Questions and Answers of Using Interpreting Statistics

Calculating standard error of the difference.If M1 = 18, M2 = 14, and sMD = 5.34, what is t?
Calculating standard error of the difference.Given sD = 12.78 and N = 49, calculate sMD.
Calculating standard error of the difference.Given sD = 2.57 and N = 17, calculate sMD
Finding tcv for a two-tailed test with α = .05.Given 2,012 cases in a paired-samples t test, what is tcv?
Finding tcv for a two-tailed test with α = .05.If N = 118 for a paired-samples t test, what is tcv?
Finding tcv for a two-tailed test with α = .05.If there are 33 pairs of data in a paired-samples t test, what is tcv?
If there are 19 cases in a paired-samples t test, what is tcv?
If a consumer researcher compares the mean price of 25 items purchased at one store to the mean price for the same 25 items purchased at a second store, how many degrees of freedom are there?
A researcher plans to use a paired-samples t test for two dependent samples, each with 10 cases. How many degrees of freedom are there?
Calculate difference scores for the following pairs of scores: 12, 13; 14, 12; 7, 4; 2, 4; 8, 6.
Calculate difference scores for the following pairs of scores: 5, 10; 7, 3; 6, 8; 4, 3; 7, 8.
Write the hypotheses for a paired-samples t test for Exercise 9.38.Data from exercise 9.38Elementary school teachers who did and did not have children of their own were matched in terms of the number
Write the hypotheses for a paired-samples t test for Exercise 9.37.Data from exercise 9.37A group of high school students were in the same math, English, social studies, and science classes. A
Elementary school teachers who did and did not have children of their own were matched in terms of the number of years of experience they had teaching. They were then asked how many minutes of
A group of high school students were in the same math, English, social studies, and science classes. A researcher monitored how much time, during a week, they spent online in school activities (doing
A developmental psychologist wondered if birth order had an impact on academic performance. She found families with two children and compared the mean high school GPA of first-born children to
A researcher for a health magazine compared the mean caffeine content for a sample of coffees served at coffee houses to the USDA standard for the mean amount of caffeine in a cup of coffee. What
A nutritionist wanted to find out if coffee and tea, as served in restaurants, differed in caffeine content. She went to 30 restaurants. In 15 randomly selected restaurants, she ordered coffee; in
A sensory psychologist had participants rate the taste of two coffees, caffeinated and decaffeinated versions of the same brand. Each participant rated both types of coffee. What statistical test
When the confidence interval for a pairedsamples t test is ____, one has fairly precisely specified the size of the effect in the population.
If the confidence interval for a paired-samples t test does not capture zero, but both ends of it are close to zero, then the size of the effect is probably ____.
Whether the 95% confidence interval captures zero for a two-tailed, paired-samples t test with alpha set at .05 provides information about whether the null hypothesis is ____.
To measure effect size for a paired-samples t test, use the ____.
Cohen’s d should / should not be used as an effect size for a paired-samples t test.
Cohen’s d, when calculated for a paired-samples t test, includes the effect of ____ as well as the effect of the independent variable on the ____.
If the degrees of freedom for a paired-samples t test are 11, then there were ____ pairs of data.
The direction of the difference between the population means is determined by comparing the two ____ means.
If one fails to reject the null hypothesis, there is no need to comment on the ____ of the difference between the population means.
If results are written in APA format as p ____ .05, then the researcher has failed to reject the null hypothesis.
If t ≥ tcv, one would ____ the null hypothesis.
It does / does not make a difference which sample mean is subtracted from the other mean when calculating a paired-samples t value.
The value of the test statistic for a paired-samples t test is obtained by dividing ____ by the standard error of the difference of the difference scores.
The abbreviation for the standard error of the difference scores in a paired-samples t test is ____.
The default option for a paired-samples t test is to set alpha at ____ and to do a ____-tailed test.
The degrees of freedom for a paired-samples t test are calculated by subtracting ____ from the number of pairs.
The decision rule for a paired-samples t test compares the ____ value of t to the ____ value of t
The alternative hypothesis for a two-tailed, paired-samples t test says that the difference between population means could be positive or ____, large or ____.
The null hypothesis for a nondirectional paired-samples t test says there is ____ between population means.
The hypotheses for a paired-samples t test are statements about the two ____, not the two ____.
The normality assumption for a paired-samples t test refers to the ____ being normally distributed.
The independence assumption for a pairedsamples t test refers to independence ____ a sample, not ____ samples.
If the random samples assumption for a paired-samples t test is not violated, the results can be ____ to the population.
Paired-samples t tests can be used to determine if a difference between two sample means is statistically significant, or if it should be explained by ____.
Paired-samples t tests are good to use when ____ are hard to come by.
Paired-samples t tests are more powerful statistically. This means they have a ____ probability of being able to reject the null hypothesis.
An individual difference is an attribute, such as intelligence or weight, that varies from ____.
An advantage of a paired-samples t test is that it controls for ____.
Two other names for a paired-samples t test are ____ and ____.
With matched samples, cases are paired together in order to control for ____ variables.
The cases in the two samples in a pairedsamples t test may be paired because they are the same cases measured at two different points in ____ or under two different conditions.
The health department physician in a suburban community warned cat owners about a risk of infection. Cats leave their litter boxes and then jump on counters, trailing bacteria behind them. To
If n1 = 223 and n2 = 252, determine the critical value of t for an independent-samples t test, two-tailed, α = .05.
If n1 = 17 and n2 = 18, determine the critical value of t for an independent-samples t test, two-tailed, α = .05.
If n1 = 46 and n2 = 46, determine the critical value of t for an independent-samples t test, two-tailed, α = .01.
If n1 = 13 and n2 = 15, determine the critical value of t for an independent-samples t test, one-tailed, α = .05, where the numerator of the t equation is expected to be negative.
If tcv = 2.086, write the decision rule for a twotailed test for(a) When to reject the null hypothesis and(b) When to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
If tcv = 2.396, write the decision rule for a one-tailed test for (a) when to reject the null hypothesis and (b) when to fail to reject the null hypothesis.
The independent-samples t test is used to compare means of two ____ samples; the ____ is used to compare means of two dependent samples.
Given n1 = 12, s1 = 7.4, n2 = 13, and s2 = 8.2, calculate sM1−M2.
Given n1 = 15, s1 = 3.6, n2 = 16, and s2 = 4.3, calculate sM1−M2.
Given M1 = 57, M2 = 68, and sM1−M2 = 2.34, calculate t.
Given M1 = 5.5, M2 = 4.5, and sM1−M2 = 1.23, calculate t.
Given M1 = −5, s1 = 4.6, n1 = 72, M2 = −1, s2 = 3.3, and n2 = 60, calculate t.
Given M1 = 48, s1 = 15.0, n1 = 8, M2 = 52, s2 = 14.2, and n2 = 11, calculate t.
Given M1 = 98, M2 = 103, tcv = 2.060, t = 2.060, and a two-tailed test with α = .05,(a) Decide whether the null hypothesis was rejected or not,(b) Tell whether the difference between sample means is
Given M1 = 88, M2 = 83, tcv = 2.042, t = 2.040, and a two-tailed test with α = .05,(a) Decide whether the null hypothesis was rejected or not,(b) Tell whether the difference between sample means is
Given N = 23 and t = 2.0723, report the results in APA format for a two-tailed test, α = .05.
Given N = 35 and t = 2.0321, report the results in APA format for a two-tailed test, α = .05.
Given N = 10 and t = 2.3147, report the results in APA format for a two-tailed test, α = .05.
Given N = 73, α = .05, one-tailed, t expected to be negative, and t = −1.65, report the results in APA format.
Given M1 = 12, M2 = 17, and s2Pooled = 4.00,(a) Calculate d, and(b) Classify the size of the effect.
Given M1 = 88, M2 = 85, and s2Pooled = 81.00,(a) Calculate d, and(b) Classify the size of the effect.
Given M1 = 31, M2 = 24, sM1−M2 = 2.88, and tcv = 2.045,(a) Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means, and(b) Based on the confidence interval, decide if
Given M1 = −13, M2 = −18, sM1−M2 = 1.48, and tcv = 2.015,(a) Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means, and(b) Based on the confidence interval,
An elementary education researcher was interested in seeing how the color used to make corrections on students’ papers affected their self-esteem. He assembled first graders and asked them to take
A nutritionist compared the effectiveness of an online diet program to that of an in-person diet program. After three months, she compared the number of pounds of weight lost. The control group
A physician compared the cholesterol levels of a representative sample of Americans who ate an American diet versus a representative sample of those who followed a Mediterranean diet. Below are the
An addictions researcher measured tolerance to alcohol in first-year and fourth-year college students. She gave participants a standard dose of alcohol and then had them walk along a narrow line
A researcher completes an independent-samples t test and finds that the probability of two sample means being this far apart, if the null hypothesis is true, is less than .05. Which of the following
Which result cannot be true for an independent-samples t test?a. A researcher has rejected the null hypothesis and found d = 1.50.b. A researcher has failed to reject the null hypothesis and found d
A consumer group is planning to do 2 twosample t tests. In Test 1, they are going to put together a random sample of items at a jewelry store and compare the prices to a random sample of items at a
Explain why the critical value of t, one-tailed, α =.05 is the same as the critical value of t, two-tailed, α = .10.
Margery collected some data from two independent groups and analyzed them with an independent-samples t test. No assumptions were violated and she rejected the null hypothesis. Yet, when she
There is a lot of evidence that fluoride reduces cavities but not all communities add it to their drinking water. A dentist, who expects to replicate this earlier work, classifies randomly selected
A medical educator is using an independent samples t test to compare the age of physicians who complete the minimum number of continuing education hours per year versus those who complete extra hours
An infectious disease specialist is using an independent-samples t test to compare the effectiveness of two treatments for the common cold.(a) Write out H0 and H1 and(b) Explain what they mean.
A clinical psychologist is studying the effects of an experimental medication on depression. He randomly assigns the next 50 patients at his clinic to receive either(a) Prozac or(b) A placebo.Each
A developmental psychologist has randomly assigned men to two different groups. After sitting alone at a computer monitor to read a series of stories, each man is asked to rate his level of
Some people have white coat hypertension. That is, they grow anxious when a person with a white coat and a stethoscope walks into the examining room to take their blood pressure. As a result, their
An exercise physiologist classifies people— on the basis of their body mass index, heart rate, and lung capacity—as (a) above average in terms of fitness or (b) below average in terms of
A demographer working for the U.S. Census Bureau wants to compare salaries for urban vs. rural areas. She gets a sample of psychologists who live in urban areas and a sample of psychologists who live
A theology professor was curious whether children were as religious as their parents. He obtained a random sample of students at his school and administered an interval level religiosity scale to
If the 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means is wide, a reasonable suggestion is to ____ the study with a larger ____.
If the 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means comes close to zero, the size of the effect in the population may be ____.
If the 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means fails to capture zero for a two-tailed test with α = .05, then one has ____ the null hypothesis.
The 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means probably captures the real difference between the ____.
The 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means estimates how ____ or how ____ the difference between the population means might be.
A d of ≈ ____ is considered a medium effect.
If there is absolutely no effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, then d equals ____.
For an independent-samples t test, calculate ____ to quantify the size of the effect.

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