Introduction To Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 2nd Edition HALDER - Solutions

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A reversible process is a process(a) Which proceeds with no driving force(b) Which takes place spontaneously(c) Which is quasi-static(d) Which is frictional process.
At constant temperature and pressure, the free energy for a chemically reacting system at equilibrium is(a) Minimum(b) Maximum(c) Can not be predicted(d) None of these.
The operation of a throttling device follows the(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics(b) First law of thermodynamics(c) Second law of thermodynamics(d) Third law of thermodynamics.
The upper curve in the boiling point diagram is called(a) The saturated vapour curve(b) The dew point curve(c) The saturated liquid curve(d) Both (a) and (b).
A vertical cylinder containing helium gas is filled with a piston of \(50 \mathrm{~kg}\) mass and crosssectional area of \(0.025 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). If the atmospheric pressure outside the cylinder is \(95 \mathrm{kPa}\) and the local gravitational acceleration is \(9.79 \mathrm{~m} /
The Joule-Thomson coefficient for any gas at inversion point is(a) 1(b) 0(c) 2(d) 3
For an ideal solution, isotherm on an enthalpy-concentration diagram will be(a) Parabola(b) Hyperbola(c) Sine curve(d) Straight line
For a reversible process, change in entropy of the system(a) Approaches to zero(b) Increases(c) Decreases(d) Remains constant
For a multi-component system, the chemical potential is equivalent to(a) Molar free energy(b) Molar concentration difference(c) Molar free energy change(d) Partial molar free energy
A domestic refrigerator consists of(a) A condenser, a compressor and an evaporator(b) A condenser, a throttling valve, a compressor and an evaporator(c) A condenser, a throttling valve and an evaporator(d) A condenser, a generator, a compressor and an evaporator
The diathermal wall(a) Is incapable of exchanging heat with the surroundings(b) Permits the full flow of heat from the system to the surroundings and vice versa(c) Both (a) and (b)(d) None of these.
What is the effect of pressure on equilibrium conversion of a gas-phase chemical reaction?
The processes in the Carnot cycle are carried out in a/an(a) Reversible fashion(b) Irreversible fashion(c) Neither(a) nor (b)(d) Both(a) and (b).
For a gas whose \(P-V-T\) behaviour is given by \(Z=1+\frac{B P}{R T}\), where \(B\) is a constant, the fugacity coefficient is(a) \(\frac{B P}{R T}\)(b) \(\exp \frac{B P}{R T}\)(c) \(\ln \frac{B P}{R T}\)(d) \(1+\frac{B P}{R T}\).
The total energy of a system comprises(a) Kinetic energy, potential energy and vibrational energy(b) Kinetic energy, potential energy and rotational energy(c) Kinetic energy, potential energy and chemical energy(d) Kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy.
A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is \(800 \mathrm{~kJ}\). During the cooling process the fluid loses \(500 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of heat and the paddle wheel does \(100 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of work on the fluid.
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature by \(1^{\circ}\) of \(1 \mathrm{~g}\) of a substance is known as its(a) Heat capacity(b) Thermal conductivity(c) Specific heat(d) None of these.
The substance which has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a/an(a) Colloid(b) Inert substance(c) Pure substance(d) Ideal substance.
The substance whose change in volume is quite significant is known as(a) Incompressible(b) Pure(c) Compressible(d) None of these.
A liquid in equilibrium with its own vapour at a specified temperature or pressure is called a(a) Superheated liquid(b) Saturated liquid(c) Sub-cooled liquid(d) None of these.
The vapour that is about to condense is called the(a) Superheated vapour(b) Compressed vapour(c) Saturated vapour(d) None of these.
The temperature at which a liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapour at a specified pressure is called the(a) Adiabatic temperature(b) Saturated temperature(c) Equilibrium temperature(d) None of these.
Water boils at \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Here, \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is the(a) Saturation temperature(b) Boiling point(c) Neither (a) nor (b)(d) Both (a) and (b).
The pressure at which a pure substance changes its phase is known as the(a) Saturated pressure(b) Gauge pressure(c) Absolute pressure(d) None of these.
The latent heat of vaporization is the(a) The amount of heat absorbed during melting(b) The amount of heat absorbed during vaporization(c) The amount of heat absorbed during sublimation(d) None of these.
The factor(s) considered in formulating the van der Waals equation is/are the(a) Intermolecular force of attraction(b) Excluded volume(c) Departure volume(d) Both (a) and (b).
