Questions and Answers of Using Interpreting Statistics

The z scores that are the critical values for a two-tailed, single-sample z test with alpha set at .05 are ____ and ____.
Statisticians say that something that happens ____% of the time is common and ____% of the time is rare.
If the sample mean falls in the rare zone, then this is a ____ event if the null hypothesis is true.
If the observed mean falls in the common zone, then what was expected to happen if the ____ is true did happen.
It is rare that a sample mean will fall in the ____ of the sampling distribution of the mean.
Sample means will commonly fall in the ____ of the sampling distribution of the mean.
The common zone of the sampling distribution of the mean is centered around a z score of ____.
The alternative hypothesis for a single-sample z test says that the population mean is not what the ____ said it was.
The null hypothesis for a single-sample z test says that the ____ is a specific value.
The normality assumption states that the ____ is normally distributed in the ____.
Independence of observations within a group means that the cases don’t ____ each other.
The random sample assumption for a single sample z test says that the ____ is a random sample from the ____.
In order to use a single-sample z test, one must know the ____ standard deviation.
A single-sample z test is used to compare a ____ mean to a population ____.
Explaining, in plain language, what the results of a statistical test mean is called ____.
When the value of the test statistic meets or exceeds the critical value of the test statistic, one ____ the null hypothesis.
The decision rule involves finding the ____ of the test statistic.
Once the data are collected, it is OK/not OK to change from a two-tailed test to a one-tailed test.
It is easier to reject the null hypothesis with a ____-tailed test than a ____-tailed test.
A two-tailed test allows one to test for a positive or a negative effect of the ____ on the ____.
A two-tailed test has ____ hypotheses.
If a robust assumption is violated, one ____ proceed with the test.
If the ____ of a hypothesis test aren’t met, one can’t be sure what the results mean.
In the first step of hypothesis testing, one picks a ____.
The six steps of hypothesis testing, in order, are ____.
The mnemonic to remember the six steps of hypothesis testing is ____.
One shouldn’t expect the sample mean to be exactly the same as the population mean because of ____.
If one fails to disprove the null hypothesis, one can’t say it has been ____.
Because the null and alternative hypotheses are mutually exclusive, if one is not true, then the other is ____.
When the null hypothesis is rejected, the researcher is forced to accept the ____.
It takes just one example to ____ a negative statement.
One ____ prove that a negative statement is true.
The hypothesis a researcher believes is really true is the ____ hypothesis.
The null hypothesis says that the independent variable does/does not have an impact on the dependent variable.
The null hypothesis is a ____ prediction and a ____ statement.
The null and alternative hypotheses must be ____ and ____.
The null hypothesis is abbreviated as ____ and the alternative hypothesis as ____.
A hypothesis is a statement about a ____ not a ____.
If what is observed in a sample is close to what is expected if the hypothesis is true, there is little reason to question the ____.
The procedure by which the observation of a ____ is used to evaluate a hypothesis about a ____ is called ____.
A hypothesis is a proposed ____ for observed ____.
In a ____, all the cases in the population have an equal chance of being selected.
A ____ is the larger group of cases a researcher is interested in studying and a sample is a ____ of these cases.
A good sample is ____ of the population.
A representative sample contains all the ____ found in the population in the same ____ as in the population.
When a sample is representative, we can ____ the results from the sample to the ____.
A ____ sample is composed of easily obtained cases.
A ____ can be used to draw a random sample.
A representative sample ____ guaranteed if one has a random sample.
Larger samples provide sample values closer to ____ values.
If not everyone targeted for inclusion in the sample agrees to participate, ____ may occur.
Self-selection bias occurs if the people who agree to participate in a study ____ in some way from those who opt not to participate.
The ____ is the percentage of targeted subjects who agree to participate.
As long as the consent rate is greater than or equal to ____%, concern with self-selection bias isn’t too great.
Discrepancies between randomly drawn samples and a population can be explained by ____.
Sampling error is caused by ____ factors.
Sampling error is thought to be ____ distributed.
Usually, the amount of error caused by sampling error is ____, but occasionally, it is ____.
If one takes repeated random samples from a population, calculates some statistic for each sample, and then makes a frequency distribution for that statistic, it is called a ____.
