Questions and Answers of Using Interpreting Statistics

Interpretation uses human ____ to make meaning out of the results.
Interpretation is subjective, but needs to be supported by ____.
For the second interpretation question, one calculates an ____, and for the third, one calculates a ____.
A decision is made about rejecting the null hypothesis by comparing the ____ value of t to the value calculated from the sample mean.
If the null hypothesis is rejected, it is concluded that the mean for the population the ____ came from differs from the hypothesized value.
If a researcher rejects the null hypothesis, then he or she is forced to accept the ____.
To determine the direction of a statistically significant difference, compare the ____ to the ____.
Sample size is reported in APA format for a ingle-sample t test by reporting ____.
APA format uses the inequality ____ to indicate hat the null hypothesis was rejected hen α = .05.
If a result is reported in APA format as p < .05, that means the observed value of the test statistic fell in the ____ zone.
If one fails to reject the null hypothesis, one can say that there is ____ to conclude a difference exists between the population means.
APA format uses the inequality ____ to indicate that the null hypothesis was not rejected when α = .05.
Effect sizes are used to quantify the impact of the ____ on the ____.
Cohen’s d is an ____.
A value of 0 for Cohen’s d means that the independent variable had ____ impact on the dependent variable.
Cohen considers a d of ____ a small effect, ____ a medium effect, and ____ or higher a large effect.
As the effect size increases, the degree of overlap between the distributions for two populations ____.
When one fails to reject the null hypothesis, one should ____ calculate Cohen’s d.
Calculating d when one has failed to reject the null hypothesis alerts one to the possibility of a Type ____ error.
To ____ a study is to repeat it.
If a researcher calculates a 95% confidence interval, he or she can be ____% confident that it captures the ____ value.
The 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means tells how far apart or how close the two ____ means might be.
The size of the difference between population means can be thought of as another ____.
If a 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means does not capture zero, and the researcher is doing a two-tailed test with α = .05, then the null hypothesis was/ was not
If the 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means falls close to zero, this means the size of the effect may be ____.
A wide 95% confidence interval for the difference between population means leaves a researcher unsure of ____.
A researcher has a sample (N = 38, M = 35, s = 7) that he thinks came from a population where μ = 42. What statistical test should he use?
A researcher has a sample (N = 52, M = 17, s = 3) that she believes came from a population where μ = 20 and σ = 4. What statistical test should she use?
1.00 = ____ + power.
A researcher obtained a sample of 123 American women who said they wanted to lose weight. She weighed each of them and found M = 178 pounds. The mean weight for women in the United States is
M = 20, μ = 24, and the results were reported in APA format as p > .05.(a) