Questions and Answers of Using Interpreting Statistics

In APA format, ____ means one rejected a null hypothesis with alpha set at .05 and ____ means one failed to reject it.
If the result of an independent-samples t test is written as t(23) = 5.98, p < .05, then N was ____.
The .05 in APA format indicates that there is a ____% chance of a Type I error.
If one rejects the null hypothesis for an independent- samples t test, then look at the sample ____ in order to comment on the ____ of the difference.
If a researcher reports the results of an independent-samples t test as showing a statistically significant difference, the researcher has ____ the null hypothesis.
If a researcher rejects the ____, the researcher is forced to accept the ____.
The numerator in the t equation is the difference between the sample ____.
When calculating sM1−M2 , save a value, the ____, that will be used in the interpretation.
To calculate sM1−M2 , one needs to know the sample ____ and the sample ____.
For a two-tailed test, if t ____ tcv, reject H0.
For a two-tailed test, if t ____ −tcv, reject H0.
To calculate the degrees of freedom for an independent-samples t test, subtract ____ from N.
t tests commonly are ____ tailed and have ____ set at .05.
The critical value of t is the border between the ____ and the ____ zones of the sampling distribution of ____.
If the null hypothesis for an independent-samples t test is true, then the observed difference between the sample means is due to ____.
The alternative hypothesis for a two-tailed independent-samples t test, expressed mathematically, is ____.
The null hypothesis for a two-tailed independent- samples t test, expressed mathematically, is ____.
The hypotheses for an independent-samples t test are either directional or ____ directional.
One tests the ____ assumption for the independent- samples t test by comparing the ____ of the two samples.
Researchers are often willing, for an independent- samples t test, to assume that the dependent variable is ____.
The ____ assumption for the independent samples t test says that the amount of variability in the two populations is about equal.
The ____ assumption for the independent samples t test is the one that allows a researcher to generalize the results back to the larger population.
The nonrobust assumption for an independent- samples t test is ____.
In order to use an independent-samples t test to analyze data from two samples, the samples have to be ____ and one needs to know the ____ for each sample.
____ is the abbreviation for the total sample size in an independent-samples t test; ____ and ____ are the abbreviations for the sizes of the samples in the two groups.
If the selection of cases for one sample determines the cases selected for the other sample, then the samples are ____ samples.
If each sample in a two-sample t test is a random sample from its population, then the test is an ____-samples t test.
Two different types of two-sample t tests are the ____ -samples t test and the ____ -samples t test.
A classic experiment might use a two-sample t test to compare a ____ group to an ____ group.
Two sample t tests use ____ means to draw a conclusion about ____ means.
Two sample t tests compare the ____ of one sample to the ____ of another sample.
To compute either a single-sample z test or a single-sample t test, one must know the population ____.
A researcher wants to compare the mean weight of a convenience sample of students from a college to the national mean weight of 18- to 22-year-olds.(a) Check the assumptions and decide whether it is
Which confidence interval in Exercise 7.95 is wider: 90% or 99%? Explain why.Data from exercise 7.95If N = 21 and sM = 1, write as much of the equation as possible for calculating the 90% CIμDiff
If N = 21 and sM = 1, write as much of the equation as possible for calculating the 90% CIμDiff and the 99% CIμDiff. Use Equation 7.4 as a guide.
If tcv for a two-tailed test with α = .05 is ±2.228, what would the alpha level be for the critical value of 2.228 as a one-tailed test?
A researcher is conducting a two-tailed, single- sample t test with alpha set at .05. What is the largest value of t that one could have that, no matter how big N is, will guarantee failing to reject
Based on the answers to Exercises 7.89 to 7.91, what factors have an impact on a researcher’s ability to reject the null hypothesis? Which one(s) can he or she control?
A third researcher obtained two random samples from another population. The mean for this population is 50 (Î¼ = 50). Each sample was the same size (N = 10) and each had the same
Another researcher selected two random samples from one population. This population has a mean of 63 (Î¼ = 63). It turned out that each sample had the same mean (M = 60) and standard
Imagine a researcher has taken two random samples from two populations (A and B). Each sample is the same size (N = 71), has the same sample mean (M = 50), and comes from a population with the same
Completing all six steps of a hypothesis test. A psychology professor was curious how psychology majors fared economically compared to business majors. Did they do better or did they do worse five
Completing all six steps of a hypothesis test. An educational psychologist was interested in time management by students. She had a theory that students who did well in school spent less time
Given effect size and confidence interval, interpret the results. Be sure to(1) Tell what was done,(2) Present some facts,(3) Interpret the results, and(4) Make a suggestion for future research.
