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study help
engineering
the science and engineering of materials
Questions and Answers of
The Science And Engineering Of Materials
Many binary phase diagrams have two scales on the abscissa (horizontal axis): one for weight percentage and the other for atomic percentage of one of the elements. Why is there interest in both
What is an invariant reaction? Show that for a two-component system the number of degrees of freedom for an invariant reaction is zero.
Define the terms eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic, peritectoid, and monotectic reactions.
What are some of the major problems in the utilization of intermetallics for high temperature applications?
What is an intermetallic compound? How is it different from other compounds? For example, other than the obvious difference in composition, how is TiAl different from, for example, Al2O3?
Find an iron-titanium phase diagram and identify the temperatures and binary alloy compositions for the three-phase points for all eutectic reactions.
What are the requirements of a matrix and precipitate for dispersion strengthening to be effective?
Hume–Rothery Rules. Write a computer program that will predict whether or not there will likely be 100% solid solubility between two elements. The program should ask the user to provide the user
Conversion of wt % to at % for a Binary System. Write a computer program that will allow conversion of wt% into at%. The program should ask the user to provide appropriate formula weights of the
Gibbs Phase Rule. Write a computer program that will automate the Gibbs phase rule calculation. The program should ask the user for information on whether the pressure and temperature or only the
Suppose that MgO contains 5 mol% NiO. Design a solidification purification method that will reduce the NiO to less than 1 mol% in the MgO.
Design a method by which glass beads (having a density of 2.3 g/cm3) can be uniformly mixed and distributed in a Cu-20% Ni alloy (density of 8.91 g/cm3).
Design a process to produce a NiO-60% MgO refractory with a structure that is 40% glassy phase at room temperature. Include all relevant temperatures.
Homogenization of a slowly cooled Cu-Ni alloy having a secondary dendrite arm spacing of 0.025 cm requires 8 hours at 1000°C. Design a process to produce a homogeneous structure in a more rapidly
What is hot pressing? How is it different from hot isostatic pressing?
Suppose you are asked to manufacture a critical component based on a nickelbased superalloy. The component must not contain any porosity and it must be chemically homogeneous. What manufacturing
What is spray atomization? Can it be used for making ceramic powders?
A copper-nickel alloy that solidifies with a secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) of 0.001 cm requires 15 hours of homogenization heat treatment at 1100°C. What is the homogenization time required
What is homogenization? What type of segregation can it remove?
A NiO-60 mol% MgO ceramic is allowed to solidify. Determine (a) The composition of the first solid to form, and (b) The composition of the last liquid to solidify under equilibrium
What is macrosegregation? Is there a way to remove it without breaking up the cast structure?
How can microsegregation be removed?
For the nonequilibrium conditions shown for the MgO-65 wt% FeO ceramic, determine (a) The liquidus temperature; (b) The nonequilibrium solidus temperature; (c) The freezing
What are the origins of chemical segregation in cast products?
A Nb-35% W alloy is allowed to solidify. Determine (a) The composition of the first solid to form, and (b) The composition of the last liquid to solidify under equilibrium conditions.
A Bi-60 at% Sb alloy is cooled under equilibrium conditions from the liquid state. Determine (a) The temperature at which the first solid nucleus forms and its composition; (b) The
A Nb-W alloy held at 2800°C is partly liquid and partly solid. (a) If possible, determine the composition of each phase in the alloy, and (b) If possible, determine the amount of each
Determine the phases present, the compositions of each phase, and the amount of each phase in mol% for the following NiO-MgO ceramics at 2400°C: (a) NiO- 30 mol% MgO; (b) NiO-45 mol% MgO;(c)
What is the composition of the Monel alloy?
What is brass? Explain which element strengthens the matrix for this alloy.
Suppose a crucible made from pure nickel is used to contain 500 g of liquid copper at 1150°C. Describe what happens to the system as it is held at this temperature for several hours. Explain.
A Nb-W alloy contains 55% a at 2600°C. Determine (a) The composition of each phase, and (b) The composition of the alloy.
For a Ag-60 wt% Pd alloy determine the (a) Liquidus temperature; (b) Solidus temperature; and (c) Freezing range. Temperature (°C) 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 961.93 °C 0
Determine the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, and freezing range for the following MgO-FeO ceramic compositions:(a) MgO-25 wt% FeO; (b) MgO-45 wt% FeO; (c) MgO-65 wt% FeO; and(d)
Locate the following points in the Ag-Pd phase diagram and indicate the phases present and their relative amounts:(a) 50 wt% Pd at 1300°C; (b) 80 wt% Pd at1425°C; and (c) 90 wt% Ag at
A NiO-20 mol% MgO ceramic is heated to 2200°C. Determine (a) The composition of the solid and liquid phases in both mol% and wt%; (b) The amount of each phase in mol% and wt%; and (c)
Determine the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, and freezing range for the following Al2O3-Cr2O3 ceramic compositions:(a) Al2O3-30 wt% Cr2O3; (b) Al2O3-50 wt% Cr2O3; and (c)
Determine the phases present, the compositions of each phase, and the amount of each phase in wt% for the following MgOFeO ceramics at 2000°C: (a) MgO-25 wt% FeO; (b) MgO-45 wt%
Determine the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, and freezing range for the following NiO-MgO ceramic compositions:(a) NiO-30 mol% MgO; (b) NiO-45 mol% MgO; (c) NiO-60 mol% MgO;
Determine the phases present, the compositions of each phase, and the amount of each phase in wt% for the following Al2O3- Cr2O3 ceramics at 2150°C: (a) Al2O3-30 wt% Cr2O3; (b) Al2O3-50
Determine the composition range in which the Tl-Pb alloy at 350°C is (a) Fully liquid; (b) Fully solid; and (c) Partly liquid and partly solid.Refer to Figure 10-8(d) for the Tl-Pb
Locate the following points in the Bi-Sb phase diagram and indicate the phases present and their relative amounts: (a) 60 at% Bi at 250°C; (b) 30 at% Bi at 500°C; and (c) 50 at% Bi
What is an alloy? In general, what is the difference in the melting behavior of an alloy from that of a pure component?
What is the significance of the liquidus curve? Solidus curve?
What is a binary phase diagram and what information can be learned from it? In terms of thermodynamics, what is meant by the term “equilibrium phase diagram” ?
Why is it not a good idea to use solid solution strengthening as a mechanism to increase the strength of copper for electrical applications?
Why do jewelers add small amounts of copper to gold and silver?
What is the role of small concentrations of Mg in aluminum alloys used to make beverage cans?
Which of the following oxides is expected to have the largest solid solubility in Al2O3? (a) Y2O3; (b) Cr2O3; and (c) Fe2O3.
Based on Hume–Rothery’s conditions, which of the following systems would be expected to display unlimited solid solubility? Explain. (a) Au-Ag; (b) Al-Cu;(c)
Which of the following elements would be expected to have unlimited solid solubility in gold? (a) Ag; (b) Al; and (c) Fe.
Copper and nickel have unlimited solid solubility in each other whereas lead and iron are completely insoluble. Using the Hume–Rothery rules, justify these conditions. Show your work.
What is the difference between limited and unlimited solid solubility?
Can the Hume–Rothery rules apply to ceramic systems? Explain.
Briefly state the Hume–Rothery rules and explain the rationale.
A 115 kg total of copper and zinc (4 parts Zn to 6 parts Cu) is mixed at 400°C. How much of the zinc is in excess of solubility?
A 15 kg block of copper is being alloyed with zinc and brought to the solubility limit at 200°C. How much zinc is required?
What is the ABS copolymer? State some of the applications of this material.
The unary phase diagram for SiO2 is shown in Figure 10-18. Locate the triple point where solid, liquid, and vapor coexist and give the temperature and the type of solid present. What do the other
Is copolymer formation similar to solidsolution formation?
