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engineering
the science and engineering of materials

Questions and Answers of The Science And Engineering Of Materials

List the refractory metals by their suitability for cryogenic service.
A part for an engine mount for a private aircraft must occupy a volume of 60 cm3 with a minimum thickness of 0.5 cm and a minimum width of 4 cm. The load on the part during service may be as much as
Database Identification System for Alloys. Write a computer program that will ask the user to input a three- or four-digit code for aluminum alloys (Table 14-3). You will have to ask the user to
You wish to design the rung on a ladder. The ladder should be light in weight so that it can be easily transported and used. The rungs on the ladder should be 0.25 in. 3 1 in. and are 12 in. long.
We have determined that we need an alloy having a density of 2.3 ± 0.05 g/cm3 that must be strong, yet still have some ductility.
We wish to design a mounting device that will position and aim a laser for precision cutting of a composite material. What design requirements might be important? Design a material and its processing
Design a nickel-titanium alloy that will produce 60 volume percent Ni3Ti precipitate in a pure nickel matrix.
An actuating lever in an electrical device must open and close almost instantly and carry a high current when closed. What design requirements would be important for this application? Design a
A fan blade in a chemical plant must operate at temperatures as high as 400°C under rather corrosive conditions. Occasionally, solid material is ingested and impacts the fan. What design
What are the primary types of atomic bonds in ceramics?
1. What are typical grain sizes and sintering parameters for nanoceramics?2. What are the advantages of sol-gel coatings over other ceramic coatings?3. What are typical values for the percent linear
What are some of the typical characteristics of ceramic materials?
State any one application of the following ceramics: (a) Alumina; (b) Silica; (c) barium titanate; (d) Zirconia; (e) Boron carbide; and (f) Diamond.
Zirconia (cubic) and diamond are tested to determine their expansion when their temperatures increase a set interval. Assuming both materials are pure, how much more should the ZrO2 expand than the
Convert the properties of Al2O3 from Table 15-3 into values with SI units. Table 15-3 Mechanical properties of selected advanced ceramics Flexural Strength (psi) Material Al₂O3 SiC (sintered) Si3N4
Table 15-4 describes the sodium chloride structure as a face-centered cubic lattice with a basis of Cl (0, 0, 0) and Na (1/2, 0, 0). Using Cl (0, 0, 0) as one ion of the basis, give three equivalent
Table 15-4 describes the sodium chloride structure as a face-centered cubic lattice with a basis of Cl (0, 0, 0) and Na (1/2, 0, 0). Using Na (0, 0, 0) as one ion of the basis, give three equivalent
Table 15-4 describes the cubic zincblende structure as a face-centered cubic lattice with a basis of S (0, 0, 0) and Zn (1/4, 1/4, 1/4). Using S as one ion of the basis, give three other equivalent
If a face-centered cubic crystal structure has all of its tetrahedral sites filled with atoms that fit perfectly into each tetrahedral site, what is its atomic packing factor?
If a face-centered cubic crystal structure has all of its octahedral sites filled with atoms that fit perfectly into each octahedral site, what is the atomic packing factor?
If a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure has all of its tetrahedral sites filled with atoms that fit perfectly into each tetrahedral site, what is the atomic packing factor?
Plastic deformation due to dislocation motion is important in metals; however, this is not a very important consideration for the properties of ceramics and glasses. Explain.
Why is the tensile strength of ceramics much lower than the compressive strength?
Explain why ceramics tend to show wide scatter in their mechanical properties.
Define the terms apparent porosity and true porosity. Why are these porosities called “apparent” and “true”?
The quality control team in a ceramics processing facility takes a rather large sample of a ceramic coming off the line and weighs the sample when dry, when immersed in water, and after removing it
The following physical properties are known for a sample: Ww = 50.0 g, ρ = 2.170 g/cm3, and true porosity 5 39.0%. Find the bulk density.
Explain why ceramics typically are processed as powders. How is this similar to or different from the processing of metals?
What is the driving force for sintering?
What mechanisms of diffusion play the most important role in the solid-state sintering of ceramics?