Given effect size and confidence interval, interpret the results. Be sure to(1) tell what was done,(2) present some facts,(3) interpret the results, and(4) make a suggestion for future research.
Given M = 55, μ = 50, tcv = ±2.093, and sM = 2.24, calculate the 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means.
Given M = 45, μ = 50, tcv = ±2.093, and sM = 2.24, calculate the 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means.
Given M = 98, μ = 100, and s = 15, calculate Cohen’s d.
Given M = 90, μ = 100, and s = 15, calculate Cohen’s d.
Given N = 84 and t = 1.998, write the results in APA format.
Given N = 69 and t = 1.992, write the results in APA format.
Given N = 28 and t = 2.050, write the results in APA format.
Given N = 15 and t = 2.145, write the results in APA format.
If tcv = ±1.984 and t = −1.00, is the null hypothesis rejected?
If tcv = ±2.776 and t = 1.12, is the null hypothesis rejected?
If tcv = ±2.030 and t = 2.16, is the null hypothesis rejected?
If tcv = ±2.012 and t = −8.31, is the null hypothesis rejected?
If N = 25, M = 18, μ = 13, and s = 2, what is t?
If N = 18, M = 12, μ = 10, and s = 1, what is t?
If M = 8, μ = 6, and sM = 0.68, what is t?
If M = 10, μ = 12, and sM = 1.25, what is t?
If N = 44 and s = 7, calculate sM.
If N = 23 and s = 12, calculate sM.
If N = 56, write the decision rules for a singlesample t test.
If N = 64, write the decision rules for a singlesample t test.
If N = 48, find tcv and use it to draw a t distribution with the rare and common zones labeled.
If N = 17, find tcv and use it to draw a t distribution with the rare and common zones labeled.
An SAT tutoring company claims that their students perform above the national average on SAT subtests. If the national average on SAT subtests is 500 and the tutoring company obtains SAT scores from
In America, the average length of time the flu lasts is 6.30 days. An infectious disease physician has developed a treatment that he believes will treat the flu more quickly. Write the null and
A researcher wants to compare a random sample of left-handed people in terms of IQ to the population mean of IQ. Given M = 108 and assuming μ = 100, write the null and alternative hypotheses.
The population mean on a test of paranoia is 25. A psychologist obtained a random sample of nuns and found M = 22. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.
There is a random sample of students from a large public high school. Each person, individually, takes a paper-and-pencil measure of introversion.(a) Check the assumptions and decide whether it is OK
In order to use a single-sample t test, one does/does not need to know the population standard deviation.
The single-sample t test compares a sample ____ to a population ____.
A sample, selected at random from a population, may have a sample mean that differs from the population mean due to ____.
Two ____ hippos ____ ____ icing.
One assumption of the single-sample t test is that the sample is a random sample from the population. This is/is not robust to violation.
The population that the sample comes from determines the population to which the results can be ____.
A second assumption of the single-sample t test is that observations within the sample are ____.
The third assumption of the single-sample t test is called the ____ assumption for short.
If a ____ assumption is violated, a researcher can still proceed with the test as long as the violation is not too great.
In order to write the null and alternative hypotheses for a single-sample t test, the researcher needs to know whether the test has one or two ____.
The default option in hypothesis testing is a ____-tailed test
If a researcher is doing a one-tailed test, he or she should predict the ____ of the results before collecting any data.
The null hypothesis for a nondirectional, single-sample t test says that the sample does/ does not come from the population.
The null hypothesis for a two-tailed, singlesample t test could be written as ____ = μ2.
The alternative hypothesis for a two-tailed, single-sample t test could be written as μ1 ____ μ2.
If the null hypothesis for a two-tailed, singlesample t test is true, t = ____.
As the distance between the sample mean and the population mean grows, the value of t ____.
The abbreviation for the critical value of t is ____.
Determining the critical value depends on (a) how many ____ the test has, (b) how willing one is to make a Type ____ error, and (c) the ____.
If the hypotheses are nondirectional, then the researcher is doing a ____-tailed test.
If the alternative hypothesis is μ > 173, then the test is a ____-tailed test.
If the researcher wants a 5% chance of Type I error, then alpha is set at ____.
For a two-tailed test with α = .05, the rare zone has ____% of the sampling distribution in each tail.
When the sample size is large, the rare zone gets ____ and it is ____ to reject the null hypothesis.
Degrees of freedom, for a single-sample t test, equal ____ minus 1.
The first question asked in interpretation is about whether the ____ hypothesis is ____.
For a two-tailed, single-sample t test, the null hypothesis is rejected if t ≤ ____ or if t ≥ ____.
t for a single-sample t test is calculated by dividing the difference between M and μ by ____.

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