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logic functions and equations
A Concise Introduction To Logic 11th Edition Patrick J. Hurley - Solutions
3. Some Mexican vacations are episodes that end with gastrointestinal distress. Change both the quality and the quantity of the following statements.
2. No alcoholics are people with a healthy diet. Change both the quality and the quantity of the following statements.
★1. All oil spills are events catastrophic to the environment. Change both the quality and the quantity of the following statements.
★4. Change the quantity but not the quality of the following statements. Some residents of Manhattan are not people who can aff ord to live there.
3. Change the quantity but not the quality of the following statements. Some grade school administrators are people who choke the educational process.
2. Change the quantity but not the quality of the following statements. No tax proposals that favor the rich are fair proposals.
1. Change the quantity but not the quality of the following statements. All owners of pit bull terriers are people who can expect expensive lawsuits.
★4. Change the quality but not the quantity of the following statements. Some CIA operatives are not champions of human rights.
3. Change the quality but not the quantity of the following statements. Some slumlords are people who eventually wind up in jail.
2. Change the quality but not the quantity of the following statements. No wildlife refuges are locations suitable for condominium developments.
1. Change the quality but not the quantity of the following statements. All drunk drivers are threats to others on the highway.
8. For each of the following categorical propositions identify the letter name, quantity, and quality. Th en state whether the subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed. Some affirmative action plans are not programs that result in reverse discrimination.
★7. For each of the following categorical propositions identify the letter name, quantity, and quality. Th en state whether the subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed. Some hospitals are organizations that overcharge the Medicare program.
6. For each of the following categorical propositions identify the letter name, quantity, and quality. Th en state whether the subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed. No labor strikes are events welcomed by management.
5. For each of the following categorical propositions identify the letter name, quantity, and quality. Th en state whether the subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed. All human contacts with benzene are potential causes of cancer.
★4. For each of the following categorical propositions identify the letter name, quantity, and quality. Th en state whether the subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed. Some Chinese leaders are not thoroughgoing opponents of capitalist economics.
3. For each of the following categorical propositions identify the letter name, quantity, and quality. Th en state whether the subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed. Some symphony orchestras are organizations on the brink of bankruptcy.
2. For each of the following categorical propositions identify the letter name, quantity, and quality. Th en state whether the subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed. All governments that bargain with terrorists are governments that encourage terrorism.
1. For each of the following categorical propositions identify the letter name, quantity, and quality. Th en state whether the subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed. No vampire movies are fi lms without blood.
8. In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifi er, subject term, copula, and predicate term. Some universities that emphasize research are not institutions that neglect under graduate education.
★7. In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifi er, subject term, copula, and predicate term. No sex education courses that are taught competently are programs that are currently eroding public morals.
6. In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifi er, subject term, copula, and predicate term. Some artifi cial hearts are mechanisms that are prone to failure.
5. In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifi er, subject term, copula, and predicate term. All trials in which a coerced confession is read to the jury are trials in which a guilty verdict can be reversed.
★4. In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifi er, subject term, copula, and predicate term. Some preachers who are intolerant of others’ beliefs are not television evangelists.
3. In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifi er, subject term, copula, and predicate term. All oil-based paints are products that contribute to photochemical smog.
2. In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifi er, subject term, copula, and predicate term. No stressful jobs are occupations conducive to a healthy lifestyle.
★1. In the following categorical propositions identify the quantifi er, subject term, copula, and predicate term. Some executive pay packages are insults to ordinary workers.
60. Holding a gun, a thief robs John Q. Public of thousands of dollars. Holding a baby, an unmarried mother robs taxpayers of thousands of dollars. If one behavior is considered a crime, then so should the other. Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers
59. Most Americans do not favor gun control. Th ey know that their well-being depends on their own ability to protect themselves. So-called “assault rifl es”are used in few crimes. They are not the weapon of choice of criminals, but they are for people trying to protect themselves from
★58. Th ere is something very wrong about the custom of tipping. When we go to a store, we don’t decide what a product is worth and pay what we please; we pay the price or we leave. Prices in coff ee bars and restaurants should be raised, waiters should be paid a decent wage, and the words
57. Since when did military service become a right, for gays or anyone else? Th e military has always been allowed to discriminate against people who don’t meet its requirements, including those who are overweight or too tall or too short. Th ere is an adequate supply of personnel with the
56. I have one question for those bleeding hearts who say we should not have used the atomic bomb: If the nation responsible for the Rape of Nanking, the Manchurian atrocities, Pearl Harbor and the Bataan Death March had invented the bomb fi rst, don’t you think they would have used it? So do I.