Explain the use of the following processes (use a sketch as needed): (a) Uniaxial compaction and sintering, (b) Hot pressing, (c) HIP, and (d) Tape casting.
What are some of the important characteristics of sintered ceramics?
What is the main reason why glass formation is easy in silicate systems?
What material was used to make the tiles that provided thermal protection for NASA’s space shuttle?
How many atoms are there in a unit cell of β-cristobalite?
Draw the b-cristobalite unit cell when viewed from the [100] and [110] directions.
How many distinct configurations of just two SiO4 tetrahedra can you draw? Of three tetrahedra that only share corners?
Part of a silica process is outlined in the following steps:1. Heat 15 mol% soda-85 mol% silica to 1800°C.2. Cool to 1200°C.3. At constant temperature, increase soda content to 25 mol%.4. Cool to
At 1200°C, list the viscosities of the glasses in Figure 15-18 in centipoise (cP). Viscosity (poise) 1016 1014, 1012 1010 108 106 10² Temperature (°C) 2000 1500 1200 1000
Report on the glass known by the trademark “Gorilla Glass.” Provide a list of the references or websites that you used.
What does the term “glass transition temperature” mean? Is this a fixed temperature for a given composition of glass?
A quartz rod 27.500 cm long is heated from room temperature to 600°C in a slow, uniform process. What is the length of the rod after it has been at temperature long enough to equilibrate?
Define the terms “glass formers,” “intermediates,” and “modifiers.”
The molten tin method is used to form a sheet of borosilicate glass. What is the solidification temperature of pure tin? Will this reduce the working range of the glass?
How is a glass-ceramic different from a glass and a ceramic?
What is the lowest temperature at which a mixture of SiO2-Al3O3 could still be completely liquid? Temperature (°C) 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 SiO₂ SiO₂ + Mullite 20 Mullite Mullite +
What are the advantages of using glassceramics as compared to either glasses or ceramics?
Draw a typical heat-treatment profile encountered in the processing of glassceramics.
What are some of the important applications of glass-ceramics?
What is the maximum difference between the masses of MgO required make 10 kg of chromite refractory and 10 kg of chromite-magnesite?
What do the terms “glaze” and “enamel” mean?
Design a silica soda-lime glass that can be cast at 1300°C and that will have an O:Si ratio of less than 2.3 to ensure good glassforming tendencies. To ensure adequate viscosity, the casting
1. Provide an example of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) based on an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). How is it made?2. How does chain length affect the glasstransition temperature of
What are linear and branched polymers? Can thermoplastics be branched?
Define the terms (a) Thermoplastic; (b) Thermosetting plastics; (c) Elastomers; and (d) Thermoplastic elastomers.
Examine Figure 16-6. If 100 kg each of the two reactants were combined and the reaction proceeded to 100% completion, how much methanol would be generated? flolt Dimethyl
For what electrical and optical applications are polymers used? Explain using examples.
What are the major advantages of plastics compared to ceramics, glasses, and metals?
What do the terms condensation polymerization, addition polymerization, initiator, and terminator mean?
The degree of polymerization of polytetrafluoroethylene (see Table 16-3) is 7500. If all of the polymer chains are the same length, calculate (a) The molecular weight of the chains, and (b)
What would be the molecular weight of the polymer shown below where n = 106?
Calculate the molecular weights of the repeat units in Table 16-3. Show your work for full credit. Polymer Polyethylene (PE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Repeat
Explain why low-density polyethylene is good for making grocery bags, but superhigh molecular weight polyethylene must be used in applications for which strength and high wear resistance are needed.
Plot the tensile strength of the polymers in Table 16-2 as a function of the number of aromatic (benzene) rings in the monomer. Polyethylene (PE): Low-density High-density Ultra-high
Revisit Example 16-5. What are the degrees of polymerization for the weight average and number average molecular weights?Example 16.5We have a polyethylene sample containing 4000 chains with
HDPE is loaded to 400 psi and left. What temperature would cause a rupture at about 100 hours of this constant load? See Figure 16-18. Applied stress
Explain what the following terms mean: decomposition temperature, heat distortion temperature, glass-transition temperature, and melting temperature. Why is it that thermoplastics do not have a fixed
What factors influence the crystallinity of polymers? Explain the development and role of crystallinity in PET and nylon.
