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logic functions and equations
A Concise Introduction To Logic 11th Edition Patrick J. Hurley - Solutions
★4. No e-mail messages are eloquent creations. Some love letters are eloquent creations. Th erefore, some love letters are not e-mail messages.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision
3. Th e rainfall in Seattle has been more than 15 inches every year for the past thirty years. Th erefore, the rainfall next year will probably be more than 15 inches.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in
2. Th e plaque on the leaning tower of Pisa says that Galileo performed experiments there with falling objects. It must be the case that Galileo did indeed perform those experiments there.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the
★1. Because triangle A is congruent with triangle B, and triangle A is isosceles, it follows that triangle B is isosceles. Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision (i.e., the presence
10. Uttering a falsehood is a ________________ condition for telling a lie. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
9. Being exactly divisible by 4 is a ________________ condition for a number being even. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
8. Paying attention is a ________________ condition for understanding a lecture. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
7. Burning leaves is a ________________ condition for producing smoke. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
6. Stepping on a cat’s tail is a ________________ condition for making the cat yowl. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
5. Heating water is a ________________ condition for brewing coff ee. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
4. Having a racket is a ________________ condition for playing tennis. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
3. Drinking a coke is a ________________ condition for quenching one’s thirst. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
2. Being an animal is a ________________ condition for being a tiger. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
1. Being a tiger is a ________________ condition for being an animal. Fill in the blanks with “necessary” or “suffi cient” to make the following statements true. Aft er the blanks have been fi lled in, express the result in terms of conditional statements.
10. In an explanation, the explanans is the statement or group of statements that does the explaining.
9. In an explanation, the explanandum usually describes an accepted matter of fact. True or False
8. Some conditional statements can be reexpressed to form arguments. True or False
7. In deciding whether an expository passage or an illustration should be interpreted as an argument, it helps to note whether the claim being developed or illustrated is one that is accepted by everyone. True or False
6. Some passages containing “for example” can be correctly interpreted as arguments. True or False
5. Some expository passages can be correctly interpreted as arguments. True or False
4. In deciding whether a passage contains an argument, we should always keep an eye out for indicator words and the presence of an inferential relationship between the statements. True or False
3. Passages that contain indicator words such as “thus,” “since,” and “because”are always arguments. True or False
2. In an argument, the claim that something is supported by evidence or reasons is always explicit. True or False
1. Any passage that contains an argument must contain a claim that something is supported by evidence or reasons. True or False
11. Defi ne the following terms:argument from example explanation conditional statement explanandum antecedent explanans consequent illustration suffi cient condition expository passage necessary condition
10. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100
9. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
8. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
7. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
6. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
5. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
4. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
3. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
2. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
1. Th e following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words
★10. Teenage bullying is all about power. One person has it, one person does not.Reluctant to seek help, victims feel ashamed and powerless, and they fear retaliation should they “rat out” the bully. Strong anti-bullying programs are needed to provide a means to report bullying anonymously,
9. It looks like India and China are going to compete for a manned landing on the moon by 2020 while America is muddling along with no real future space plan.Let’s do something signifi cant in space—say, go to Mars by 2020. We could have done it 30 years ago. Planning for a Mars mission was
8. I agree that when religious institutions exclude woman from their hierarchies and rituals, the inevitable implication is that females are inferior. But it is important to note that when women’s voices are silenced, it is not only the message that such discrimination sends that is damaging. Th
★7. Th e creation of a third political party—the independent party—would allow 1 Congressional aspirants who desire to think for themselves to claim a high ground that is currently vacant. Th e new party would provide a more eff ective forum to discuss the right course for this country and
6. Animal abusers are cowards who take their issues out on “easy victims”—and their targets oft en include their fellow humans. I cannot begin to say how many incidents I’ve seen involving animal abusers who commit violent acts against humans, and animal neglecters who have neglected their
5. Once the basic necessities have been achieved, future income is only lightly connected to well-being. Democrats generally seek to tax future income to finance programs that meet basic needs, including food, clothing shelter, retirement security and healthcare. Republicans, in contrast, seek to
★4. Aft er reading your cover story, I fi nd that cable TV has simply fl ooded our airwaves with more sex, violence, and teen-age punk junk. Now our children can spend even less time studying and we can spend more time in blank-space stares at the idiot box. Cable would be fi ne with more
3. Is there any country in the world that worries more about its kids having fun in school, making lessons exciting and relevant, and then is more disappointed with the result than the United States? We think learning is like buying a car or smoking a cigarette. Just get into the thing or draw a
