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statistics for nursing a practical approach
Fundamentals Of Nursing: Standards And Practices 2nd Edition Sue C. DeLaune, Patricia Kelly Ladner - Solutions
Shortages of health care providers in some geographic areas (especially rural or inner city areas)
Cultural barriers
Difficulty for people with certain medical problems (preexisting conditions) to obtain insurance
Inability to obtain individual insurance due to high costs
No provision for insurance by an employer due to prohibitive costs
Lack of access to and continuity of services with subsequent misuse of acute care services
Resource consumption is highly influenced by the widely held American belief that more is better
The litigious environment that creates the tendency toward defensive practice
8. Describe the emerging trends and issues for the health care delivery system.
7. Discuss nursing’s role in meeting the challenges within the health care system.
6. Explore the challenges that exist within the health care system.
5. Explain the factors that influence health care delivery.
4. Describe the differences between the various financial programs for health care services and reimbursement.
3. Identify the members of the health care team and their respective roles.
2. Discuss the various health care settings through which health care services are delivered.
1. Describe the types of services of the U.S. health care delivery system.
4. Which type of research design is used in the Research Focus feature that is relative to early hospital discharge and home follow-up of women having cesarean birth?
a systematic investigation method.
3. Name a phenomenon you may see in nursing or in clients that raises a question for you. Discuss the steps you would take to answer the question using
2. Describe how nursing education will be different in the next 10 years to graduate nurses who demonstrate the competencies issued from the PEW Health Professions Commission.
b. Different licensure examinations should be administered to graduates from different types of entry and advanced levels of educational programs.
a. One licensure examination for RNs demands only one type of educational program.
1. Debate these statements:
6. How do the nursing research priorities established by NINR match with the Healthy People 2000 goals and objectives?
5. Why must the researcher secure an informed consent from research participants?
The importance of nursing research will increase as the result of trends occurring in educational programs, interdisciplinary collaboration, interrelationships between nursing practice and research, and nurse-client involvement in research activities.
The various applications of nursing research to education and practice can significantly influence the quality and delivery of nursing care.
Obtaining informed consent for clients participating in the research process requires that the researcher provides full disclosure of the nature of the study, the subject’s right to refuse participation, and the likely risks and benefits that would be incurred by the study.
3. National research priorities will establish a strong scientific base for nursing within the priorities.
2. Nurse scientists will build international collaboration teams with scientists from other disciplines.
1. Increasing numbers of doctorally prepared nurses will contribute to building and evaluating the science of nursing practice.
Research, education, and practice constitute the required integrated approach to the daily practice of all nurses.
The five steps of the research process are statement of the research problem, delineation of a conceptual framework and review of the literature, selection of a research design, analysis and interpretation of the findings, and communication of the results of the research study.
Knowledge and nursing science are predicated on many ways of knowing such as tradition, systematic inquiry, esthetics, and empiricism and are influenced by gender perspectives.
The science of nursing is established by the same systematic, investigative process used by all sciencebased disciplines, the research process.
Trends in nursing education have been identified in the areas of competency development, enrollments, instructional strategies, nursing faculty, advanced educational preparation, licensure, size of the work force, and delivery of care.
To achieve the competencies established for health care professionals, several strategies for nursing education reform have been proposed in the areas of institutional, governmental, and federal involvement with the nursing profession.
The three types of programs that currently prepare nurses for entry level practice are diploma, associate degree, and baccalaureate degree nursing programs.
6. The collaborative efforts by national organizations to develop innovative systems strategies to identify the barriers and bridge the gaps around the process of adopting evidence-based practice.
5. Nurses working with clients on research protocols will continue to confront ethical dilemmas that balance the goals of research with those of the client and client care. The client advocacy and empowerment role will consume a larger component of nursing practice.
4. Nurse scientists will increasingly be educated and funded in health services research as related to clinical practice guidelines for nursing care services to reduce variance in nursing practice activities.
What adaptations for your comfort and care have you and your family made since your return home?
While in the hospital, what did you learn about . . . ?
What type of activities did you do while you were in the hospital?
What kind of diet were you on?
What medications were prescribed for you during that time?
What led up to your most recent hospitalization?
