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logic functions and equations
A Concise Introduction To Logic 11th Edition Patrick J. Hurley - Solutions
1. “Blind” means, for federal income tax purposes, either the inability to see better than 20/200 in the better eye with glasses or having a fi eld of vision of 20 degrees or less. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
10. True or False. “Leprechaun” and “unicorn” have the same extension.
9. True or False. The order of increasing intension is always the same as that of decreasing extension.
8. True or False. Th e intension of a term determines how specifi c the term is.
7. True or False. Th e intension of a term determines the extension.
6. True or False. Some terms have empty extension.
5. True or False. Some terms have empty intension.
4. True or False. Th e extension of a term always remains the same with the passage of time.
3. True or False. The extensional meaning of a term consists of the members of the class denoted by the term.
2. True or False. Th e intensional meaning of a term consists of the attributes connoted by the term.
1. True or False. All words have an intensional meaning and an extensional meaning.
5. Construct a series of four terms that exhibits increasing intension but nondecreasing extension.
4. Put the following sequences of terms in the order of increasing intension:★a. conifer, Sitka spruce, tree, spruce, plantb. Italian sports car, car, vehicle, Maserati, sports carc. doctor of medicine, person, brain surgeon, professional person, surgeond. wallaby, marsupial, mammal, animal,
3. Name three items denoted by the terms in the following left -hand column and all items denoted by the terms in the right-hand column.newspaper tallest mountain on earth scientist prime number less than 10 manufacturer governor of New York river language of Canada opera Scandinavian country
2. Name some of the attributes connoted by the following terms. Express your answer with adjectives or adjectival phrases. Example: The term “elephant”connotes the attributes of being large, having tusks, having a trunk. drum wolf fanatic riot politician devil Mona Lisa carrot piano Statue of
1. Determine which of the following words or groups of words are terms and which are nonterms. extortion Thomas Jefferson laborious Empire State Building cunningly practitioner seriousness forever whoever studies interestingly impassive scarlet reinvestment therefore annoy render satisfactory
20. JOSEPH: Adult human beings have the right to marry whomever they please, as long as that person is not a close relative. From this it follows that homosexuals have the right to marry someone of their own sex.STEPHEN: Your argument makes no sense. Rights are created by laws, and since there is
★19. JERRY: In spite of the great strides technology has made in this country, poverty remains a terrible problem. Why, some people earn less than $10,000 per year. Th e government should do something about it.FRANKIE: I hardly think that $10,000 per year constitutes poverty. Why, in many Th ird
18. PENNY: In my mind, the use of marijuana should be legalized. Aft er all, caffeine and alcohol are no less of a drug than marijuana, and it’s not illegal to enjoy a glass of beer or drink a cup of coff ee.SAM: Your conclusion is way off . Beer and coff ee are not drugs; they’re foods.
17. BRIAN: That new morning-after pill, RU-486, causes abortion. Therefore, since abortion is wrong, you should never take that pill.ELAINE: How ignorant you are! RU-486 merely prevents implantation of the fertilized ovum. Th erefore, since the woman never gets pregnant, there is no abortion.
★16. FRED: Today’s professional athletes are overpaid. Many of them make millions of dollars a year.SHAWN: I don’t think they are overpaid at all. Just look at the owners of some of these teams. Th ey make ten times as much as the athletes do. Determine whether the following disputes are
15. MINDY: President Clinton should have been removed from offi ce because he lied about having sexual relations with Monica Lewinsky.KAREN: Don’t be silly. President Clinton had only oral sex with Lewinsky, and oral sex does not constitute sexual relations.
