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engineering
the science and engineering of materials

Questions and Answers of The Science And Engineering Of Materials

How would you prepare 1600 mL of a pH = 1.50 solution using concentrated (12 M) HCl?
Calculate the concentration of an aqueous HBr solution that has pH = 4.25. HBr is a strong acid.
Consider the following illustrations: Which beaker best illustrates what happens when the following acids are dissolved in water?a. HNO2b. HNO3c. HCld. HFe. HC2H3O2 H+ A B
What are the major species present in 0.250 M solutions of each of the following acids? Calculate the pH of each of these solutions. a. HClO4b. HNO3
Calculate the [H+] of each of the following solutions at 25°C. Identify each solution as neutral, acidic, or basic.a. [OH–] = 1.5 Mb. [OH–] = 3.6 × 10–15 Mc. [OH–] = 1.0 × 10–7 Md.
Calculate the [OH–] of each of the following solutions at 25°C. Identify each solution as neutral, acidic, or basic.a. [H+] = 1.0 × 10–7 Mb. [H+] = 8.3 × 10–16 Mc. [H+] = 12 Md. [H+] = 5.4
Explain why the following are done, both of which are related to acid–base chemistry. a. Power plants burning coal with high sulfur content use scrubbers to help eliminate sulfur emissions.b.
Of the hydrogen halides, only HF is a weak acid. Give a possible explanation.
The structures of adrenaline and aspirin are shown below: Label adrenaline and aspirin as a weak acid or a weak base. Explain how you can determine this from the structures.
Consider a 0.10-M H2CO3 solution and a 0.10-M H2SO4 solution. Without doing any detailed calculations, choose one of the following statements that best describes the [H+] of each solution and explain
Consider the following mathematical expressions. a. [H+] = [HA]0b. [H+] = (Ka × [HA]0)1/2c. [OH-] = 2[B]0d. [OH-] = (Kb × [B]0)1/2For each expression, give three solutions where the
Derive an expression for the relationship between pKa and pKb for a conjugate acid–base pair. (pK = -log K.)
Give three example solutions that fit each of the following descriptions. a. A strong electrolyte solution that is very acidicb. A strong electrolyte solution that is slightly acidicc. A strong
In terms of orbitals and electron arrangements, what must be present for a molecule or an ion to act as a Lewis acid? What must be present for a molecule or an ion to act as a Lewis base?
Anions containing hydrogen (for example, HCO3- and H2PO4-) usually show amphoteric behavior. Write equations illustrating the amphoterism of these two anions.
The salt BX, when dissolved in water, produces an acidic solution. Which of the following could be true? (There may be more than one correct answer.)a. The acid HX is a weak acid.b. The acid HX is a
Can the pH of a solution be negative? Explain.
Consider the equation: a. If water is a better base than A– , which way will the equilibrium lie?b. If water is a better base than A– , is HA a strong or a weak acid?c. If water is a better
Why is the pH of water at 25οC equal to 7.00?
What is meant by pH? True or false: A strong acid solution always has a lower pH than a weak acid solution. Explain.
Consider two solutions of the salts NaX(aq) and NaY(aq) at equal concentrations. What would you need to know to determine which solution has the higher pH? Explain how you would decide (perhaps even
A certain sodium compound is dissolved in water to liberate Na+ ions and a certain negative ion. What evidence would you look for to determine whether the anion is behaving as an acid or a base? How
For oxyacids, how does acid strength depend ona. The strength of the bond to the acidic hydrogen atom?b. The electronegativity of the element bonded to the oxygen atom that bears the acidic
What is a salt? List some anions that behave as weak bases in water. List some anions that have no basic properties in water. List some cations that behave as weak acids in water. List some cations
Consider two separate aqueous solutions: one of a weak acid HA and one of HCl. Assuming you started with 10 molecules of each: a. Draw a picture of what each solution looks like at
Explain why salts can be acidic, basic, or neutral, and show examples. Do this without specific numbers.
Differentiate between the terms strength and concentration as they apply to acids and bases. When is HCl strong? Weak? Concentrated? Dilute? Answer the same questions for ammonia. Is the conjugate
Define or illustrate the meaning of the following terms:a. Ka reactionb. Ka equilibrium constantc. Kb reactiond. Kb equilibrium constante. Conjugate acid–base pair
Consider two beakers of pure water at different temperatures. How do their pH values compare? Which is more acidic? more basic? Explain.
Define each of the following:a. Arrhenius acidb. Brønsted–Lowry acidc. Lewis acidWhich of the definitions is most general? Write reactions to justify your answer.
