training of people with learning disabilities. Twenty-four students participated in the study. Each participant performed four food preparation tasks and they were scored on the
McConville et al. (A-12) report the effects of chewing one piece of nicotine gum (containing 2 mg nicotine) on tic frequency in patients whose Tourette’s disorder was inadequately controlled by haloperidol. The following are the tic frequencies under four conditions:Number of Tics During
A remotivation team in a psychiatric hospital conducted an experiment to compare five methods for remotivating patients. Patients were grouped according to level of initial motivation. Patients in each group were randomly assigned to the five methods. At the end of the experimental period the
The nursing supervisor in a local health department wished to study the influence of time of day on length of home visits by the nursing staff. It was thought that individual differences among nurses might be large, so the nurse was used as a blocking factor. The nursing supervisor collected the
Four subjects participated in an experiment to compare three methods of relieving stress. Each subject was placed in a stressful situation on three different occasions. Each time a different method for reducing stress was used with the subject. The response variable is the amount of decrease in
In a study by Valencia et al. (A-13), the effects of environmental temperature and humidity on 24-hour energy expenditure were measured using whole-body indirect calorimetry in eight normalweight young men who wore standardized light clothing and followed a controlled activity regimen.Temperature
Hodgson et al. (A-14) conducted a study in which they induced gastric dilatation in six anesthetized dogs maintained with constant-dose isoflurane in oxygen. Cardiopulmonary measurements prior to stomach distension (baseline) were compared with measurements taken during .1, .5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, and
One of the purposes of a study by Liu et al. (A-17) was to determine the effects of MRZ 2/579 on neurological deficit in Sprague-Dawley rats. In this study, 10 rats were measured at four time periods following occlusion of the middle carotid artery and subsequent treatment with the uncompetitive
Starch et al. (A-18) wanted to show the effectiveness of a central four-quadrant sleeve and screw in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The researchers performed a series of reconstructions on eight cadaveric knees. The following table shows the loads (in newtons) required to achieve
Holben et al. (A-19) designed a study to evaluate selenium intake in young women in the years of puberty. The researchers studied a cohort of 16 women for three consecutive summers. One of the outcome variables was the selenium intake per day. The researchers examined dietary journals of the
Linke et al. (A-20) studied seven male mongrel dogs. They induced diabetes by injecting the animals with alloxan monohydrate. The researchers measured the arterial glucose (mg/gl), arterial lactate(mmol/L), arterial free fatty acid concentration, and arterial b-hydroxybutyric acid concentration
Werther et al. (A-21) examined the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in blood from colon cancer patients. Research suggests that inhibiting VEGF may disrupt tumor growth. The researchers measured VEGF concentration (ng/L) for 10 subjects and found an upward trend in VEGF
Yucha et al. (A-22) conducted a study to determine if nursing students who were assigned to a home hospital (HH) experience differed from those traditionally placed (TP) in hospitals throughout their nursing training. A small subset of data is provided in the table below. In this data set, hospital
Uryu et al. (A-23) studied the effect of three different doses of troglitazone ð Þ mM on neuro cell death.Cell death caused by stroke partially results from the accumulation of high concentrations of glutamate. The researchers wanted to determine if different doses of troglitazone (1.3, 4.5, and
Researchers at a trauma center wished to develop a program to help brain-damaged trauma victims regain an acceptable level of independence. An experiment involving 72 subjects with the same degree of brain damage was conducted. The objective was to compare different combinations of psychiatric
Main et al. (A-24) state, “Primary headache is a very common condition and one that nurses encounter in many different care settings. Yet, there is a lack of evidence as to whether advice given to sufferers is effective and what improvements may be expected in the conditions.” The researchers
The purpose of a study by Porcellini et al. (A-25) was to study the difference in CD4 cell response in patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART, treatment 1) and patients taking HAART plus intermittent interleukin (IL-2, treatment 2). Another factor of interest was the HIVRNA
A study by Gorecka et al. (A-26) assessed the manner in which among middle-aged smokers the diagnosis of airflow limitation (AL) combined with advice to stop smoking influences the smoking cessation rate. Their concerns were whether having AL, whether the subject successfully quit smoking, and
A study by Meltzer et al. (A-27) examined the response to 5 mg desloratadine, an H1-receptor antagonist, in patients with seasonal allergies. During the fall allergy season, 172 subjects were randomly assigned to receive treatments of desloratadine and 172 were randomly assigned to receive a
Define analysis of variance.
Describe the completely randomized design.
Describe the randomized block design.
Describe the repeated measures design.
Describe the factorial experiment as used in the completely randomized design.
What is the purpose of Tukey’s HSD test?
What is an experimental unit?
What is the objective of the randomized complete block design?
What is interaction?
What is a mean square?
What is an ANOVA table?