14. ANTHONY: Th e sun is much smaller than the earth. You see, it’s just a small thing up there in the sky. Th erefore, since the sun’s gravitational attraction is proportional to its mass, the sun’s gravity is less than the earth’s.CINDY: You are as stupid as they come. I agree the mass of
★13. THOMAS: George Foreman committed those crimes of child abuse through his own free choice. Nobody put a gun to his head. Th erefore, he should be punished for them.EMILIE: That’s not true. It’s been established that Foreman was severely abused himself when he was a child, and such
12. HAROLD: Professor Steinbeck is the most intelligent man I know. His lecture series on matter and consciousness was simply brilliant.JOYCE: Steinbeck is actually an idiot. Yesterday I watched while he tried to get his car started. When it wouldn’t start, he opened the hood, and he didn’t
11. ERIC: I’ve just signed up for Philosophy 502—Dr. Peterson’s class in metaphysics.I know I’m going to enjoy it because I’ve always been fascinated by magic and ghosts.LEAH: I’m afraid you’re in for a surprise. Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some
★10. CAROL: Nelson could not have fought in the battle of Trafalgar, because that battle occurred in 1806, and Nelson died in 1804.JUSTIN: Your knowledge of history is atrocious! Nelson did fi ght in Trafalgar, and the date was October 21, 1805. Determine whether the following disputes are
9. CHERYL: Tomorrow I’m going to the Metallica concert. Their music is fabulous.OLIVER: You call that music? Really it’s just noise, and incredibly loud noise at that. Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, discuss whether the
8. KARL: Th ere’s a euthanasia measure on the ballot today, and I think I’ll vote for it. It seems reasonable that terminally ill patients should be allowed to be disconnected from life-support systems so that they can die peacefully and naturally.SERGIO: You must be crazy! Euthanasia means
★7. LESLIE: Your friend Paul told us that he would be visiting his parents in Knoxville this weekend. Th erefore, he must not be at home.DIANA: I agree that Paul is probably not at home, but you didn’t hear him right. He said that his parents live in Nashville. Determine whether the following
6. HEIDI: Th is morning I heard a lecture on the life of Jane Austen. She was such a wonderfully educated woman.DAVID: Th at’s not true at all. Jane Austen dropped out of school when she was only eleven, and she never even attended high school, much less college or graduate school. Determine
5. KATHY: I was saddened to hear about the death of your uncle. He was such a wonderful man. You must be consoled knowing that he’s enjoying his heavenly reward.ANNE: Th anks, but I’m afraid I don’t know what you mean. If death is the end of life, how could my uncle be alive right now in
★4. ROGER: I think modern society is becoming more and more violent every day. Just look at the increase in murder, rape, and robbery. Violence is clearly an evil that must be eradicated.MARK: You might be right about the increase in crime, but the idea that violence is an evil is nonsense.
3. PHIL: That was a great basketball game last night. Kobe Bryant scored 37 points.ARTHUR: Your statistics are all wet. Bryant scored only 34 points. Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of the two. If verbal, discuss whether the dispute arises from
2. VICKIE: Yesterday I visited the exhibition of the work of Jean Michel Basquiat at the Central Gallery. What an interesting artist he is!BARBARA: Don’t be ridiculous! Th at’s not art—it’s just graffi ti. Determine whether the following disputes are verbal, factual, or some combination of
★1. FRANK: Look at that huge tree that fell last night. It must have made a tremendous crash when it came down.SHIRLEY: No, I’m afraid you’re quite wrong. Sound is a perception, and perceptions depend on a perceiver. Th erefore, since nobody was around here last night, there was no crash.
