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logic functions and equations
A Concise Introduction To Logic 11th Edition Patrick J. Hurley - Solutions
★13. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Truculent” is if you’re cruel or fi erce.
12. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Logic is the study of arguments including defi nitions.
11. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Wood” means fi brous, lignifi ed cellulose.
★10. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: Feminism is a militant movement originated by a group of deviant women for the purpose of undermining the natural distinction between the sexes.
9. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: A symphony is a musical piece written for full orchestra.
8. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Intelligence” means whatever is measured by an IQ test.
★7. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: A theist is anyone who is not an atheist or an agnostic.
6. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “iPod” means a handheld electronic device having a single click-wheel on one side.
5. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Semantics” is when somebody studies words.
★4. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: A cynic is a person who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing.(Oscar Wilde)
3. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Birdie” means sinking the ball in one stroke under par.
2. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: “Elusory” means elusive.
★1. Criticize the following defi nitions in light of the eight rules for lexical defi nitions: A sculpture is a three-dimensional image made of marble.
10. Defi nition by genus and diff erence may be used to produce stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, and persuasive defi nitions. True Or False
9. Th e specifi c diff erence is an attribute or set of attributes that identifi es a species. True Or False
8. Th e species is a subclass of the genus. True Or False
7. Operational defi nitions typically convey the entire intensional meaning of a word. True Or False
6. Th e technique of synonymous defi nition may be used to construct precising defi nitions. True Or False
5. In a synonymous defi nition the defi niens must be a single word. True Or False
4. An intensional defi nition conveys the meaning of a term by indicating the members of the class the term denotes. True Or False
3. Most extensional defi nitions convey the precise intensional meaning of a term. True Or False
2. Th e technique of extensional defi nition may be used to produce stipulative and lexical defi nitions. True Or False
1. The technique of extensional definition may be used to produce precising defi nitions. True Or False
8. Consult a dictionary to fi nd the etymological roots of the following words, and then explain how they relate to the conventional meaning of these words.★a. morphologyb. isomorphicc. isotropicd. phototropice. photographyf. lithography g. lithology h. psychology
7. Construct defi nitions by genus and diff erence for the following terms. In each defi nition identify the genus term.★a. drakeb. biologistc. felonyd. widowe. library
6. Construct operational defi nitions for the following words:★a. geniusb. ferromagneticc. fl uorescentd. alkalinee. polarized (light)
5. Construct synonymous defi nitions for the following terms:★a. intersectionb. fabricc. nucleusd. abodee. wedlockf. cellar g. summit h. apparel
4. Construct a complete defi nition by subclass for the following terms:a. quadrilateralb. circulating American coin
3. Construct a defi nition by subclass for the following terms by naming three subclasses of the class the term denotes. Th en fi nd a nonsynonymous term that these subclasses serve equally well to defi ne.★a. animalb. fi shc. vehicled. gemstonee. polygon
2. Construct a complete enumerative defi nition for the following terms:a. oceanb. continent
1. Construct a partial enumerative defi nition for the following terms by naming three members of the class the term denotes. Then find a nonsynonymous term that these members serve equally well to defi ne. Example: “Poet” means a person such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, or Shelley. A
30. “Musical composition” means something such as a symphony, a concerto, a sonata, or a toccata. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or
29. “Done” means, in reference to a baking cake, that a wooden toothpick poked into the center comes out clean. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi
★28. “Truck” means a vehicle used for hauling. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus and diff erence.
27. “Tale” is a word that derives from the Old English word talu, which means talk. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by
26. “Error” means mistake. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus and diff erence.
★25. “Professional person” means a person such as a doctor, a lawyer, a professor, or an architect. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions,
24. “Philosopher” means someone such as Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, or Kant. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus
23. An “electric current” fl ows in a circuit if and only if an ammeter connected in series with the circuit shows a reading. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions,
★22. “Rapier” means sword. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus and diff erence.
21. “Oak” means a tree that bears acorns. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus and diff erence.
20. “Tree” means this, and this, and this (as you point to several trees). Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus
★19. “Language” means something such as French, German, Spanish, or English. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by
18. “Prime number” means a number greater than one that is divisible only by itself and one. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi
17. “Facade” means face. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus and diff erence.
★16. “Poignant” is a word derived from the Latin word pungere, which means to prick, pierce, or sting. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi
15. “Insect” means something such as a fl y, an ant, a wasp, or a caterpillar. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by
14. A substance is “translucent” if and only if when held up to a strong light some of the light comes through. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi
★13. “Hurricane” means a storm having constant winds of at least 74 miles per hour that originates at sea. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi
12. “Mountain” means something such as Everest, Rainier, Whitney, or McKinley. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by
11. “Universe” originates from the Latin word universus, which means whole or entire. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions
★10. “Hot” means, for an electric iron, that your wetted fi nger sizzles when placed momentarily in contact with it. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions,
9. “Dessert” means something such as pie, cake, cookies, or ice-cream sundaes. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by
8. “Painting” means something like da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, van Gogh’s Starry Night, Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, or Rembrandt’s Night Watch. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions,
★7. “House” means this: Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus and diff erence.
6. “Neophyte” means beginner. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus and diff erence.
