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logic functions and equations
A Concise Introduction To Logic 11th Edition Patrick J. Hurley - Solutions
8. Johnny, of course I deserve the use of your bicycle for the aft ernoon. Aft er all, I’m sure you wouldn’t want your mother to fi nd out that you played hooky today. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write
★7. Emily has bought over 100 tickets on the weekly state lottery, and she has never won anything. Th erefore, the likelihood increases every week that she will win something if she continues to buy tickets. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following
6. World-renowned physicist Stephen Hawking claims that black holes do not gobble up everything that falls into them without leaving a trace, but that something is always left behind. Given Hawking’s stature as a scientist and the many years he has worked on this problem, we should conclude that
5. What the farmer sows in the spring he reaps in the fall. In the spring he sows$8-per-bushel soybeans. Therefore, in the fall he will reap $8-per-bushel soybeans. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
★4. Naomi Klein, the best-selling author, argues at length that capitalism exploits disasters and upheavals to advance radical privatization and worsen the plight of the poor. But it’s clear that Klein says these outlandish things only to sell more books. Th erefore, her arguments on this issue
3. Before he was elected, Barack Obama promised that his administration would be completely transparent and that he would keep no secrets from the American people. But President Obama is fi rst and foremost a politician, just like all the others. Th erefore, we shouldn’t trust this promise for a
2. Tagging by graffiti artists has become a terrible problem in recent years.Obviously our schools are stifl ing the creative spirit of these young people. Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
1. On our first date, George had his hands all over me, and I found it nearly impossible to keep him in his place. A week ago Tom gave me that stupid line about how, in order to prove my love, I had to spend the night with him. Men are all alike. All any of them want is sex. Identify the fallacies
10. True or False. If an argument from analogy depends on a causal or systematic relationship between certain attributes, and there is good reason to believe that this relationship exists, then the argument commits no fallacy.
9. True or False. Th e fallacy of weak analogy always depends on an alleged similarity between two things or situations.
8. True or False. If the conclusion of an argument depends on the occurrence of a chain reaction of events, and there is good reason to believe that the chain reaction will actually occur, the argument commits a slippery slope fallacy.
7. True or False. If an argument concludes that X causes Y simply because X and Y occur over the same time interval, then the argument commits the non causa pro causa variety of the false cause fallacy.
6. True or False. Th e post hoc ergo propter hoc variety of the false cause fallacy presumes that X causes Y merely because X happens before Y.
5. True or False. Hasty generalization always proceeds from the particular to the general.
4. True or False. If an attorney for the defense in an American or Canadian criminal trial argues that the prosecution has proved nothing beyond a reasonable doubt about the guilt of the defendant, then the attorney commits an appeal to ignorance.
3. True or False. In the appeal to ignorance, the arguer accuses the reader or listener of being ignorant.
2. True or False. If an arguer cites a statement in support of a conclusion and the statement refl ects the strong bias of its author, then the arguer commits an appeal to unqualifi ed authority.
1. True or False. If an arguer cites a statement by a recognized expert in support of a conclusion and the statement falls within the expert’s range of expertise, then the arguer commits an appeal to unqualifi ed authority.
15. There are more churches in New York City than in any other city in the nation, and more crimes are committed in New York City than anywhere else. So, if we are to eliminate crime, we must abolish the churches. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving
14. No one has proved conclusively that America’s nuclear power plants constitute a danger to people living in their immediate vicinity. Th erefore, it is perfectly safe to continue to build nuclear power plants near large metropolitan centers. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed
★13. No one would buy a pair of shoes without trying them on. Why should anyone be expected to get married without premarital sex? Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
12. We don’t dare let the animal rights activists get their foot in the door. If they sell us on the idea that dogs, cats, and dolphins have rights, next it will be chickens and cows. Th at means no more chicken Kiev or prime rib. Next it will be worms and insects. Th is will lead to the
11. Probably no life exists on Venus. Teams of scientists have conducted exhaustive studies of the planet’s surface and atmosphere, and no living organisms have been found. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer.
