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logic functions and equations
A Concise Introduction To Logic 11th Edition Patrick J. Hurley - Solutions
38. Raising a child is like growing a tree. Sometimes violent things, such as cutting off branches, have to be done to force the tree to grow straight. Similarly, corporal punishment must sometimes be infl icted on children to force them to develop properly. Identify the fallacies of relevance,
★37. Mr. Franklin has lost at the craps table for the last ten throws of the dice. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
36. Professor Glazebrooks’s theory about the origin of the Martian craters is undoubtedly true. Rudolph Orkin, the great concert pianist, announced his support of the theory in this morning’s newspaper. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical
35. Criminals are basically stupid, because anyone who isn’t basically stupid wouldn’t be a criminal. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
★34. The travel brochure states that walking up O’Connell Street, the statue of Parnell comes into view. Apparently that statue has no trouble getting around. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following
33. Th e farmers of our state have asked that we introduce legislation to provide subsidies for soybeans. Unfortunately, we will have to turn down their request.If we give subsidies to the soybean farmers, then the corn and wheat growers will ask for the same thing. Th en it will be the cotton
32. Real estate mogul Donald Trump argues that good management is essential to any business. But who is he to talk? Trump’s own mismanagement drove Trump Entertainment Resorts into bankruptcy three times in eighteen years. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption,
★31. We’ve all heard the complaint that millions of Americans are without adequate health care. But America’s doctors, nurses, and hospitals are among the best in the world. Th ousands of people come from abroad every year to be treated here. Clearly there is nothing wrong with our health
30. Recent studies have shown that non-organic food has the same vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other nutrients as organic food. Th erefore, it’s just as good to eat non-organic food as organic food. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical
29. Mr. Prime Minister, I am certain you will want to release the members of our National Liberation Group whom you currently hold in prison. Aft er all, I’m sure you will want to avoid having car bombs go off in the centers of your most heavily populated cities. Identify the fallacies of
★28. What goes up must come down. Th e price of food has been going up for years.Th erefore, it will surely come down soon. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for
27. We know that induction will provide dependable results in the future because it has always worked in the past. Whatever has consistently worked in the past will continue to work in the future, and we know that this is true because it has been established by induction. Identify the fallacies of
26. Pauline said that aft er she had removed her new mink coat from the shipping carton she threw it into the trash. We conclude that Pauline has no appreciation for fi ne furs. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the
★25. Humanitarian groups have argued in favor of housing for the poor.Unfortunately, these high-density projects have been tried in the past and have failed. In no time they turn into ghettos with astronomical rates of crime and delinquency. Clearly, these humanitarian arguments are not what they
24. Each and every brick in the completely brick-faced Wainright Building has a reddish brown color. Th erefore, the Wainright Building has a reddish brown color. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following
23. Motives and desires exert forces on people, causing them to choose one thing over another. But force is a physical quantity, governed by the laws of physics.Th erefore, human choices are governed by the laws of physics. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption,
★22. If someone rents a piece of land and plants crops on it, the landlord is never permitted to come and take those crops for himself when harvest time arrives.Similarly, if couples enlist the services of a surrogate mother to provide them with a baby, the mother should never be allowed to welch
21. White sheep eat more than black sheep (because there are more of them).Th erefore, this white sheep eats more than that black sheep. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief
20. Either we have prayer in our public schools or the moral fabric of society will disintegrate. Th e choice should be obvious. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for
★19. Molecules are in constant random motion. Th e Statue of Liberty is composed of molecules. Th erefore, the Statue of Liberty is in constant random motion. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments,
18. Professor Andrews, surely I deserve a B in logic. I know that I have gotten Fs on all the tests, but if you give me an F for my fi nal grade, I will lose my scholarship. Th at will force me to drop out of school, and my poor, aged parents, who yearn to see me graduate, will be grief stricken
17. Senator Barbara Boxer’s arguments for the protection of wilderness areas should be ignored. Boxer is just another one of those tree-hugging liberals who supports such legislation only to please the environmental nuts in her home state of California. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
★16. Pope Benedict XVI says that the distribution of condoms in Africa aggravates the AIDS crisis. Th erefore, we must conclude that programs to distribute condoms in Africa should be halted immediately. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical
15. Paul, it was great to see you at the party the other night. Everyone there was doing crack. Incidentally, how long have you been dealing that stuff ? Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving
14. Th is administration is not anti-German, as it has been alleged. Germany is a great country. It has contributed immensely to the world’s artistic treasury.Goethe and Schiller made magnifi cent contributions to literature, and Bach, Beethoven, Wagner, and Brahms did the same in music. Identify
★13. Childhood obesity is a major problem these days. Obviously our public health offi cials have not been doing their job. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for
12. Th e twenty-story Carson Building is constructed of concrete blocks. Each and every concrete block in the structure can withstand an earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale. Th erefore, the building can withstand an earthquake of 9.5 on the Richter scale. Identify the fallacies of relevance,
11. When a car breaks down so often that repairs become pointless, the car is thrown on the junk heap. Similarly, when a person becomes old and diseased, he or she should be mercifully put to death. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy
★10. California condors are rapidly disappearing. Th is bird is a California condor.Th erefore, this bird should disappear any minute now. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief
9. No one has ever proved that the human fetus is not a person with rights.Th erefore, abortion is morally wrong. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If
8. Th e idea that black people in this country live in poverty is ridiculous. Look at Oprah Winfrey. She’s a millionaire. And so are Denzel Washington, Morgan Freeman, and Michael Jordan. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy
★7. Surely it’s morally permissible to kill animals for food. If God didn’t want us to eat animals, he wouldn’t have made them out of meat. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a
6. Of course you should eat Wheaties. Wheaties is the breakfast of champions, you know. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
5. Every member of the Delta Club is over 70 years old. Therefore, the Delta Club must be over 70 years old. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
★4. A crust of bread is better than nothing. Nothing is better than true love.Th erefore, a crust of bread is better than true love. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief
3. Sean Hannity, political commentator for Fox News, says that waterboarding is an effective interrogation technique that does not constitute torture.Th erefore, we must conclude that it is morally acceptable to waterboard suspected terrorists. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction,
2. Mr. Wilson said that on July 4 he went out on the veranda and watched the fi reworks go up in his pajamas. We conclude that Mr. Wilson must have had an exciting evening. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the
1. In his History of the American Civil War, Jeff ry Noland argues that the war had little to do with slavery. However, as a historian from Alabama, Noland could not possibly present an accurate account. Therefore, his arguments should be discounted. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak
15. True Or False. Equivocation and amphiboly are classifi ed as fallacies of ambiguity.
14. True Or False. Composition and division involve the distributive predication of an attribute.
13. True Or False. In the statement “Waistlines are increasing,” an attribute is predicated distributively.
12. True Or False. In the statement “Divorces are increasing,” an attribute is predicated distributively.
11. True Or False. A class statement makes an assertion about a class as a whole.
10. True Or False. A general statement makes an assertion about each and every member of a class.
9. True Or False. Th e fallacy of division always proceeds from parts to whole.
8. True Or False. Th e fallacy of composition always proceeds from whole to parts.
7. True Or False. Amphiboly usually arises from the arguer’s misinterpreting a statement made by someone else.
6. True Or False. Th e fallacy of amphiboly usually involves the ambiguous use of a single word.
5. True Or False. Th e fallacy of equivocation arises from a syntactical defect in a statement.
4. True Or False. False dichotomy always involves an “either . . . or . . .” statement, at least implicitly.
3. True Or False. Th e correct way of responding to a complex question is to divide the question into its component questions and answer each separately.
2. True Or False. Th e eff ect of begging the question is to hide the fact that a premise may not be true.
1. True Or False. Arguments that commit the fallacy of begging the question are normally valid.
★25. Of course abortion is permissible. Aft er all, a woman has a right to do as she pleases with her own body. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
24. Emeralds are seldom found in this country, so you should be careful not to misplace your emerald ring. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write
23. Th e author warns about numerous computational errors in his accounting text. Th erefore, he must have written it very carelessly. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
★22. Sylvia, I saw you shopping for wine the other day. Incidentally, are you still drinking excessively? Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write
21. An atomic bomb causes more damage than a conventional bomb. Th erefore, during World War II more damage was caused by atomic bombs than by conventional bombs. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief
20. Picasso is the greatest artist of the twentieth century. We know that this is so because art critics have described him in these terms. Th ese art critics are correct in their assessment because they have a more keenly developed sense of appreciation than the average person. Th is is true
★19. Switzerland is 48 percent Protestant. Heidi Gilsing is a Swiss. Th erefore, Heidi Gilsing is 48 percent Protestant. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is
18. Either Meg Ryan or Britney Spears is a popular singer. Meg Ryan is not a popular singer. Th erefore, Britney Spears is a popular singer. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If
17. Either you marry me right now or I’ll be forced to leave you and never speak to you again. I’m sure you wouldn’t want me to do that. Therefore, you’ll marry me right now. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments,
★16. During the fi ft y years that Mr. Jones worked, he contributed $90,000 to Social Security. Now that he is retired, he stands to collect $200,000 from the system.Obviously he will collect a much greater monetary value than he contributed. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and
15. George said that he was interviewing for a job drilling oil wells in the supervisor’s offi ce. We can only conclude that the supervisor must have an awfully dirty offi ce. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a
14. Each and every cell in this carrot is 90 percent water. Th erefore, the entire carrot is 90 percent water. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
★13. All men are mortal. Th erefore, some day man will disappear from the earth. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
12. Johnson is employed by the General Services Administration, and everyone knows that the GSA is the most ineffi cient branch of the government. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your
11. Alex, I heard your testimony in court earlier today. Tell me, why did you lie on the witness stand? Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
★10. If Thomas gives Marie a ring, then Thomas and Marie will be engaged.Thomas did give Marie a ring. In fact, he phoned her just the other night.Th erefore, Th omas and Marie are engaged. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following
9. Twenty years ago, Kung Fong, the great sumo wrestler, could have yanked up one of the fir trees in the new municipal arboretum with a single pull.Th erefore, since Mr. Fong is as strong today as he was then, he could just as easily pull up one of those trees today. Identify the fallacies of
8. Butane is combustible. Th erefore, it burns. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
★7. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” People who lack humility have no sense of beauty, because everyone who has a sense of
6. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Water will quench one’s thirst. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.Th erefore,
5. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Why is it so diffi cult for you to reach a decision?