The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on the(a) Pressure and temperature(b) Volume and temperature(c) Volume and pressure(d) Temperature only.
The van der Waals equation of state is given by(a) \(\left(P+\frac{a}{V}\right)(V-b)=R T\)(b) \(\left(P+\frac{a}{V^{2}}\right)(V-b)=R T\)(c) \(\left(P+\frac{a}{V^{2}}\right)(V+b)=R T\)(d) None of these.
The van der Waals equation of state is applicable for the(a) Solid phase only(b) Liquid phase only(c) Liquid and gas phases only(d) Solid, liquid and gas phases.
At a given pressure and temperature, the van der Waals equation of state gives(a) One real and two imaginary values(b) Three real values(c) One imaginary and two real values(d) None of these.
The equation \(P=\frac{R T}{V-b}-\frac{a}{T^{0.5} V(V+b)}\) is known as the(a) Peng-Robinson equation of state(b) Redlich-Kwong equation of state(c) Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state(d) Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state.
The second virial coefficient \(B\) in the virial equation of state \(\frac{P V}{R T}=1+\frac{B}{V}+\frac{C}{V^{2}}+\frac{D}{V^{3}}\) \(+\ldots\) is a(a) Function of volume only(b) Function of temperature only(c) Function of pressure only(d) None of these.
For a van der Waals gas, the value of the critical coefficient \(\frac{R T_{C}}{P_{C} V_{C}}\) is(a) \(3 / 8\)(b) \(8 / 3\)(c) \(5 / 3\)(d) \(7 / 3\).
A liquid at a temperature below its saturation temperature is called a(a) Sub-cooled liquid(b) Compressed liquid(c) Superheated liquid(d) Both (a) and (b).
The vapour at a temperature above its saturation temperature is called the(a) Sub-cooled vapour(c) Superheated vapour(b) Compressed vapour(d) Saturated vapour.
For an ideal gas, the compressibility factor at all temperatures and pressures is(a) 1(b) 0(c) -1(d) \(\infty\).
The compressibility factor is defined as(a) The ratio of the volume of the real gas to the volume occupied by the compressible gas(b) The volume occupied by the ideal gas to the ratio of the volume of the real gas(c) The ratio of the volume of the real gas to the volume occupied by the ideal gas(d)
The residual volume is(a) A parameter to express the non-ideality of gases(b) The difference between the volume of real gas and the volume predicted by ideal gas(c) The difference between the volume predicted by ideal gas and the volume of real gas(d) Both (a) and (b).
"The compressibility factor \(Z\) for all gases is approximately the same at the same reduced temperature and reduced pressure." This is known as the(a) Law of compressibility factor(b) Law of corresponding state(c) Amagot's law(d) Charles' law.
Law of corresponding state was proposed and formulated by(a) R.S. Pitzer(b) Gibbs-Duhem(c) van der Waals(d) Charles Dickens.
The acentric factor can be mathematically expressed as(a) \(\omega=-1-\left.\log _{10} P_{r}^{\text {sat }}\right|_{T_{r}=0.7}\)(b) \(\omega=1-\left.\log _{10} P_{r}^{\text {sat }}\right|_{T_{r}=0.7}\)(c) \(\omega=-1+\left.\log _{10} P_{r}^{\text {sat }}\right|_{T_{r}=0.7}\)(d) None of these.
The heat capacity ratio is defined as(a) \(\gamma=\frac{C_{P}}{\left(C_{V}-1\right)}\)(b) \(\gamma=\frac{C_{P}}{C_{V}}\)(c) \(\gamma=\frac{C_{V}}{C_{P}}\)(d) None of these.
In a heat engine the heat always flows from(a) The higher-temperature region to the lower-temperature one and produces no work(b) The lower-temperature region to the higher-temperature one and produces a net work(c) The higher-temperature region to the lower-temperature one and produces a net
Thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the ratio of(a) The total heat input to the net work output(b) The net work output to the total heat input(c) The net work input to the total heat output(d) None of these.
For a heat engine, the thermal efficiency(a) Is always less than unity(b) Can never be greater than 60 to \(70 \%\) in actual practice(c) Can be greater than unity(d) Both (a) and (b).
In the case of a refrigerator, heat flows(a) In the direction of increasing temperature(b) From a higher-temperature region to a lower-temperature one(c) From a lower-temperature region to a higher-temperature one(d) From source to sink at the same temperature level.