★55. Who are these Supreme Court justices who have the guts to OK the burning of our fl ag?If the wife or daughter of these so-called justices were raped, could the rapist be exonerated because he took the First Amendment? That he was just expressing himself? How about murder in the same
54. The issue is not whether we should subsidize the arts, but whether anyone should be able to force someone else to subsidize the arts. You and I are free to give any amount of our money to any artistic endeavor we wish to support.When the government gets involved, however, a group of bureaucrats
53. Th e mainstream press fi nds itself left behind by talk radio, so they try to minimize its importance. Americans are fi nding the true spirit of democracy in community and national debate. Why should we be told what to believe by a news weekly or the nightly news when we can follow public
★52. I am 79 and have been smoking for 60 years. My husband is 90 and has inhaled my smoke for some 50 years with no bad eff ects.I see no reason to take further steps to isolate smokers in our restaurants and public places, other than we now observe.Smokers have taken punishment enough from
51. Th e Supreme Court recently ruled that a police department in Florida did not violate any rights of privacy when a police helicopter fl ew over the back yard of a suspected drug dealer and noticed marijuana growing on his property.Many people, including groups like the Anti-Common Logic Union,
50. Th e Fourth Amendment guarantees our right to freedom from unreasonable search and seizure. It does not prohibit reasonable search and seizure. The matter of sobriety roadblocks to stop drunk drivers boils down to this: Are such roadblocks reasonable or unreasonable? Th e majority of people
★49. Dear Ann: I was disappointed in your response to the girl whose mother used the strap on her. Th e gym teacher noticed the bruises on her legs and backside and called it “child abuse.” Why are you against strapping a child when the Bible tells us in plain language that this is what
48. Now that Big Brother has decided that I must wear a seatbelt when I ride in a car, how long will it take before I have to wear an inner tube when I swim in my pool, a safety harness when I climb a ladder, and shoes with steelreinforced toecaps when I carry out the garbage? Most of the following
47. What’s wrong with kids today? Answer: nothing, for the majority of them.Th ey are great.Witness the action of two San Diego teenage boys recently, when the Normal Heights fi re was at its worst. Th ey took a garden hose to the roof of a threatened house—a house belonging to four elderly
★46. Why are people so shocked that Susan Smith apparently chose to kill her children because they had become an inconvenience? Doesn’t this occur every day in abortion clinics across the country? We suspect Smith heard very clearly the message many feminists have been trying to deliver about
45. Are Americans so stupid they don’t realize that every time they pay thousands of dollars for one of those new “economical” Japanese cars, they are simultaneously making the U.S. bankrupt and giving the Japanese enough money to buy all of America? Most of the following selections were
44. I was incensed to read in your article about the return of anti-Semitism that New York City Moral Majority Leader Rev. Dan C. Fore actually said that “Jews have a God-given ability to make money, almost a supernatural ability . . .”I fi nd it incredibly ironic that he and other Moral
★43. If a car or truck kills a person, do politicians call for car control or truck control?And call in all cars/trucks?If a child burns down a house do we have match control or child control and call in all of each?Gun control and confi scation is equally as pathetic a thought process in an age
42. Th e problem that I have with the pro-choice supporters’ argument is that they make “choice” the ultimate issue. Let’s face facts. No one has absolute freedom of choice sanctioned by the law. One can choose to rob a bank, but it’s not lawful. Others can choose to kill their
41. Evolution would have been dealt serious setbacks if environmentalists had been around over the eons trying to save endangered species.Species are endangered because they just do not fi t the bigger picture any more as the world changes. Th at’s not bad. It’s just life.In most cases we have
★40. September 17 marked the anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution.How well have we, the people, protected our rights? Consider what has happened to our private-property rights.“Property has divine rights, and the moment the idea is admitted into society that property is not as
39. Why all the fl ap about atomic bombs? Th e potential for death is always with us. Of course, if you just want something to worry about, go ahead. Franklin D. Roosevelt said it: “Th e only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the
38. If you buy our airline ticket now you can save 60 percent, and that means 60 percent more vacation for you. Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your
★37. As corporate farms continue to gobble up smaller family farms, they control a larger percentage of the grain and produce raised in the United States. Some have already reached a point in size where, if they should decide to withhold their grain and produce from the marketplace, spot
36. I am 12 years old. My class had a discussion on whether police used unnecessary force when arresting the people from Operation Rescue.My teacher is an ex-cop, and he demonstrated police holds to us. They don’t hurt at all unless the person is struggling or trying to pull away. If anybody was
35. As the oldest of eleven children (all married), I’d like to point out our combined family numbers more than 100 who vote only for pro-life candidates. Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be