For each of the following designs describe a situation in your particular field of interest where the design would be an appropriate experimental design. Use real or realistic data and do the appropriate analysis of variance for each one:(a) Completely randomized design(b) Randomized complete block
Werther et al. (A-28) examined the b-leucocyte count 109=L in 51 subjects with colorectal cancer and 19 healthy controls. The cancer patients were also classified into Dukes’s classification (A, B, C)for colorectal cancer that gives doctors a guide to the risk, following surgery, of the cancer
In Example 8.4.1, we examined data from a study by Licciardone et al. (A-15) on osteopathic manipulation as a treatment for chronic back pain. At the beginning of that study, there were actually 91 subjects randomly assigned to one of three treatments: osteopathic manipulative treatment(OMT), sham
The goal of a study conducted by Meshack and Norman (A-29) was to evaluate the effects of weights on postural hand tremor related to self-feeding in subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Each of the 16 subjects had the tremor amplitude measured (in mm) under three conditions: holding a built-up
In a study of pulmonary effects on guinea pigs, Lacroix et al. (A-30) exposed 18 ovalbuminsensitized guinea pigs and 18 nonsensitized guinea pigs to regular air, benzaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. At the end of exposure, the guinea pigs were anesthetized and allergic responses were assessed in
Watanabe et al. (A-31) studied 52 healthy middle-aged male workers. The researchers used the Masstricht Vital Exhaustion Questionnaire to assess vital exhaustion. Based on the resultant scores, they assigned subjects into three groups: VE1, VE2, and VE3. VE1 indicates the fewest signs of
The effects of thermal pollution on Corbicula fluminea (Asiatic clams) at three different geographical locations were analyzed by John Brooker (A-32). Sample data on clam shell length, width, and height are displayed in the following table. Determine if there is a significant difference in mean
Eleftherios Kellis (A-33) conducted an experiment on 18 pubertal males. He recorded the electromyographic (EMG) activity at nine different angular positions of the biceps femoris muscle. The EMG values are expressed as a percent (0–100 percent) of the maximal effort exerted with the muscle and
In a study of Marfan syndrome, Pyeritz et al.(A-34) reported the following severity scores of patients with no, mild, and marked dural ectasia. May we conclude, on the basis of these data, that mean severity scores differ among the three populations represented in the study? Let a ¼ :05 and find
The following table shows the arterial plasma epinephrine concentrations (nanograms per milliliter)found in 10 laboratory animals during three types of anesthesia:Animal Anesthesia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A .28 .50 .68 .27 .31 .99 .26 .35 .38 .34 B .20 .38 .50 .29 .38 .62 .42 .87 .37 .43 C 1.23 1.34
The aim of a study by Hartman-Maeir et al. (A-35) was to evaluate the awareness of deficit profiles among stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. She studied 35 patients with a stroke lesion in the right hemisphere and 19 patients with a lesion on the left hemisphere. She also grouped lesion
A random sample of the records of single births was selected from each of four populations. The weights (grams) of the babies at birth were as follows:Sample A BCD 2946 3186 2300 2286 2913 2857 2903 2938 2280 3099 2572 2952 3685 2761 2584 2348 2310 3290 2675 2691 2582 2937 2571 2858 3002 3347 2414
The following table shows the aggression scores of 30 laboratory animals reared under three different conditions. One animal from each of 10 litters was randomly assigned to each of the three rearing conditions.Rearing Condition Litter Extremely Crowded Moderately Crowded Not Crowded 1 30 20 10 2
The following table shows the vital capacity measurements of 60 adult males classified by occupation and age group:Occupation Age Group A B C D 1 4.31 4.68 4.17 5.75 4.89 6.18 3.77 5.70 4.05 4.48 5.20 5.53 4.44 4.23 5.28 5.97 4.59 5.92 4.44 5.52 2 4.13 3.41 3.89 4.58 4.61 3.64 3.64 5.21 3.91 3.32
Complete the following ANOVA table and state which design was used.Source SS d.f. MS V.R. p Treatments 154.9199 4 Error Total 200.4773 39
Complete the following ANOVA table and state which design was used.Source SS d.f. MS V.R. p Treatments 3 Blocks 183.5 3 Error 26.0 Total 709.0 15
Consider the following ANOVA table.Source SS d.f. MS V.R. p A 12.3152 2 6.15759 29.4021
Consider the following ANOVA table.Source SS d.f. MS V.R.Treatments 5.05835 2 2.52917 1.0438 Error 65.42090 27 2.4230(a) What design was employed?(b) How many treatments were compared?(c) How many observations were analyzed?(d) At the .05 level of significance, can one conclude that there is a
Consider the following ANOVA table.Source SS d.f. MS V.R.Treatments 231.5054 2 115.7527 2.824 Blocks 98.5000 7 14.0714 Error 573.7500 14 40.9821(a) What design was employed?(b) How many treatments were compared?(c) How many observations were analyzed?(d) At the .05 level of significance, can one
In a study of the relationship between smoking and serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), the following data (coded for ease of calculation) were collected from samples of adult males who were nonsmokers, light smokers, moderate smokers, and heavy smokers. We wish to
Polyzogopoulou et al. (A-36) report the effects of bariatric surgery on fasting glucose levels (mmol/L)on 12 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes at four points in time: pre-operation, at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Can we conclude, after eliminating subject effects, that fasting glucose
Refer to Review Exercise 32.In addition to studying the 12 type 2 diabetes subjects (group 1), Polyzogopoulou et al. (A-36) studied five subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (group 2), and eight subjects with normal glucose tolerance (group 3). The following data are the 12-month postsurgery
Johnston and Bowling (A-37) studied the ascorbic acid content (vitamin C) in several orange juice products. One of the products examined was ready-to-drink juice packaged in a re-sealable, screwtop container. One analysis analyzed the juice for reduced and oxidized vitamin C content at time of
A study by Pittini et al. (A-38) assessed the effectiveness of a simulator-based curriculum on 30 trainees learning the basic practice of amniocentesis. Pre- and post-training performance were evaluated with the same instrument. The outcome variable was the post-training score—pretraining score.