★4. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” James said that he saw a picture of a beautiful girl stashed in Stephen’s locker.We
3. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” An athlete is a human being. Th erefore, a good athlete is a good human being.
2. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Every sentence in this paragraph is well written. Th erefore, the paragraph is well
★1. Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Either we require forced sterilization of Th ird World peoples or the world
30. Some of the parents in our school district have asked that we provide bilingual education in Spanish. Th is request will have to be denied. If we provide this service, then someone will ask for bilingual education in Greek. Th en it will be German, French, and Hungarian. Polish, Russian,
29. Radio entertainer Rush Limbaugh claims there is not a shred of evidence to prove that nicotine is addictive or that cigarettes cause emphysema, lung cancer, or any other disease. Given Limbaugh’s apparent expertise in medical science, we can only conclude that what he says about nicotine and
28. On Monday I drank ten rum and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. On Wednesday I drank eight gin and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. On Friday I drank nine bourbon and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. Obviously, to prevent further
27. No one, on encountering a watch lying on a forest trail, would expect that it had simply appeared there without having been made by someone. For the same reason, no one should expect that the universe simply appeared without having been made by some being. Identify the fallacies of relevance
26. Freedom of speech is guaranteed by the First Amendment. Th erefore, your friend was acting within his rights when he shouted “Fire! Fire!” in that crowded theater, even though it was only a joke. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If
★25. Nobody has ever proved that immoral behavior by elected officials erodes public morality. Th erefore, we must conclude that such behavior does not erode public morality. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed,
24. Angela complains that the problems on the algebra test were too hard. But have you ever seen the way Angela fl irts with that good-looking quarterback on the football team? She’s constantly batting those long, black eyelashes at him, and her tight-fi tting sweaters leave nothing to the
23. It is ridiculous to hear that man from Peru complaining about America’s poverty.Peru has twice as much poverty as America has ever had. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
★22. Members of the jury, you have heard Shirley Gaines testify that the defendant did not off er to perform acts of prostitution for the undercover police offi cer.But Gaines is a known prostitute herself and a close friend of the defendant.Also, only a year ago she was convicted of twelve
21. India is suff ering a serious drought, thousands of children are dying of starvation in their mothers’ arms, and homeless beggars line the streets of the major cities. Surely we must give these poor downtrodden people the chance of bettering their condition in America, the land of wealth and
20. Mr. Flemming’s arguments against the rent control initiative on the September ballot should be taken with a grain of salt. As a landlord he would naturally be expected to oppose the initiative. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no
★19. To prevent dangerous weapons from being carried aboard airliners, those seeking to board must pass through a magnetometer and submit to a possible pat-down search. Th erefore, to prevent alcohol and drugs from being carried into rock concerts, those entering should submit to similar search
18. Dear Internal Revenue Service: I received a notice that my taxes are being audited for last year. But you have no right to do this. Th e deadline for fi ling a return was April 15, and I fi led my tax return on April 12—a full three days before the deadline. Identify the fallacies of
17. James Dobson, director of Focus on the Family, says that men have the divine obligation to lead their families, and women have the divine obligation to submit to their husband’s authority. Given Dobson’s apparent ability to receive messages from God, we must conclude that this statement is
★16. Certainly Miss Malone will be a capable and effi cient manager. She has a great fi gure, a gorgeous face, and tremendous poise and she dresses very fashionably. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write
15. Th e operation of a camera is similar in many ways to the operation of an eye. If you are to see anything in a darkened room, the pupils of your eyes must first dilate. Accordingly, if you are to take a photograph (without fl ash) in a darkened room, the aperture of the camera lens must fi rst
14. Media host Howard Stern claims that leaders of the religious right are nothing but a pack of racketeers bent on destroying every vestige of free speech, and he gives numerous reasons to support this claim. But Stern is just a vulgar, smut-mouthed freak who will say anything for shock value.
★13. Environmentalists accuse us of blocking the plan to convert Antarctica into a world park. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Antarctica is a huge continent teeming with life. It is the home of millions of penguins, seals, sea birds, and sea lions. Also, great schools of fi nfi
12. Extensive laboratory tests have failed to prove any deleterious side eff ects of the new painkiller lexaprine. We conclude that lexaprine is safe for human consumption. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write
11. When water is poured on the top of a pile of rocks, it always trickles down to the rocks on the bottom. Similarly, when rich people make lots of money, we can expect this money to trickle down to the poor. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following
★10. Ellen Quinn has argued that logic is not the most important thing in life.Apparently Ellen advocates irrationality. It has taken two million years for the human race to achieve the position that it has, and Ellen would throw the whole thing into the garbage. What utter nonsense! Identify the
9. Practically everyone downloads music free of charge from the Internet these days. Th erefore, you should have no qualms about doing this yourself. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
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