Design a spinel-structure ferrite that will produce a total magnetic moment per cubic meter of 5.6 x 105 Aym.
What is the principle of energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA)?
What is the principle by which information is transmitted via an optical fiber?
What material is used to make most optical fibers? From what material is the cladding made? What material is used to enhance the refractive index of the core?
Design a method by which a photoconductive material might be used to measure the temperature of a material from the material’s thermal emission.
A scanning electron microscope has three settings for the acceleration voltage (a) 5 keV; (b) 10 keV; and (c) 20 keV. Determine the minimum voltage setting needed to produce Ka
What is ruby crystal made from?
What is fluorescence? What is phosphorescence?
What is XRF?
How does a fluorescent lamp work?
What is electroluminescence?
A phosphorescent material has a relaxation time of 75 s. What intensity will it have at exactly 75 seconds after the removal of the energy source?
The relaxation time of a phosphor used for a video display is 5 × 10-2 seconds. If the refresh frequency is 60 Hz, then what is the reduction in intensity of the luminescence before it is reset
Calcium tungstate (CaWO4) has a relaxation time of 4 × 10-6 s. Determine the time required for the intensity of this phosphorescent material to decrease to 1% of the original intensity after
The intensity of radiation from a phosphorescent material is reduced to 90% of its original intensity after 1.95 × 1027 s. Determine the time required for the intensity to decrease to 1% of its
A phosphor material with a bandgap of 3.5 eV with appropriate doping will be used to produce blue (475 nm) and green (510 nm) colors. Determine the energy level of the donor traps with respect to the
What is a laser?
Determine the wavelength of photons produced when electrons excited into the conduction band of indium-doped silicon(a) Drop from the conduction band to the acceptor band; and(b) Then drop from the
Figure 21-19 shows the intensity as a function of energy of x-rays produced from an energy-dispersive analysis of radiation emitted from a specimen in a scanning electron microscope. Determine the
Which, if any, of the semiconducting compounds listed in Chapters 19 and 21 are capable of producing an infrared laser beam?
What filter material would you use to isolate the Ka peak of the following x-rays: iron, manganese, or nickel? Explain your answer.
What type of electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, infrared, visible) is produced when an electron recombines with a hole in pure germanium and what is its wavelength?
Which, if any, of the dielectric materials listed in Chapter 19 would reduce the speed of light in air from 3 × 1010 cmys to less than 0.5 × 1010 cmys?
Figure 21-18 shows the results of an x-ray fluorescence analysis in which the intensity of x-rays emitted from a material is plotted relative to the wavelength of the x-rays. Determine(a) The
What voltage must be applied to a tungsten filament to produce a continuous spectrum of x-rays having a minimum wavelength of 0.09 nm?
Refer to Figure 21-17. Assume the material is being slowly cooled from 5000°C to absolute zero. What wavelength of photons will be emitted last before the object stops emitting light altogether? In
A tungsten filament is heated with a 12,400 V power supply. What is(a) The wavelength; and(b) The frequency of the highest energy x-rays that are produced?
What is the minimum accelerating voltage required to produce Ka x-rays in nickel?
Of the metals listed in Table 22-1, which have the highest and lowest specific heats? Also list their atomic masses Material Metals Al Cu B Fe Pb Mg Ni Si Ti W Zn Specific
Calculating Power in Decibels. In an optical communications system or electrical power transmission system, the power or signal often is transferred between several components. The decibel (dB) is a
Based on the characteristic x-rays that are emitted, determine the difference in energy between electrons in tungsten for(a) The K and L shells;(b) The K and M shells; and(c) The L and M shells.
Nickel x-rays are to be generated inside a container, with the x-rays being emitted from the container through only a small slot. Design a container that will ensure that no more than 0.01% of the Ka
Design a method, based on a material’s refractive characteristics, that will cause a beam of photons originally at a 2° angle to the normal of the material to be displaced from its original path
Give examples of materials that have negative or near-zero thermal expansion coefficients.
We coat a 100-cm-long, 2-mm-diameter copper wire with a 0.5-mm-thick epoxy insulation coating. Determine the length of the copper and the coating when their temperature increases from 25°C to
What is Zerodur™? What are some of the properties and applications of this material?