★34. People of the Philippines, I have returned! Th e hour of your redemption is here! Rally to me! Let the indomitable spirit of Bataan and Corregidor lead on!As the lines of battle roll forward to bring you within the zone of operations, rise and strike! For future generations of your sons and
33. I prayed for the U.S. Senate to defeat the prayer amendment—and it did.Th ere is a God. Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your answer. Th en, if a
32. Dear Ann: Recently I was shopping downtown in 20-below-zero weather. A stranger walked up to me and said, “I wonder how many beautiful rabbits died so you could have that coat?” I noticed she was wearing a down coat, so I asked if the geese they got the down from to make her coat were still
★31. I say “bravo” and “right on!” Now we have some real-life humane heroes to look up to! Th ese brave people [a group of animal liberators] went up against the insensitive bureaucratic technology, and won, saving former pet animals from senseless torture.If researchers want to
30. Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your answer. Th en, if a fallacy is identifi ed, discuss the possible factors that led the arguer to commit the
29. We’ve oft en heard the saying, “Far better to let 100 guilty men go free than to condemn one innocent man.” What happens then if we apply the logic of this argument to the question, “Is a fetus an unborn human being?” Th en is it not better to let 100 fetuses be born rather than to
★28. The notion of “buying American” is as misguided as the notion of buying Wisconsin, or Oshkosh, Wisconsin, or South Oshkosh, Wisconsin. For the same reasons that Wisconsin increases its standard of living by trading with the rest of the nation, America increases its standard of living by
27. How can we pledge allegiance to the fl ag of the United States of America and not establish laws to punish people who burn the fl ag to make a statement?We are a people who punish an individual who libels another person but will not seek redress from an individual who insults every citizen of
26. As somebody who has experienced the tragedy of miscarriage—or spontaneous abortion—at eight weeks, I greatly resent the position that a fetus is not a baby. I went through the grief of losing a baby, and no one should tell me otherwise. Most of the following selections were taken from
★25. Just as our parents did for us, my husband and I rely solely on Christian Science for all the health needs of our four sons and find it invaluable for the quick cure of whatever ailments and contagions they are subject to. One particular healing that comes to mind happened several years ago
24. Th e fact is that the hype over “acid rain” and “global warming” is just that:hype. Take, for example, Stephen Schneider, author of Global Warming. In his current “study” he discusses a “greenhouse eff ect of catastrophic proportions,”yet twenty years ago Schneider was a vocal
23. So you think that putting the worst type of criminal out of his misery is wrong.How about the Americans who were sent to Korea, to Vietnam, to Beirut, to Central America? Th ousands of good men were sacrifi ced supposedly for the good of our country. At the same time we were saving and
★22. You take half of the American population every night and set them down in front of a box watching people getting stabbed, shot and blown away. And then you expect them to go out into the streets hugging each other? Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of
21. Pigeons are forced to leave our city to battle for life. Th eir struggle is an endless search for food. What manner of person would watch these hungry creatures suff er from want of food and deny them their survival? Th ese helpless birds are too oft en ignored by the people of our city, with
$20 dinner 40 percent to $28. Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your answer. Th en, if a fallacy is identifi ed, discuss the possible factors that led the
20. So you want to ban smoking in all eating establishments? Well, you go right ahead and do that little thing. And when the 40 percent of smokers stop eating out, the restaurants can do one of two things: close, or raise the price of a
★19. If the advocates of prayers in public schools win on this issue, just where will it end? Perhaps next they will ask for prayers on public transportation? Prayers by government workers before they start their job each day? Or maybe, mandatory prayers in public restaurants before starting each
18. My gun has protected me, and my son’s gun taught him safety and responsibility long before he got hold of a far more lethal weapon—the family car. Cigarettes kill many times more people yearly than guns and, unlike guns, have absolutely no redeeming qualities. If John Lennon had died a
17. Would you rather invest in our nation’s children or Pentagon waste? The choice is yours. Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your answer. Th en, if a
★16. The death penalty is the punishment for murder. Just as we have long jail terms for armed robbery, assault and battery, fraud, contempt of court, fi nes for speeding, reckless driving and other numerous traffi c violations, so must we have a punishment for murder. Yes, the death penalty will
15. I see that our courts are being asked to rule on the propriety of outlawing video games as a “waste of time and money.”It seems that we may be onto something here. A favorable ruling would open the door to new laws eliminating show business, spectator sports, cocktail lounges, the state of
14. The conservative diatribe found in campus journalism comes from the mouths of a handful of affl uent brats who were spoon-fed through the ’80s.Put them on an ethnically more diverse campus, rather than a Princeton or a Dartmouth, and then let us see how long their newspapers survive. Most of
★13. Doctors say the birth of a baby is a high point of being a doctor. Yet a medical survey shows one out of every nine obstetricians in America has stopped delivering babies.Expectant mothers have had to find new doctors. In some rural areas, women have had to travel elsewhere to give birth.How