It is not possible to construct a device that operates on a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a low-temperature body to high-temperature body. This is known as the(a) Kelvin-Planck statement(b) Joule's statement(c) Clausius statement(d) Carnot statement.
For a heat engine operating between the same two reservoirs(a) \(\eta_{\text {irrev }}\eta_{\text {rev }}\)(c) \(\eta_{\text {irrev }}=\eta_{\text {rev }}\)(d) \(\eta_{\text {irrev }} \geq \eta_{\text {rev }}\).
Entropy is(a) A direct measure of the randomness of a system(b) An index of the tendency of a system towards spontaneous change(c) A measure of energy dispersal at a specific temperature(d) A measure of the unavailability of a system's energy to do work(e) All of these.
For the reversible isothermal change of an ideal gas undergoing a process, the change in entropy is given by(a) \((\Delta S)_{T}=R \ln \frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}}\)(b) \((\Delta S)_{T}=R \ln \frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}\)(c) \((\Delta S)_{T}=R \ln \frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}}\)(d) None of these.
For the reversible isobaric change of an ideal gas undergoing a process in a pistoncylinder assembly, the change in entropy will be(a) \((\Delta S)_{P}=C_{P} \ln \frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}}\)(b) \((\Delta S)_{P}=C_{P} \ln \frac{V_{2}}{V_{1}}\)(c) \((\Delta S)_{P}=C_{P} \ln \frac{T_{1}}{T_{2}}\)(d) None of
When two non-identical ideal gases are mixed irreversibly, the change in entropy due to mixing will be(a) \(\Delta S_{\text {mix }}=-N \sum x_{i} \ln x_{i}\)(b) \(\Delta S_{\text {mix }}=N R \sum x_{i} \ln x_{i}\)(c) \(\Delta S_{\text {mix }}=-N R \sum x_{i} \ln x_{i}\)(d) \(\Delta S_{\text {mix
The principle of increase in entropy is concerned with(a) Reversible processes(b) Irreversible processes(c) Quasi-static process(d) None of these.
The cyclic relationship between \(P, V\) and \(T\) for a pure substance is given by(a) \(\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial V}\right)_{T}\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial T}\right)_{V}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T}\right)_{P}=-1\)(b) \(\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial
The variation of free energy with pressure at constant temperature is(a) \(G_{1}-G_{2}=n R T \ln \frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}}\)(b) \(G_{2}-G_{1}=n R T \ln \frac{P_{2}}{P_{1}}\)(c) \(G_{2}-G_{1}=n R T \ln \frac{P_{1}}{P_{2}}\)(d) None of these.
For an isothermal reversible change of the system, the work function is(a) \(\left(\frac{\partial A}{\partial V}\right)_{T}=P\)(b) \(\left(\frac{\partial A}{\partial U}\right)_{T}=-P\)(c) \(\left(\frac{\partial A}{\partial V}\right)_{T}=-P\)(d) \(\left(\frac{\partial A}{\partial
If a system undergoes an isothermal reversible change, the mechanical work involved in the system during transformation can be represented by(a) \(\Delta A_{T}=W_{\max }\)(c) \(\Delta A_{T}=-W_{\max }\)(b) \(-\Delta A_{T}=W_{\max }\)(d) \(-\Delta A_{T}=W_{\min }\).
Which of the following is an extensive property?(a) Free energy(c) Specific heat(b) Refractive index(d) Surface tension.
"When a compressed gas expands adiabatically and slowly through a porous plug, it undergoes a temperature change which varies in magnitude and sign." This effect is known as the(a) Peltier effect(b) Joule-Thomson effect(c) Claude effect(d) Linde-Hampson effect.
In Joule-Thomson effect, there will be a cooling effect when(a) \(\mu=-\mathrm{ve}\)(b) \(\mu=+\mathrm{ve}\)(c) \(\mu=\alpha\)(d) Indeterminate.
The Maxwell's relation \(\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial V}\right)_{S}=-\left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial S}\right)_{V}\) is derived from the fundamental thermodynamic relation(a) \(d H=T d S+V d P\)(b) \(d A=-P d V-S d T\)(c) \(d G=V d P-S d T\)(d) \(d U=V d S-P d V\).
The \(T d S\) equation \(T d S=C_{P} d T-T\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T}\right)_{P} d P\) is valid where entropy is a function of(a) \(T\) and \(P\)(b) \(P\) and \(V\)(c) \(T\) and \(V\)(d) None of these.