Figure 16-29 shows the behavior of polypropylene, polyethylene, and acetal at two temperatures. We would like to produce a 12-in.-long rod of a polymer that will operate at 40°C for 6 months under a
Explain why the degree of polymerization is not usually used to characterize thermosetting polymers.
Compare and contrast properties of thermoplastics, thermosetting materials, and elastomers.
Design a polymer material that might be used to produce a 3-in.-diameter gear to be used to transfer energy from a lowpower electric motor. What are the design requirements? What class of polymers
Design a polymer material and a forming process to produce the case for a desktop computer. What are the design and forming requirements? What class of polymers might be most appropriate? What
What kind of polymer can be used to line the inside of the head of a hip prosthesis implant? Discuss what requirements would be needed for this type of polymer.
For a pharmacist dispensing pills or capsules, it is often easier to weigh the medication to be dispensed than to count the individual pills. If a single antibiotic capsule weighs 0.65 g, and a
Fig. 3.5 illustrates a schematic diagram of a combustion device used to analyze organic compounds. Given that a certain amount of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is combusted in
What amount (moles) of compound is present in 1.00 g of each of the compounds in Exercise 53? Data in Exercise 53?Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.a. b. c.
What is the mass of the product?a. Less than 10 gb. Between 20 and 100 gc. Between 100 and 120 gd. Exactly 120 ge. More than 120 g
What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 53?Data in Exercise 53?Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.a. b.c. (NH4)2Cr2O7 OH N
What mass of compound is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 54?Data In Exercise 54?Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.a. b. Ca3(PO4)2c.
What mass of phosphorus is present in 5.00 moles of each of the compounds in Exercise 54?Data in Exercise 54?Calculate the molar mass of the following substances.a. b. Ca3(PO4)2c. Na2HPO4
Using the general solubility rules given in Table 4.1, name three reagents that would form precipitates with each of the following ions in aqueous solution. Write the net ionic equation for each of
Write an equation to show how sulfuric acids in acid rain reacts with marble and limestone. (Both marble and limestone are primarily calcium carbonate.)
Define the following terms: potential energy, kinetic energy, path-dependent function, state function, system, surroundings.
Objects placed together eventually reach the same temperature. When you go into a room and touch a piece of metal in that room, it feels colder than a piece of plastic. Explain.
What is meant by the term lower in energy? Which is lower in energy, a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases or liquid water? How do you know? Which of the two is more stable? How do you know?
What is the first law of thermodynamics? How can a system change its internal energy, E? What are the sign conventions for thermodynamic quantities used in this text?
A fire is started in a fireplace by striking a match and lighting crumpled paper under some logs. Explain all the energy transfers in this scenario using the terms exothermic, endothermic, system,
Liquid water turns to ice. Is this process endothermic or exothermic? Explain what is occurring using the terms system, surroundings, heat, potential energy, and kinetic energy in the discussion.
Consider the following statements: “Heat is a form of energy, and energy is conserved. The heat lost by a system must be equal to the amount of heat gained by the surroundings. Therefore, heat is
What if energy was not conserved? How would this affect our lives?
Hess’s law is really just another statement of the first law of thermodynamics. Explain.
What are some of the problems associated with the world’s dependence on fossil fuels? What are some alternative fuels for petroleum products?
Explain why aluminum cans are good storage containers for soft drinks. Styrofoam cups can be used to keep coffee hot and cola cold. Why is this?
Explain why oceanfront areas generally have smaller temperature fluctuations than inland areas.
The equation for the fermentation of glucose to alcohol and carbon dioxide is: The enthalpy change for the reaction is –67 kJ. Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? Is energy, in the
Photosynthetic plants use the following reaction to produce glucose, cellulose, and so forth: How might extensive destruction of forests exacerbate the greenhouse effect? 6CO₂(g) +
The enthalpy change for a reaction is a state function and it is an extensive property. Explain.
Why is it a good idea to rinse your thermos bottle with hot water before filling it with hot coffee?
What is incomplete combustion of fossil fuels? Why can this be a problem?

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