Anim-Nyame et al. (A-39) studied three sets of women in an effort to understand factors related to pre-eclampsia. Enrolled in the study were 18 women with pre-eclampsia, 18 normal pregnant women, and 18 nonpregnant female matched controls. Blood samples were obtained to measure plasma levels of
In a study by lwamoto et al. (A-40) 26 women were randomly assigned to the medication alfacalcidol for treatment of lumbar bone mineral density (BMD). BMD of the lumbar spine was measured at baseline and every year for 5 years.
Inoue et al. (A-41) studied donor cell type and genotype on the efficiency of mouse somatic cell cloning. They performed a factorial experiment with two donor cell types (Sertoli cells or cumulus)and six genotypes. Outcome variables were the cleavage rate and the birth rate of pups in each
Shirakami et al. (A-42) investigated the clinical significance of endothelin (ET), natriuretic peptides, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in pediatric liver transplantation. Subjects were children ages 6 months to 12 years undergoing living-related liver transplantation due to
The purpose of a study by Sakakibara and Hayano (A-43) was to examine the effect of voluntarily slowed respiration on the cardiac parasympathetic response to a threat (the anticipation of an electric shock). Subjects were 30 healthy college students whose mean age was 23 years with a standard
Takahashi et al. (A-44) investigated the correlation of magnetic resonance signal intensity with spinal cord evoked potentials and spinal cord morphology after 5 hours of spinal cord compression in cats.Twenty-four adult cats were divided into four groups on the basis of a measure of spinal cord
The objective of a study by Yamashita et al. (A-45) was to investigate whether pentoxifylline administered in the flush solution or during reperfusion would reduce ischemia-reperfusion lung injury in preserved canine lung allografts. Three groups of animals were studied. Pentoxifylline was not
In a study investigating the relative bioavailability of beta-carotene (BC) and alpha-carotene(AC) from different sources of carrots, Zhou et al. (A-46) used ferrets as experimental animals.Among the data collected were the following concentrations of BC, AC, and AC/BC molar ratios in the sera of
Potteiger et al. (A-47) wished to determine if sodium citrate ingestion would improve cycling performance and facilitate favorable metabolic conditions during the cycling ride. Subjects were eight trained male competitive cyclists whose mean age was 25.4 years with a standard deviation of 6.5. Each
Teitge et al. (A-48) describe a radiographic method to demonstrate patellar instability. The 90 subjects ranged in age from 13 to 52 years and were divided into the following four groups on the basis of clinical findings regarding the nature of instability of the knee: normal (no symptoms or signs
A study by Ikeda et al. (A-49) was designed to determine the dose of ipratropium bromide aerosol that improves exercise performance using progressive cycle ergometry in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The mean age of the 20 male subjects was 69.2 years with a standard
Pertovaara et al. (A-50) compared the effect of skin temperature on the critical threshold temperature eliciting heat pain with the effect of skin temperature on the response latency to the first heat pain sensation. Subjects were healthy adults between the ages of 23 and 54 years. Among the data
A study for the development and validation of a sensitive and specific method for quantifying total activin-A concentrations has been reported on by Knight et al. (A-51). As part of the study they collected the following peripheral serum concentrations of activin-A in human subjects of differing
The purpose of a study by Maheux et al. (A-52) was to evaluate the effect of labor on glucose production and glucose utilization. Subjects were six normal pregnant women. Among the data collected were the following glucose concentrations during four stages of labor: latent (A1) and active (A2)
Trachtman et al. (A-53) conducted studies (1) to assess the effect of recombinant human (rh) IGF-I on chronic puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy and (2) to compare the results of rhIGF-I versus rhGH treatment in a model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. As part of the studies, male
Twelve healthy men, ages 22 through 35 years, yielded the following serum T3ðnmol=LÞ levels at 0800 hours after 8 (day 1), 32 (day 2), and 56 (day 3) hours of fasting, respectively. Subjects were participants in a study of fasting-induced alterations in pulsatile glycoprotein secretion conducted
To determine the nature and extent to which neurobehavioral changes occur in association with the toxicity resulting from exposure to excess dietary iron (Fe), Sobotka et al. (A-55) used weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats as experimental subjects. The researchers randomly assigned the animals,
Hansen (A-56) notes that brain bilirubin concentrations are increased by hyperosmolality and hypercarbia, and that previous studies have not addressed the question of whether increased brain bilirubin under different conditions is due to effects on the entry into or clearance of bilirubin from

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