The inversion temperature of hydrogen is(a) \(315 \mathrm{~K}\)(b) \(202 \mathrm{~K}\)(c) \(275 \mathrm{~K}\)(d) \(345 \mathrm{~K}\).
The inversion temperature of helium is(a) \(460 \mathrm{~K}\)(b) \(40 \mathrm{~K}\)(c) \(620 \mathrm{~K}\)(d) \(823 \mathrm{~K}\).
The inversion point of a gas can be mathematically expressed as(a) \(T_{i}=\frac{2 a b}{R}\)(b) \(T_{i}=\frac{2 b}{R a}\)(c) \(T_{i}=\frac{2 a}{R b}\)(d) None of these.
Residual free energy is defined as(a) \(G^{R}=G-G^{\mathrm{ig}}\)(b) \(G^{R}=G^{\mathrm{ig}}-G\)(c) \(G^{R}=G+G^{\mathrm{ig}}\)(d) None of these.
Departure functions are useful to calculate the thermodynamic property of real fluids(a) When the \(P-V-T\) data of the substance is unavailable(b) When the \(P-V-T\) data of the substance is sufficient(c) When the \(P-V-T\) data of the substance is available and insufficient(d) None of these.
For a non-ideal gas, fugacity(a) Is equal to pressure(c) Is not concerned with pressure at all(b) Is not equal to pressure(d) None of these.
The effect of temperature on fugacity can be represented by(a) \(\left(\frac{\partial \ln f}{\partial P}\right)_{T}=\frac{V T}{R}\)(b) \(\left(\frac{\partial \ln f}{\partial P}\right)_{T}=\frac{V R}{T}\)(c) \(\left(\frac{\partial \ln f}{\partial P}\right)_{T}=\frac{V}{R T}\)(d)
A process is said to be uniform if there is(a) No change with time(b) No change with location over a particular region(c) Both (a) and (b)(d) Neither (a) nor (b).
In a throttling device the(a) Isentropic process takes place(b) Gas undergoes compression process slowly and adiabatically(c) Cooling effect is always obtained(d) None of these.
Throttling is an(a) Isentropic process(c) Isobaric process(b) Isochoric process(d) Isenthalpic process.
Isothermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of the(a) Isothermal work to the actual work, i.e., \(\eta_{\text {iso }}=\frac{W_{\text {iso }}}{W_{\text {actual }}}\)(b) Actual work to the isothermal work, i.e., \(\eta_{\text {iso }}=\frac{W_{\text {actual }}}{W_{\text {iso }}}\)(c) Actual work to
A nozzle is a device that(a) Increases the velocity of a flowing fluid(b) Converts mechanical energy to kinetic energy(c) Converts kinetic energy to mechanical energy(d) Converts mechanical energy to potential energy.
A diffuser is a contrivance that(a) Increases the pressure of a fluid by decreasing its velocity(b) Converts pressure energy to kinetic energy(c) Decreases the pressure of a fluid by increasing its velocity(d) None of these.
The duties of a nozzle and a diffuser are(a) Opposite to each other(b) Identical to each other(c) Not comparable at all(d) None of these.
Nozzles and diffusers are widely used in(a) Heat exchangers(b) Refrigeration systems(c) Rockets and other space vehicles(d) None of these.
Pick out the correct relation between the \(\mathrm{COP}\) of a refrigerator \(\left(\mathrm{COP}_{\mathrm{R}}\right)\) and that of the heat pump \(\left(\mathrm{COP}_{\mathrm{HP}}\right)\)(a) \(\mathrm{COP}_{\mathrm{HP}}=1-\mathrm{COP}_{\mathrm{R}}\)(b)
1 ton of refrigeration is equivalent to(a) \(3.517 \mathrm{~kW}\)(b) \(4.202 \mathrm{~kW}\)(c) \(250 \mathrm{kcal} / \mathrm{min}\)(d) \(50000 \mathrm{kcal} / \mathrm{min}\).
The relative co-efficient of performance of a heat engine is the ratio of(a) The theoretical COP to the actual COP(b) The actual COP to the theoretical COP(c) The theoretical COP to the ideal COP(d) None of these.