5. “Angel” is a word that originates from the Greek word angelos, which means messenger. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi
★4. “State” means something such as Ohio, Arkansas, Minnesota, and Tennessee. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by
3. A triangle is “equilateral” if and only if a compass, when placed sequentially on two vertices and properly adjusted, strikes through the other two vertices. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi
2. “Hammer” means a tool used for pounding. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus and diff erence.
★1. “Plant” means something such as a tree, a fl ower, a vine, or a cactus. Determine whether the following are demonstrative definitions, enumerative defi nitions, defi nitions by subclass, synonymous defi nitions, etymological defi nitions, operational defi nitions, or defi nitions by genus
10. Th e purpose of a persuasive defi nition is to infl uence attitudes. True or False.
9. Th eoretical defi nitions provide a theoretical characterization of the entity or entities denoted by the word being defi ned. True or False.
8. Th eoretical defi nitions are either true or false, just as are lexical defi nitions. True or False.
7. Th e meaning given to a word by a precising defi nition is completely arbitrary. True or False.
6. One of the purposes of a lexical defi nition is to guard against the ambiguous use of a word. True or False.
5. A lexical defi nition reports the way a word is actually used in a language. True or False.
4. A stipulative defi nition is either true or false. True or False.
3. The definiens is the word or group of words that assigns a meaning to the word being defi ned. True or False.
2. Th e defi niendum is the word or term that is supposed to be defi ned. True or False.
1. From the standpoint of logic, many defi nitions are concerned not with words but with things. True or False.
5. Th e following exercises involve constructing defi nitions: Construct opposing pairs of persuasive definitions for “conservative” and“socialism.”
4. Th e following exercises involve constructing defi nitions: Construct theoretical defi nitions for “energy” and “atom.”
3. Th e following exercises involve constructing defi nitions: Construct precising defi nitions for “middle-aged” and “alcoholic.” Interpret both words as relating to people and specify the purpose for which the defi nitions are to be used.
2. Th e following exercises involve constructing defi nitions: Construct lexical defi nitions for “capital” and “depression,” and indicate two diff erent meanings for each.
1. Th e following exercises involve constructing defi nitions: Invent stipulative defi nitions for two new words that you wish to introduce into the language for the fi rst time.
★25. “Bimboy” means a boy who is a total airhead. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
24. “Obelisk” means an upright, four-sided pillar that terminates in a pyramid; a dagger. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
23. “Television” means the electronic medium that keeps an entire nation of viewers in a state of seminarcosis by feeding them a steady stream of inane drivel. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
★22. “Assault” means, for legal purposes, an intentional and unprivileged act resulting in the apprehension of an immediate harmful or off ensive contact. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
21. “Gravity” means a force that results from the universal attraction that every particle of matter has for every other particle, and which varies directly with the mass of the particles and inversely with the square of the distance between them. Determine whether the following defi nitions
20. “Recession” means, for purposes of the National Bureau of Economic Research, two consecutive quarters of negative growth in real GNP or in aggregate output for the entire economy. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
★19. “Intractable” means not easily governed; obstinate; unruly; not disposed to be taught. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising,
18. “Ramster” means an animal produced by crossbreeding a rat with a hamster. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or
17. “Gene” means the hereditary unit that occupies a fi xed chromosomal locus, which through transcription has a specifi c eff ect on phenotype and which can mutate to various allelic forms. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or
★16. “Psychiatry” means the fortuitous melding of modern medicine with psychology that promises relief to thousands of poor, desperate souls who suff er the pains of emotional disorder. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or
15. “Diadem” means an ornamental headband worn as a badge of royalty; a crown. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
14. “Smoker” means a rude and disgusting individual who callously emits noxious tobacco fumes into the air, threatening the health and comfort of everyone in the vicinity. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
★13. “Petrograb” means invading a country to steal its oil. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
12. “Neurosis” means a chronic emotional disturbance that arises from suppressed or forgotten emotional stress (such as resentment, hostility, aggression, or guilt) experienced in early childhood. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or
11. “Radioactive area” means, for purposes of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, any area accessible to individuals in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any one hour a dose in excess of 5 millirems or in any fi ve consecutive days
★10. “Sound” means a compression wave, in air or some other elastic medium, having a frequency ranging (for humans) from 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
9. “Femikin” means a female manikin. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
8. “Intoxicated,” for purposes of driving a car in many states, means having a blood-alcohol content of 0.1 percent (.001) or greater. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
★7. “Politician” means a person of unquestioned honesty and integrity whom the people, in their collective wisdom, have duly elected to guide the ship of state and protect it from the reefs and shoals that threaten it on every side. Determine whether the following defi nitions are
6. “Fiduciary” means having to do with a confidence or trust; a person who holds something in trust. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
5. “Magnetism” means a property of certain substances such as iron, cobalt, and nickel that arises from the spin of the electrons in the unfi lled inner shell of the atoms that compose the substance. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical,
★4. “Diffident” means lacking confidence in oneself; characterized by modest reserve. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
3. “Glasstooth” means an electronic device worn like a pair of glasses that instantly fl ashes text messages to the recipient. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
2. “Football” means a sport in which modern-day gladiators brutalize one another while trying to move a ridiculously shaped “ball” from one end of the playing fi eld to the other. Determine whether the following defi nitions are stipulative, lexical, precising, theoretical, or persuasive.
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