12. Before I came to the United States in July, 1922, I was in Berlin where I visited the famous zoo. In one of the large cages were a lion and a tiger. Both respected each other’s strength. It occurred to me that it was a good illustration of “balance of power.” Each beast followed the other
11. When will they ever learn—that the Republican Party is not for the people who voted for it? Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your answer. Th en, if
★10. Aft er reading “Homosexuals in the Churches,” I’d like to point out that I don’t know any serious, capable exegetes who stumble over Saint Paul’s denunciation of homosexuality. Only a fool (and there seem to be more and more these days) can fail to understand the plain words of
9. A capital gains tax [reduction] benefits everyone, not just the “rich,” because everyone will have more money to invest or spend in the private economy, resulting in more jobs and increasing prosperity for all. This is certainly better than paying high taxes to a corrupt, self-serving and
8. How would you feel to see your children starving and have all doors slammed in your face? Isn’t it time that all of us who believe in freedom and human rights stop thinking in terms of color and national boundaries? We should open our arms and hearts to those less fortunate and remember that a
★7. A parent would never give a ten-year-old the car keys, fi x him or her a martini, or let him or her wander at night through a dangerous part of town. Th e same holds true of the Internet. Watch what children access, but leave the Net alone. Regulation is no substitute for responsibility. Most
6. Mexico’s president expresses legitimate concern when he questions supplying oil to Americans who are unwilling to apply “discipline” in oil consumption.In view of the fact that his country’s population is expected to double in only twenty-two years, isn’t it legitimate for us to ask
5. Th e American Civil Liberties Union did a study that found that in the last 80 years it believes twenty-fi ve innocent people have been executed in the United States. Th is is unfortunate. But, there are innocent people who die each year in highway accidents. Out of 40,000 deaths, how many
★4. Dear Ann: I’ve read that one aspirin taken every other day will reduce the risk of heart attack. Why not take two and double the protection? Most of the following selections were taken from letters to the editors of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed,
3. Women in military combat is insane. No society in its right mind would have such a policy. Th e military needs only young people and that means the only women who go are those in their child-bearing years. Kill them off and society will not be able to perpetuate itself. Most of the following
2. When will these upper-crust intellectuals realize that the masses of working people are not in cozy, cushy, interesting, challenging, well-paying jobs, professions and businesses? My husband is now 51; for most of the last 33 years he has worked in the same factory job, and only the thought of
1. Exporting cigarettes [to Asia] is good business for America; there is no reason we should be prohibited from doing so. Asians have been smoking for decades; we are only off ering variety in their habit. If the Asians made tobacco smoking illegal, that would be a diff erent situation. But as long
50. Are you in favor of the ruinous economic policy of the Democratic Platform Committee? Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is
★49. A line is composed of points. Points have no length. Th erefore, a line has no length. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is
48. People are driving their cars like maniacs tonight. Th ere must be a full moon. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
47. Dozens of species of plants and animals are being wiped out every year, even though we have laws to prevent it. Clearly, we should repeal the Endangered Species Act. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following
★46. On Friday I took Virginia out to dinner. She told me that if I wasn’t interested in a serious relationship, I should forget about dating her. On Saturday I took Margie to a fi lm. When we discussed it aft erward over a drink, she couldn’t understand why I wasn’t interested in babies.
45. Nobody has ever proved that using cell phones causes brain tumors. Th erefore, using cell phones does not cause brain tumors. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for
44. Either you’re with us or you’re with the terrorists. Th e choice should be easy. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
43. Th e vast majority of car accidents occur within twenty miles of one’s home.Apparently it is much more dangerous to drive close to home than far away from home. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following
42. Rhubarb pie is a dessert. Th erefore, whoever eats rhubarb pie eats a dessert. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write
41. The students attending Bradford College come from every one of the fifty states. Michelle attends Bradford College. Th erefore, Michelle comes from every one of the fi ft y states. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by
★40. Th e Book of Mormon is true because it was written by Joseph Smith. Joseph Smith wrote the truth because he was divinely inspired. We know that Joseph Smith was divinely inspired because the Book of Mormon says that he was, and the Book of Mormon is true. Identify the fallacies of relevance,
39. Good steaks are rare these days, so don’t order yours well done. Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and grammatical analogy committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
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