The advantage of the vapour-compression refrigeration system over the absorption refrigeration system is that(a) The charging of the refrigerant is quite simple(b) The space requirement for installation of the system is relatively low(c) There is no chance of leakage of the refrigerant from the
\(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) is not always preferred as a refrigerant due to its(a) Flammability(b) Viscosity(c) Toxicity(d) Ozone depletion potential.
Predict the correct one out of the following:(a) The boiling point of a refrigerant should be appreciably lower than the temperature levels at which the refrigerator works(b) The freezing point of the refrigerant should be appreciably lower than the operating temperature of the system(c) The
The critical temperature and pressure of a refrigerant should be(a) Below the operating temperature and pressure of the system(b) Well above the operating temperature and pressure of the system(c) Equal to the operating temperature and pressure of the system(d) None of these.
Global Warming Potential (GWP) is an index that indicates the ability of a gas(a) To absorb the ultra-violet rays(b) To absorb the infra-red rays(c) To absorb the photo-incidental rays(d) None of these.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) is an index that indicates the ability of a gas(a) To deplete the tropospheric ozone layer(b) To deplete the stratospheric ozone layer(c) To absorb the atmospheric ozone(d) To increase the amount of ozone in the stratosphere.
For a good refrigerant(a) Ozone Depletion Potential should be high and Global Warming Potential should be less(b) Ozone Depletion Potential should be less and Global Warming Potential should be high(c) Both should be high(d) Both should be negligible.
The partial molar property of a component can be measured using(a) Analytical method only(c) Analytical and graphical methods(b) Graphical method only(d) Experimental method.
To estimate the Ozone Depletion Potential of a refrigerant(a) \(\mathrm{CFC}-11\) is used as a reference gas(b) \(\mathrm{CFC}-12\) is used as a reference gas(c) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is used as a reference gas(d) \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) is used as a reference gas.
To compute the Global Warming Potential of a refrigerant(a) HFC-134a is used as a reference gas(b) Hydrocarbon is used as a reference gas(c) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is used as a reference gas(d) \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\) is used as a reference gas.
Liquefaction can be achieved through(a) Expansion of gas through a work-producing device (isentropic expansion)(b) Joule-Thomson expansion (isenthalpic expansion)(c) Exchange of heat at constant pressure(d) All of these.
At the same temperature and pressure, the chemical potentials of a component in two phases under equilibrium conditions(a) Are equal(b) Are different(c) Can not be predicted(d) None of these.
The influence of pressure on chemical potential can be expressed as(a) \(\left(\frac{\partial \overline{V_{i}}}{\partial P}\right)_{T, n_{i}}=\mu_{i}\)(b) \(\left(\frac{\partial \mu_{i}}{\partial T}\right)_{P, n_{i}}=\bar{V}_{i}\)(c) \(\left(\frac{\partial \mu_{i}}{\partial P}\right)_{T,
The activity coefficient is a measure of(a) The ideal behaviour of chemical substances in a mixture.(b) The deviation from ideal behaviour of chemical substances in a mixture(c) The effective concentration of a component(d) None of these.
The activity of the component is defined as the ratio of(a) The fugacity of the component in the solution to the fugacity of the component in the ideal state(b) The fugacity of the component in the standard state to the fugacity of the component in the solution(c) The fugacity of the component in
The activity of a component(a) Is a measure of effective concentration of a component(b) Results from the interaction between the molecules in a non-ideal gas or solution(c) Is dimensionless(d) All of these.
The activity of a component depends on(a) Temperature only(c) Temperature, pressure and composition(b) Temperature and pressure only(d) None of these.
For an ideal solution, the activity coefficient is defined as(a) \(\gamma_{i}=\frac{f_{i} x_{i}}{\bar{f}_{i}}\)(b) \(\gamma_{i}=\frac{x_{i}}{a_{i}}\)(c) \(\gamma_{i}=\frac{a_{i}}{x_{i}}\)(d) None of these.
The temperature dependence of the activity coefficient can be expressed as(a) \(\left(\frac{\partial \ln \gamma_{i}}{\partial T}\right)_{P}=\frac{\bar{H}_{i}-H_{i}}{R T^{2}}\)(b) \(\left(\frac{\partial \ln \gamma_{i}}{\partial T}\right)_{P}=\frac{H_{i}-\bar{H}_{i}}{T^{2}}\)(c)
The change in partial molar properties with composition at constant temperature and pressure can be better explained with the(a) Gibbs-Helmholtz equation(c) Gibbs equation(b) Gibbs-Duhem equation(d) Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

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