2. Social security is not merely a retirement program. Six and a half million children in the United States are kept out of poverty each year because of assistance from Social Security’s survivors benefi ts program—which protects virtually all American children in the tragic event of the death
★1. What this country needs is a return to the concept of swift and certain justice.If we need more courts, judges and prisons, then so be it. And as for capital punishment, I say let the punishment fi t the crime. When criminals behave more like humans, then we can start to treat them more
35. One form of energy can be converted to another. For example, when an electric motor is connected to a battery, chemical energy is converted to electrical energy, which in turn is converted to mechanical energy.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify
★34. Nations are made in two ways, by the slow working of history or the galvanic force of ideas. Most nations are made the former way, emerging slowly from the mist of the past, gradually coalescing within concentric circles of shared sympathies, with an accretion of consensual institutions. But
33. If someone avoids and is afraid of everything, standing fi rm against nothing, he becomes cowardly; if he is afraid of nothing at all and goes to face everything, he becomes rash. Similarly, if he gratifi es himself with every pleasure and abstains from none, he becomes intemperate; if he
32. Although it is customary to think of human population as increasing continuously without declines or fl uctuations, population growth has not been a steady march. For example, great declines occurred during the time of the Black Death, during the fourteenth century. Entire towns were abandoned,
★31. In areas where rats are a problem, it is very diffi cult to exterminate them with bait poison. Th at’s because some rats eat enough poison to die but others eat only enough to become sick and then learn to avoid that particular poison taste in the future.Determine which of the following
30. The brain and the nervous system are composed of two types of cells— 1 neurons and glial cells. Neurons are responsible for information transmission throughout the nervous system. Glial cells constitute the support system for the neurons. For example, glial cells take away the waste products
29. Th ere is no doubt that some businessmen conspire to shorten the useful life of their products in order to guarantee replacement sales. Th ere is, similarly, no doubt that many of the annual model changes with which American (and other) consumers are increasingly familiar are not
★28. A person never becomes truly self-reliant. Even though he deals eff ectively with things, he is necessarily dependent upon those who have taught him to do so. Th ey have selected the things he is dependent upon and determined the kinds and degrees of dependencies.Determine which of the
27. Haydn developed the string quartet from the eighteenth century divertimento, giving more substance to the light, popular form and scoring it for two violins, a viola, and a cello. His eighty-three quartets, written over the course of his creative lifetime, evolved slowly into a sophisticated
26. Words are slippery customers. The full meaning of a word does not appear until it is placed in its context. . . . And even then the meaning will depend upon the listener, upon the speaker, upon their entire experience of the language, upon their knowledge of one another, and upon the whole
★25. It is usually easy to decide whether or not something is alive. Th is is because living things share many common attributes, such as the capacity to extract energy from nutrients to drive their various functions, the power to actively respond to changes in their environment, and the ability
24. If a man holding a belief which he was taught in childhood or persuaded of aft erwards keeps down and pushes away any doubts which arise about it in his mind, purposely avoids the reading of books and the company of men that call in question or discuss it, and regards as impious those questions
23. Th e coarsest type of humor is the practical joke: pulling away the chair from the dignitary’s lowered bottom. Th e victim is perceived fi rst as a person of consequence, then suddenly as an inert body subject to the laws of physics:authority is debunked by gravity, mind by matter; man is
★22. Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. Th ey can combine to form molecules, whose properties are generally very different from those of the constituent atoms. Table salt, for example, a simple chemical compound formed from chlorine and sodium, resembles neither the poisonous gas
21. Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children, as they are already stretched and pulled to such a length that the child cannot do much harm one way or the other.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determine
20. Since the 1950s a malady called whirling disease has invaded U.S. fishing streams, frequently attacking rainbow trout. A parasite deforms young fi sh, which oft en chase their tails before dying, hence the name.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are,
★19. For organisms at the sea surface, sinking into deep water usually means death.Plant cells cannot photosynthesize in the dark depths. Fishes and other animals that descend lose contact with the main surface food supply and themselves become food for strange deep-living predators.Determine
18. No business concern wants to sell on credit to a customer who will prove unable or unwilling to pay his or her account. Consequently, most business organizations include a credit department which must reach a decision on the credit worthiness of each prospective customer.Determine which of the
17. Young people at universities study to achieve knowledge and not to learn a trade. We must all learn how to support ourselves, but we must also learn how to live. We need a lot of engineers in the modern world, but we do not want a world of modern engineers.Determine which of the following
★16. Bear one thing in mind before you begin to write your paper: Famous literary works, especially works regarded as classics, have been thoroughly studied to the point where prevailing opinion on them has assumed the character of orthodoxy.Determine which of the following passages are
15. Economics is of practical value in business. An understanding of the over- 1 all operation of the economic system puts the business executive in a better position to formulate policies. Th e executive who understands the causes and consequences of infl ation is better equipped during infl
14. Lions at Kruger National Park in South Africa are dying of tuberculosis. “All of the lions in the park may be dead within ten years because the disease is incurable, and the lions have no natural resistance,” said the deputy director of the Department of Agriculture.