★10. Liberalism has turned our welfare system from a social safety net into a hammock.We hand out money with few questions asked. When welfare recipients are asked for some contribution to our society in return, liberals scream that it’s unconstitutional.Liberalism has transformed our criminal
9. Thousands of years of organized religion have done nothing to solve any problems and have almost always exacerbated them by promoting fear, superstition, and irrational mythologies. Kneeling in prayer to some supernatural entity seeking “divine guidance” or, even more implausibly, “divine
8. A kind and loving God surely favors the pro-choice attitude. He wants his world inhabited by happy, well-fed children with parents who love and care for them.Our burgeoning population in Th ird World nations with constant famine and disease, and many other human miseries, could be relieved if
★7. It’s time to challenge all this nonsense about the “celebration of diversity” in our society. Th e more the schizophrenics preach the glories of diversity, the more we pull apart. Th is is not to deny appreciation of the ethnic roots, rituals, and foods, which add color to life. But to
6. Until now, the protest against the holocaust in our own nation has been vocal but far too small. Th e massacre of an unwanted generation through abortion and infanticide has sounded an alarm that should wake up every Christian.Helpless and guiltless little infants are mercilessly butchered daily
5. Th e insanity plea should be done away with; criminals should lose this easy way out. Killers can theoretically spend as little as six months in a mental hospital, then be released. It’s time to take a stand for safety and put psychotic killers in prison.Th e following selections were taken
★4. God, guts, and guns made this great country of ours free, and you can bet your buns it will take more of the same to keep it that way. One of the very last things in this world we need is handgun control.Th e following selections were taken from the letters to the editor section of a
3. Th e creationists have no right to impose their mistaken, ignorant, superstitious beliefs on others. Th ey claim the constitutional right to the free exercise of religion. How about the rights of the majority of people who want their children taught the scientifi c truth about evolution—not
2. How anyone who has seen even one photo of the fl y-covered, starving children in Somalia can still believe in a loving, everpresent, omnipotent God is beyond intelligent reasoning.Th e following selections were taken from the letters to the editor section of a newspaper.Each can be interpreted
★1. Why don’t animal lovers do something about these dog sled races? Have you ever witnessed a race on television? Talk about torture. It’s sickening to watch the dogs, panting and their tongues hanging out, pull a heavily laden sled with a driver through snow and ice in bitter cold. Th e
I. Th e following selection is taken from a speech delivered by George C. Wallace, former Governor of Alabama, on July 4, 1964. In this speech Wallace attacked Lyndon Johnson’s signing of the Civil Rights Act. Th e speech is liberally sprinkled with emotive terminology. Make a list of what you
15. 1 Th ere are lots of problems with the U.S. airline system, but 2 deregulation isn’t one of them. 3 Airline deregulation has delivered most of what it promised when enacted in 1978. 4 It has held down fares, 5 increased competition,6 and raised the industry’s effi ciency. 7 Despite
14. 1 A manned trip to Mars is a justifi ed scientifi c goal because 2 it aff ords a unique opportunity to explore the origins of the solar system and the emergence of life. However, 3 from a scientifi c standpoint, an initial landing on the tiny Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, would be more
★13. 1 Th e state has a right to intervene on behalf of unborn children, and 2 this right should be implemented immediately. 3 While it may be true that a mere fetus has no rights, 4 surely a born child does have rights, and 5 these rights project backward to the time it was in the womb. Th
12. 1 All of us have encountered motorists who will go to any length to get a parking spot within 20 feet of the door they expect to enter. 2 Th is obsession with good parking spots transcends all logic. 3 It might take 5 minutes to secure the ideal spot in a store parking lot, 4 while a more
11. 1 Doctors who attend elderly people in nursing homes oft en prescribe tranquilizers to keep these people immobile. 2 Th is practice is oft en unwarranted, and 3 it oft en impairs the health of the patients. 4 Th ese tranquilizers oft en have damaging side eff ects in that 5 they accentuate
★10. 1 It has been widely acknowledged that the quality of undergraduate education in this country is diminishing. 2 An oft en unrecognized cause of this malady is the exploitative way that universities as employers treat their parttime and temporary faculty members. 3 In many universities
9. 1 Th e argument has been made that to cut down on teenage drunk driving we should increase the federal excise tax on beer. 2 Such a measure, however, would almost certainly fail to achieve its intended result. 3 Teenagers are notoriously insensitive to cost. 4 Th ey gladly accept premium
8. 1 Flesh food is not a necessity in the human diet, as 2 nutritionally adequate alternatives are readily available. 3 Many people in the world thrive on a nonmeat diet. 4 Indeed, vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists in this country live an average of six years longer than their meat-eating