★10. Iranian President Mahmoud Amadinejad says there are no homosexuals in Iran. Not a single one. Th erefore, given Amadinejad’s obvious acquaintance with the people of his own country, we must conclude that no gay people live in Iran. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the
9. The abstinence only policy for birth control just doesn’t work. After all, it didn’t work for Jamie Lynn Spears, and it didn’t work for Bristol Palin, either. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
8. Lester Brown, universally respected author of the yearly State of the World report, has said that the destruction of tropical rain forests is one of the ten most serious worldwide problems. Th us, it must be the case that this is indeed a very serious problem. Identify the fallacies of weak
★7. No one has ever been able to prove the existence of extrasensory perception.We must therefore conclude that extrasensory perception is a myth. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed,
6. A few minutes after Governor Harrison finished his speech on television, a devastating earthquake struck southern Alaska. For the safety of the people up there, it is imperative that Governor Harrison make no more speeches. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following
5. Th e accumulation of pressure in a society is similar to the buildup of pressure in a boiler. If the pressure in a boiler increases beyond a critical point, the boiler will explode. Accordingly, if a government represses its people beyond a certain point, the people will rise up in revolt.
★4. Th e secretaries have asked us to provide lounge areas where they can spend their coff ee breaks. Th is request will have to be refused. If we give them lounge areas, next they’ll be asking for spas and swimming pools. Then it will be racquet ball courts, tennis courts, and fi tness
3. Th ere must be something to psychical research. Th ree famous physicists—Oliver Lodge, James Jeans, and Arthur Stanley Eddington—took it seriously. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is
2. If a car breaks down on the freeway, a passing mechanic is not obligated to render emergency road service. For similar reasons, if a person suff ers a heart attack on the street, a passing physician is not obligated to render emergency medical assistance. Identify the fallacies of weak induction
★1. Th e Daily News carried an article this morning about three local teenagers who were arrested on charges of drug possession. Teenagers these days are nothing but a bunch of junkies. Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for
10. “true” or “false” In the red herring fallacy, the arguer attempts to lead the reader or listener off the track.
9. “true” or “false” Whenever one suspects that a missing the point fallacy is being committed, one should be able to state the conclusion that is logically implied by the premises.
8. “true” or “false” In the straw man fallacy, an arguer oft en distorts another person’s argument by making it look more extreme than it really is.
7. “true” or “false” In the fallacy of accident, a general rule is applied to a specifi c case where it does not fi t.
6. “true” or “false” In the tu quoque fallacy, the arguer threatens the reader or listener.
5. “true” or “false” In the argumentum ad hominem circumstantial, the circumstances cited by the second arguer are intended precisely to malign the character of the fi rst arguer.
4. “true” or “false” Th e argumentum ad hominem always involves two arguers.
3. “true” or “false” If an arguer attempts to discredit court room testimony or a promise by pointing out that the witness or the person making the promise is a liar, then the arguer commits an argumentum ad hominem (argument against the person) fallacy.
2. “true” or “false” In the direct variety of the appeal to the people, the arguer attempts to create a kind of mob mentality.
1. “true” or “false” In the appeal to force, the arguer physically attacks the listener.
★25. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Mr. Rhodes is suff ering from amnesia and has no recollection whatever of the events of the past two weeks. We can only
24. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Dr. Morrison has argued that smoking is responsible for the majority of health problems in this country and that every smoker
23. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Actress Andie MacDowell says that it’s healthy to drink milk. But the dairy industry pays MacDowell thousands of dollars to
★22. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Of course you want to buy a pair of Slinky fashion jeans. Slinky jeans really show off your fi gure, and all the Hollywood
21. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Animal rights activists say that animals are abused in biomedical research labs. But consider this: Pets are abused by their
20. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no
★19. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” TV commentator Larry Kudlow argues that government should get off the back of the American businessman. Obviously, Kudlow
18. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Rudolf Höss, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, confessed to having exterminated one million people, most of
17. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Professor Pearson’s arguments in favor of the theory of evolution should be discounted. Pearson is a cocaine-snorting sex
★16. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Dan Marino, former quarterback for the Miami Dolphins, argues that Nutri-System is a great weight loss program. But
15. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Th e First Amendment to the Constitution prevents the government from interfering with the free exercise of religion. Th e
14. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Surely architect Norris is not responsible for the collapse of the Central Bank Tower. Norris has had nothing but trouble
★13. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” We’ve all heard the argument that too much television is the reason our students can’t read and write. Yet many of
12. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Ladies and gentlemen, today the lines of battle have been drawn. When the din of clashing armor has fi nally died away, the
11. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” If 20 percent of adult Americans are functionally illiterate, then it’s no wonder that morons get elected to public offi
★10. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Th e editors of the Daily Register have accused our company of being one of the city’s worst water polluters. But the
9. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Something is seriously wrong with high school education these days. Aft er ten years of decline, SAT scores are still
8. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Senator Barrow advocates increased Social Security benefi ts for the poor. It is regrettable that the senator fi nds it
★7. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Surely you welcome the opportunity to join our protective organization.Th ink of all the money you will lose from broken
6. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy is not worth the paper it’s printed on.Nietzsche was an immoral reprobate who went
5. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” You should read Irving Stone’s latest novel right away. It’s sold over a million copies, and practically everyone in the
★4. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Whoever thrusts a knife into another person should be arrested. But surgeons do precisely this when operating. Th erefore,
3. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Th e school board argues that our schools are in desperate need of repair. But the real reason our students are falling behind
2. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Erica Evans, who takes orders at the local Taco Bell, argues persuasively in favor of increasing the minimum wage. But this is
★1. Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.” Th e position open in the accounting department should be given to Frank Th ompson. Frank has six hungry children to feed,
★10. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. Some corporate mergers are arrangements that produce layoffs. Some arrangements that produce layoff s are social catastrophes. Th erefore, some corporate mergers are social
9. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. If plastic guns are sold to the public, then terrorists will carry them aboard airliners undetected. If plastic guns are sold to the public, then airline hijackings will increase. Th
8. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. Congresswoman Michele Bachmann argues in favor of drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. But consider this. Bachmann is a total moron, a complete idiot who
★7. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. Sarah Jessica Parker, Ben Affl eck, and Julia Roberts are Democrats. Th erefore, it must be the case that all Hollywood stars are Democrats.
6. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. If the Chinese government systematically kills its unwanted orphans, then the Chinese government is immoral. Th e Chinese government is indeed immoral.Th erefore, the Chinese
5. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. Renowned violinist Pinchas Zukerman has said, “When it comes to vodka, Smirnoff plays second fiddle to none.” We must therefore conclude that Smirnoff is the best vodka available.
★4. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. Th e ship of state is like a ship at sea. No sailor is ever allowed to protest orders from the captain. For the same reason, no citizen should ever be allowed to protest
3. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. All people who believe we create our own reality are people who lack social responsibility. All people governed by selfi sh motives are people who lack social responsibility. Th
2. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies. Everything that runs has feet. Th e Columbia River runs very swift ly. Th erefore, the Columbia River has feet.
★1. Determine whether the fallacies committed by the following arguments are formal fallacies or informal fallacies.If Rasputin was really mad, then he deceived Czar Nicholas II. Rasputin was not really mad. Th erefore, he did not deceive Czar Nicholas II.
35. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from grapes.
★34. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Pen” means an instrument used for writing on paper.
33. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Animal: a living creature corporeal, distinct, on the one side, from pure spirit, on the other, from pure matter.(Johnson’s Dictionary)
32. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Diet” means like when you cut back on your calories.
★31. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Anchorperson” means an electronic media guru who has great looks but less- than-average intelligence and who brings canned news to people incapable of reading a newspaper.
30. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Mackerel: a sea-fi sh.(Johnson’s Dictionary)
29. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Soap” means saponifi ed glyceride.
★28. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Clock” means a manufactured device featuring two pointers that rotate past a set of numerals ranging from 1 to 12.
27. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: History is the unfolding of miscalculations.(Barbara Tuchman)
26. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Tobacco is a plant grown in the southeastern United States that, when enjoyed in the form of cigars and cigarettes, produces a most delightful and satisfying taste and aroma.
★25. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: A cello is a stringed musical instrument played with a bow.
24. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Gammon” means, in backgammon, a victory in which one player defeats another before he can remove any of his men from the board.
23. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Faith” means reason succumbing to insecurity.
★22. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Schooner” means sort of like a sailboat.
21. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Faith is the bird that sings when the dawn is still dark.(Rabindranath Tagore)
20. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: An organic substance is any substance that is not inorganic.
★19. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Normal” means an attribute possessed by people who are able to get on in the world.
18. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Puberty: the time in life in which the two sexes begin fi rst to be acquainted.(Johnson’s Dictionary)
17. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Safety” means a play in which a player grounds the ball behind his own goal line when the ball was caused to cross the goal line by his own team.
★16. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: A carpenter’s square is a square used by a carpenter.
15. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Satire is a kind of glass, wherein beholders do generally discover everybody’s face but their own.(Jonathan Swift)
14. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: A house is a structure made of wood or stone intended for human habitation.
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