What adaptations for your comfort and care have you and your family made since your return home?
While in the hospital, what did you learn about . . . ?
What type of activities did you do while you were in the hospital?
What kind of diet were you on?
What medications were prescribed for you during that time?
What led up to your most recent hospitalization?
How can “other ways of knowing” be used by nurses to measure the client’s situation or the outcome of the nursing activity applied to the situation?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method you use?
Name and describe three “other ways of knowing”that you use in your personal life to solve problems.
You are a new occupational health nurse at a local plastics factory. What questions might you ask the employees to better understand their need for and interest in heatlh-promotion topics?
You have decided to implement a teaching project on stress management to a group of well elders. What criteria might you use to measure the effectiveness of your nursing interventions?
How might you measure the “health” or “wellness” of your community?
Informed consent: The person understands the reason for the proposed intervention and its benefits and risks, and agrees to the treatment by signing a consent form.
Protection from discomfort and harm: Based on the principle of beneficence (one should do good and, above all, do no harm) the person should be protected from physical, emotional, social, and economic discomfort and harm.
Fair treatment: The person should be treated fairly and should receive what he or she is due or owed.
Anonymity: Data collected will be kept confidential.
Privacy: The person has to determine the time, extent, and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others.
Self- determination: The person has the right to control his or her own destiny
Communicating research findings, their implications, and the limitations of the study
Analyzing data
Collecting data
Conducting a pilot study
Defining the population, sample, and setting
Selecting a research design (overall plan used to conduct the research); see the accompanying display for types of research design
Defining research variables
Developing research objectives, questions, and hypotheses
Developing a conceptual framework (structure that links global concepts together to form a unified whole)
Reviewing relevant literature
Defining the purpose of the study
Formulating a research question or problem
Clinical practicum experiences in communitybased health care delivery sites for all courses in a curriculum
Revise the content and learning experiences in the nursing curriculum to produce graduates with the competencies needed for differentiated practice
The increase in clinical research has prepared the way for nursing students to learn clinical decision-making skills based on the evidence relating to support specific interventions such as wound care and urinary catheterization. Evidenced-based practice is discussed later in this chapter.
Baccalaureate and higher degree nursing programs expand the opportunities for faculty to participate in clinical research, and to reward the faculty for such activity
Diploma and associate degree programs employ nurses to teach with extensive clinical practice experience, particularly in integrated systems of care
Additional depth in basic science course work that expands the environmental science interrelationships of health and disease patterns
The use of nursing, medicine, and allied health student course work and practicum experiences to foster interdisciplinary communication and clinical care planning, intervention, and evaluation; to promote interdisciplinary role expectations for practice;and to demonstrate a holistic and coordinated
Strengthen existing career mobility programs that facilitate educational advancement for associate degree and diploma graduates
The public (client) should participate in redefining the role of professionals in delivering health care. Schools of nursing can benefit from working with consumer advocacy groups and inviting participation in educational planning and evaluation by community representatives.
Government (federal and state) should support changes in education through incentives for innovative educational programs; financing of practitioner education consistent with the PEW competencies; work force preparation policies (numbers, distribution, and specialty mix needed); and encouragement
Health professions associations such as PEW, ANA, NLN, American Association of Colleges of Nursing, and Association of Nurse Executives should support a professional nursing redefinition consistent with the changing health care needs of clients and systems.Licensure and accreditation bodies should
Obtain support by the university for innovative leadership to bring nursing education in tandem with diverse multicultural needs for health care. Programming will require strategic resource support for faculty, compensation systems, student recruitment and progression, and development of community
Restructure education and delivery of services to be responsible for the health care needs of a particular community; to provide for new, flexible program development; to provide for continued professional career competency;and to provide cost-effective education with faculty role models
Refine the educational core by examining the disciplines represented in the nursing care setting of clinical education; teaching-learning strategies; educational teaming of students with those in other disciplines; process and outcome evaluation of curriculum; and earlier and greater access to
Continue to learn
Participate in a racially and culturally diverse society
Accommodate expanded accountability
Provide counseling on ethical issues
Understand the role of the environment in mitigating the impact of environmental hazards on health
Manage information
Improve the health care system
Assess and use technology appropriately
Promote healthy lifestyles
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