★7. 1 Cigarette consumption could be easily reduced by simply outlawing tailormade cigarettes. 2 Th e manufacture of tailor-made cigarettes to American standards is a high-tech industry. 3 It cannot be done in small illicit labs like the processing of PCP, cocaine or heroin. 4 Th e
6. 1 All men crave material success because 2 it serves as an insurance policy against sexual rejection. Th is is true because 3 women love men who are successful.4 Both men and women want power, and 5 success is the form of power women feel most deprived of. Th us, 6 women try to achieve it
5. 1 For years our country has been providing Japan unlimited access to our technology while getting little in return. 2 Currently 7,000 Japanese graduate students study science and engineering in the U.S., 3 while only 1,000 Americans are engaged in similar studies in Japan. Also, 4 our
★4. 1 Powerful new particle accelerators are important in high-energy physics, and 2 they are worth their cost because 3 they will allow scientists to produce and capture signifi cant quantities of Z particles. 4 Z particles result from the collision of positrons and electrons, and 5
3. 1 Society values white lives more than black lives. Th is is clear from the fact that 2 killers of whites are much more likely to be sentenced to death than killers of blacks. 3 Of the 1788 people currently on death row, 1713 were convicted of killing a white person. Yet 4 blacks are six
2. 1 America’s farm policy desperately needs revamping. 2 Seventy-three cents of every farm program dollar ends up in the pockets of the nation’s super-farmers. As a result, 3 the mid-sized family farms are being squeezed out of existence. Also, 4 our farm policy courts environmental
★1. 1 Many people believe that the crime of bribery cannot extend to campaign contributions. 2 From a legal standpoint, however, countless campaign contributions are in fact bribes. 3 A bribe is anything of value or advantage given with the intent to unlawfully infl uence the person to whom it
★10. 1 Th ere is a lot of pressure on untenured college teachers to dumb down their courses. 2 Administrators tend to rehire teachers who bring in more money, and 3 teachers who dumb down their classes do precisely this. Why? Because 4 easier classes attract more students, and 5 more
9. 1 Research leading to the development of a scramjet engine is worthwhile. 2 .Commercial aircraft incorporating such an engine could cross the Pacifi c in as little as two hours. 3 Th is would relieve the fatigue of fl ights from New York to Tokyo. Also, 4 such an engine could power future
8. 1 Contributions to relief organizations are oft en wasted. 2 Food sent to war torn countries rarely reaches its destination, because 3 food distribution is controlled by the warring groups, and 4 these groups sell the food to buy weapons and ammunition.Th e following arguments were
★7. 1 It appears that animals may be able to predict earthquakes. 2 Prior to a 1 major quake in China, hundreds of snakes suddenly appeared from hibernation and froze to death in the snow, 3 fi sh were seen leaping from rivers and lakes, and 4 cows and horses refused to enter barns. Also, 5
6. 1 Th e rain forest of Brazil produces oxygen for the whole world, yet 2 it yields no monetary return to that country. Given that 3 the industrialized nations consume the most oxygen, 4 those nations ought to pay Brazil an annual fee for the use of its rain forest.Th e following arguments
5. 1 Defending the war on drugs may not be fashionable, but the fact remains that 2 hardcore drugs should remain illegal. 3 As long as hardcore drugs are illegal, they are harder to get, and 4 the social stigma of being arrested deters many users.Th e following arguments were abstracted from
★4. 1 When parents become old and destitute, the obligation of caring for them should be imposed on their children. 2 Clearly, children owe a debt to their parents. 3 Th eir parents brought them into the world and cared for them when they were unable to care for themselves. 4 Th is debt could
3. 1 Homework stifl es the thrill of learning in the mind of the student. 2 It instills an oppressive learn-or-else discipline. 3 It quenches the desire for knowledge and the love of truth. For these reasons 4 homework should never be assigned.Th e following arguments were abstracted from
2. 1 Th e development of carbon-embedded plastics, otherwise called “composits,”is an important new technology because 2 it holds the key for new aircraft and spacecraft designs. Th is is so because 3 these composits are not only stronger than steel but lighter than aluminum.Th e following
★1. 1 Th e conditions under which many food animals are raised are unhealthy for humans. 2 To keep these animals alive, large quantities of drugs must be administered. 3 Th ese drugs remain in the animals’ fl esh and are passed on to the humans who eat it.Th e following arguments were
★10. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. All FHA loans are living-standard enhancers for the following reasons. All reverse mortgages that are FHA loans are either living-standard enhancers or home equity depleters, and all reverse mortgages are home
9. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. All diabetes victims are either insulin takers or glucose eliminators.Accordingly, some diabetes victims are glucose eliminators, since some diabetes victims are insulin takers.
8. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. All merchandisers that are retailers are businesses that are inventory rotators.Th erefore, all merchandisers are inventory rotators.
★7. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. All community colleges with low tuition are either schools with large enrollments or institutions supported by taxes. Th erefore, all community colleges are institutions supported by taxes.
6. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. Some wrestlers are colorful hulks, since some wrestlers are colorful and some wrestlers are hulks.
5. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. All homeless people who are panhandlers are destitute individuals. Th erefore, all homeless people are destitute individuals.
★4. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. If energy taxes are increased, then either the defi cit will be reduced or conservation will be taken seriously. If the defi cit is
3. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. If human rights are recognized, then civilization fl ourishes. If equality prevails, then civilization fl ourishes. Th us, if human rights are recognized, then equality prevails.
2. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. If carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere, then plants have a source of carbon. Hence, since plants have a source of carbon, carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere.
★1. Use the counterexample method to prove each of the following arguments invalid. If animal species are fi xed and immutable, then evolution is a myth. Th erefore, evolution is not a myth, since animal species are not fi xed and immutable.
★10. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. Some school boards are not groups that oppose values clarifi cation, because some school boards are not organizations with vision, and some groups that
9. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. All persons who assist others in suicide are people guilty of murder.Accordingly, some individuals motivated by compassion are not persons guilty of murder,
8. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. Some toxic dumps are sites that emit hazardous wastes, and some sites that emit hazardous wastes are undesirable places to live near. Th us, some toxic
★7. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. No patrons of fast-food restaurants are health-food addicts. Consequently, no patrons of fast-food restaurants are connoisseurs of fi ne desserts, since
6. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. All meticulously constructed timepieces are true works of art, for all Swiss watches are true works of art and all Swiss watches are meticulously
5. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. Some politicians are people who will stop at nothing to win an election, and no people who will stop at nothing to win an election are true statesmen.Hence,
★4. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. Some farm workers are not people who are paid decent wages, because no illegal aliens are people who are paid decent wages, and some illegal aliens are
3. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. No patents are measures that discourage research and development, and all patents are regulations that protect intellectual property. Th us, no measures
2. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. Some evolutionists are not people who believe in the Bible, for no creationists are evolutionists, and some people who believe in the Bible are not
★1. Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text. All galaxies are structures that contain black holes in the center, so all galaxies are quasars, since all quasars are structures that contain black
15. True Or False. An argument may legitimately be spoken of as “true” or “false.” True Or False.
14. True Or False. A statement may legitimately be spoken of as “valid” or “invalid.”
13. True Or False. If an argument has true premises and a true conclusion, we know that it is a perfectly good argument.
12. True Or False. A cogent argument must be inductively strong.
11. True Or False. A cogent argument may have a probably false conclusion.
10. True Or False. A strong argument may have true premises and a probably false conclusion.
9. True Or False. A strong argument may have false premises and a probably false conclusion.
8. True Or False. A sound argument may have a false conclusion.
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