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is called the ____.
The ____ describes the shape of the sampling distribution of the mean when the size of the samples is ____ and every possible sample is obtained.
A large sample, as is required for the central limit theorem, has at least ____ cases.
According to the central limit theorem, the sampling distribution of the mean will be normally distributed, no matter what the ____ of the parent population is.
According to the central limit theorem, the mean of a sampling distribution of the mean is the same as the ____ of the parent population.
According to the central limit theorem, we can calculate the standard error of the mean if we know the ____ of the population and the ____ of the sample.
Charlotte obtains a random sample of 120 students from a university, finds out each person’s age, and calculates M and s. Why is M not exactly equal to μ?a. Because the sample is random.b. Because
If we don’t know σ, we can use ____ to estimate the standard error of the mean.
If the standard error of the mean is small, that’s an indication there is ____ sampling error.
Statistical conclusions involve ____.
____ concerns how likely an outcome is to occur.
Probability is defined as the number of ways a specific outcome can occur divided by ____.
If two outcomes are ____, then only one outcome can occur at a time.
Probability can be reported as a ____, a ____, or a ____.
If two outcomes are ____, then what the first outcome is has no impact on what the second outcome is.
The highest possible probability for an outcome is ____ and the lowest possible probability is ____.
If the probability of outcome “A” is .60, then the probability of “not A” is ____.
The addition rule calculates the probability of ____ of two mutually exclusive outcomes occurring.
The probability of either A or B occurring is equal to the ____ of the probability of A by itself and the probability of B by itself.
When the addition rule is used for two outcomes that aren’t mutually exclusive, the probability of each outcome alone is added together and the probability of the ____ of the two outcomes is
The multiplication rule calculates the probability of two outcomes occurring ____.
The probability of either of two outcomes occurring is always ____ the probability of one happening individually.
The probability of two outcomes happening together is always ____ the probability of either of the outcomes occurring independently.
There are 50 people in a class. The teacher wants a random sample of 10 students. She numbers the students consecutively (1, 2, 3, 4, . . . 50) and uses the random number able to sample 10
A dean wants a random sample, without replacement, of 10 students from the first-year class. There are 423 students in the first-year class. Assign numbers consecutively to the students, use the
According to the central limit theorem, a sampling distribution of the mean will approach a normal distribution as long as which of the following is true?a. At least 50 random, repeated samples are
At an alcohol treatment center, about 10 people with alcohol problems complete treatment each month. The director wanted to know their status a year after treatment. In 2011 there were 112 people who
The mayor in a large city wanted to know how optimistic new mothers were for the future of their children in the city. There were 1,189 live births in the city in 2012. The mayor commissioned a
Calculating the standard error of the meanGiven σ = 4 and N = 88, calculate σM.
Calculating the standard error of the meanGiven σ = 12 and N = 88, calculate σM.
Calculating the standard error of the meanGiven s = 7.50 and N = 72, calculate sM.
Calculating the standard error of the meanGiven s = 7.50 and N = 225, calculate sM.
Paolo, a kindergarten student was given a pack of colored construction paper with 10 pages each of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, black, and white. His favorite color is green.
If there are 28 students in a classroom and 18 of them are boys, what is the probability—if a student is picked at random—of selecting a boy?
What’s the probability, the next time one pulls a card from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, that it is not a jack, queen, king, or ace?
Samantha likes a wide variety of music. Her iTunes library is 10% rock, 7% pop, 11% show tunes, 8% classical, 15% reggae, 18% hip-hop, 17% rap, and 14% electronic. If she sets her iPod to shuffle,
If one rolls a die and picks a card from a deck, what is the probability of rolling an odd number or picking a spade.
Paolo, from Exercise 5.50, and Samantha, from Exercise 5.52, are siblings. What is the probability that he’ll randomly select a piece of black paper or that her iPod will randomly select a reggae
Selecting a card at random from a deck, what is the probability of selecting a red card or a 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9.
Selecting a card at random from a deck, what is the probability of selecting a 5 or a 10 or a spade.
30% of the carts at a grocery store have squeaky wheels. 15% of the carts have sticky substances on the handles. Assuming these two events are independent, what is the probability of selecting a cart

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