★13. We as a nation have been guilty of far too many excesses for too long. We waste more than most in the rest of the world. It is time we sucked it in and tightened our belts. Our families, our nation and the rest of the world will only be better off .Determine which of the following passages
12. Th e pace of reading, clearly, depends entirely upon the reader. He may read as slowly or as rapidly as he can or wishes to read. If he does not understand something, he may stop and reread it, or go in search of elucidation before continuing. Th e reader can accelerate his pace when the
11. Mortality rates for women undergoing early abortions, where the procedure is legal, appear to be as low as or lower than the rates for normal childbirth.Consequently, any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally
★10. Five college students who were accused of sneaking into the Cincinnati Zoo and trying to ride the camels pleaded no contest to criminal trespass yesterday.Th e students scaled a fence to get into the zoo and then climbed another fence to get into the camel pit before security offi cials
9. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be
8. Fictional characters behave according to the same psychological probabilities as real people. But the characters of fi ction are found in exotic dilemmas that real people hardly encounter. Consequently, fi ction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people react in uncommon situations,
★7. If stem-cell research is restricted, then future cures will not materialize.If future cures do not materialize, then people will die prematurely. Th erefore, if stem-cell research is restricted, then people will die prematurely. Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For
6. Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations most of us take them to be. For example, some mosquitoes carry West Nile virus, and people who are infected can become very sick or even die. Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the
5. It is strongly recommended that you have your house inspected for termite damage at the earliest possible opportunity. Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determine the kind of nonargument.
★4. A mammal is a vertebrate animal that nurses its off spring. Th us, cats and dogs are mammals, as are sheep, monkeys, rabbits, and bears. Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determine the kind of
3. Freedom of the press is the most important of our constitutionally guaranteed freedoms. Without it, our other freedoms would be immediately threatened.Furthermore, it provides the fulcrum for the advancement of new freedoms. Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that
2. If public education fails to improve the quality of instruction in both primary and secondary schools, then it is likely that it will lose additional students to the private sector in the years ahead. Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the
★1. Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determine the kind of nonargument. The turkey vulture is called by that name because its red featherless head resembles the head of a wild turkey.
10. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: Th e person usually credited with being the father of logic is Aristotle.
9. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: Every statement has a truth value.
8. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: Any sentence that is either true or false is a statement.
7. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: In most (but not all) arguments that lack indicator words, the conclusion is the fi rst statement.
6. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: In the strict sense of the terms, inference and argument have exactly the same meaning.
5. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: The words “for,” “because,” “as,” and “for the reason that” are all premise indicators.
4. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: Th e words “therefore,” “hence,” “so,” “since,” and “thus” are all conclusion indicators.
3. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: All arguments must have more than one premise.
2. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: Some arguments have more than one conclusion.
1. Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements: Th e purpose of the premise or premises is to set forth the reasons or evidence given in support of the conclusion.
11. Defi ne the following terms: logic argument statement premise conclusion conclusion indicator premise indicator inference proposition truth value
★10. Most of the environmental problems facing us stem, at least in part, from the sheer number of Americans. Th e average American produces three quarters of a ton of garbage every year, consumes hundreds of gallons of gasoline, and uses large amounts of electricity (oft en from a nuclear power
9. Parents who feel guilty for the little time they can (or choose to) spend with their children “pick up” aft er them—so the children don’t learn to face the consequences of their own choices and actions. Parents who allow their children to fail are showing them greater love and respect.Th
8. Ideally, decisions about health care should be based on the doctor’s clinical 1 judgment, patient preference, and scientifi c evidence. Patients should always be presented with options in their care. Elective cesarean section, however, is not used to treat a problem but to avoid a natural
★7. At a time when our religious impulses might help heal the pains and strains in our society, today’s television pulpiteers preach intolerance, censure, and discrimination.Th ey package a “believer life-style,” and rail against everyone who doesn’t fi t it—homosexuals, communists,
6. Infectious disease is no longer the leading cause of death in this country, thanks to antibiotics, but there are new strains of bacteria that are resistant to—and others that grow only in the presence of—antibiotics. Yet Congress wants to cut the National Institutes of Health budget. Further
5. History has shown repeatedly that you cannot legislate morality, nor does anyone have a right to. Th e real problem is the people who have a vested interest in sustaining the multibillion-dollar drug industry created by the laws against drugs.Th e legalization of drugs would remove the thrill of
★4. College is the time in which a young mind is supposed to mature and acquire wisdom, and one can only do this by experiencing as much diverse intellectual stimuli as possible. A business student may be a whiz at accounting, but has he or she ever experienced the beauty of a Shakespearean
3. Th e health and fi tness of our children has become a problem partly because of our attitude toward athletics. Th e purpose of sports, especially for children, should be to make healthy people healthier. Th e concept of team sports has failed to do this. Rather than learning to interact and
2. In a nation of immigrants, people of diverse ethnic backgrounds must have a common bond through which to exchange ideas. How can this bond be accomplished if there is no common language? It is those who shelter the immigrant from learning English by encouraging the development of a multilingual
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