What is a copolymer? What is the advantage to forming copolymers?
Figure 10-19 shows the unary phase diagram for carbon. Based on this diagram, under what conditions can carbon in the form of graphite be converted into diamond? Pressure
Can solid solutions be formed between three elements or three compounds?
Small concentrations of lead zirconate (PbZrO3) are added to lead titanate (PbTiO3). Draw a schematic of the resultant solid-solution crystal structure that is expected to form. This material, known
Do we need 100% solid solubility to form a solid solution of one material in another?
How much of a temperature change is required to bring liquid magnesium from solid-liquid equilibrium to vaporliquid equilibrium at 1 atmosphere? Pressure 0 1 atm Solid B X 500 Temperature
How can solid solutions form in ceramic systems?
What is a solid solution?
Write down the Gibbs phase rule, assuming temperature and pressure are allowed to change. Clearly explain the meaning of each term.
Ice has been known to exist in different polymorphs. Are these different phases of water?
What are the different phases of water?
What does the term “phase” mean?
Free Energy for Formation of Nucleus of Critical Size via Heterogeneous Nucleation. When nucleation occurs heterogeneously, the free energy for a nucleus of a critical size (ΔG*hetero) is given
What is the principle of dispersion strengthening?
What is the principle of solid-solution strengthening? Does this mechanism work at high temperatures? Explain.
Explain the principle of strain hardening. Does this mechanism work at high temperatures? Explain.
Explain the principle of grain-size strengthening. Does this mechanism work at high temperatures? Explain.
What is the solidus temperature for a silicon-germanium system containing 30 wt% Si?
Chvorinov’s Rule. Write a computer program that will calculate the time of solidification for a casting. The program should ask the user to enter the volume of the casting, the surface area from
Molten aluminum is to be injected into a steel mold under pressure (die casting). The casting is essentially a 12-in.-long, 2-in.-diameter cylinder with a uniform wall thickness, and it must have a
Critical Radius for Homogeneous Nucleation. Write a computer program that will allow calculation of the critical radius for nucleation (r*). The program should ask the user to provide inputs for
Design an efficient riser system for the casting shown in Figure 9-31. Be sure to include a sketch of the system, along with appropriate dimensions. 2 2 2 8 13 2 3 4 12
Design a process that will produce a steel casting having uniform properties and high strength. Be sure to include the microstructure features you wish to control and explain how you would do so.
When two 0.5-in.-thick copper plates are joined using an arc-welding process, the fusion zone contains dendrites having a SDAS of 0.006 cm; however, this process produces large residual
Aluminum is melted under conditions that give 0.06 cm3 H2 per 100 g of aluminum. We have found that we must have no more than 0.002 cm3 H2 per 100 g of aluminum in order to prevent the formation of
Why do laser and electron-beam welding processes lead to stronger welds?
Explain why, while using low intensity heat sources, the strength of the material in a weld region can be reduced.
What is a heat-affected zone?
What is the difference between fusion welding and brazing and soldering?
Define the terms brazing and soldering.
Explain why silicate glasses tend to form amorphous glasses, however, metallic melts typically crystallize easily.
How can processing influence crystallinity of polymers?
What is a spherulite?
Why do most plastics contain amorphous and crystalline regions?
Explain the role of nucleation and growth in growing single crystals.
Define the term directional solidification.
A cooling curve is shown in Figure 9-27.Determine(a) The pouring temperature;(b) The solidification temperature;(c) The superheat;(d) The cooling rate, just before solidification begins;(e) The total
What is the difference between homogenous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation?
Using the densities in Appendix A, convert the heats of fusion in Table 9-1 from units of J/cm3 to kJ/kg. Table 9-1 Values for freezing temperature, latent heat of fusion, surface energy, and maximum
Explain the meaning of each term in Equation 9-2. 20. Tm ΔΗ, ΔΤ (9-2)
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