Alumina fibers, 2-cm-long, are incorporated into an aluminum matrix. Assuming good bonding between the ceramic fibers and the aluminum, estimate the thermal stresses acting on the fiber when the
Repeat the previous problem using a silicon carbide rod rather than a copper rod. The elastic modulus of SiC is 60 x 106 psi.Data from previous problemA 24-in.-long copper bar with a yield
A nickel engine part is coated with SiC to provide corrosion resistance at high temperatures. If no residual stresses are present in the part at 20°C, determine the thermal stresses that develop
A 24-in.-long copper bar with a yield strength of 30,000 psi is heated to 120°C and immediately fastened securely to a rigid framework. Will the copper deform plastically during cooling to 25°C?
Define the terms thermal conductivity and thermal shock.
Thermal conductivity of most ceramics is low. True or False? Explain.
Determine the minimum heat flux (heat flow per unit area) when a 5-mm-thick soda-lime glass is presented with boiling water on one side and freezing water on the other.
A 3-cm plate of silicon carbide separates liquid aluminum (held at 700°C) from a water-cooled steel shell maintained at 20°C. Calculate the heat Q transferred to the steel per cm2 of silicon
A sheet of 0.01 in. polyethylene is sandwiched between two 3 ft × 3 ft3 0.125 in. sheets of soda-lime glass to produce a window. Calculate (a) The heat lost through the window each day
We would like to build a heat-deflection plate that permits heat to be transferred rapidly parallel to the sheet but very slowly perpendicular to the sheet. Consequently, we incorporate 1 kg of
An exothermic reaction at a battery electrode releases 80 MW of power per square meter. The electrode consists of a 5-μm-thick graphite layer on a 20-mm-thick copper foil; the reaction occurs at the
Suppose we just dip a 1-cm-diameter, 10-cm-long rod of aluminum into one liter of water at 20°C. The other end of the rod is in contact with a heat source operating at 400°C. Determine the length
Determine the Lorenz number using the data for silver found in this book. What is your percent difference from the given value and your explanation for any difference?
Is the thermal conductivity of materials a microstructure-sensitive property? Explain.
If a 1-m-long silver bar is heated at one end to 300°C and the temperature measured at the other end is 100°C, calculate the heat transferred per unit area.
Write down the equations that define the thermal shock resistance (TSR) parameter. Based on this, what can you say about materials that show a near-zero thermal expansion coefficient?
Gray cast iron has a higher thermal conductivity than ductile or malleable cast iron. Review Chapter 13 and explain why this difference in conductivity might be expected.
A chemical-reaction vessel contains liquids at a temperature of 680°C. The wall of the vessel must be constructed so that the outside wall operates at a temperature of 35°C or less. Design the
Design a metal panel coated with glass enamel capable of thermal cycling between 20°C and 150°C. The glasses generally available are expected to have a tensile strength of 5,000 psi and a
What design constraints exist in selecting materials for a turbine blade for a jet engine that is capable of operating at high temperatures?
Consider the requirements of a low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, good mechanical strength, and high thermal conductivity for electronic packaging substrates. What materials would you
Thermal Shock Resistance Parameters. Write a computer program or use spreadsheet software that will provide the values of thermal shock-resistance parameters (TSR) when the values of the fracture
1.Describe the mechanism of stray current corrosion.2. escribe how the corrosion rate of copper changes with increasing solution velocity at different temperatures. Explain the mechanism for this
Silver can be polished by placing it in an aluminum pan containing a solution of baking soda, salt, and water. Speculate as to how the polishing process works.
List only the pure elements of the galvanic series in seawater from cathodic to anodic in Table 23-2. Active, Anodic End Noble, Cathodic End Magnesium and Mg alloys Zinc Galvanized steel 5052
A gray cast iron pipe is used in the natural gas distribution system for a city. The pipe fails and leaks, even though no corrosion noticeable to the naked eye has occurred. Offer an explanation for
A brass plumbing fitting produced from a Cu-30% Zn alloy operates in the hot water system of a large office building. After some period of use, cracking and leaking occur. On visual examination, no
Write the anodic or cathodic reaction (as appropriate) for aluminum, germanium and chromium.
Determine the Pilling-Bedworth ratio for the following metals and predict the behavior of the oxide that forms on the surface. Is the oxide protective, does it flake off the metal, or is it
Use the Nernst equation to determine the concentration of chromium in water if the difference from the standard potential is +0.016 volts.
Use Faraday’s equation to determine the time for a 5 A current to completely corrode away a block of silver weighing 50 grams.
Write the anode and cathode half-cell reactions caused by the precipitation of chromium carbide from austenitic stainless steels.
Pure tin is used to provide a solder connection for copper in many electrical uses. Which metal will most likely act as the anode?
Oxidation of most ceramics is not considered to be a problem. Explain.

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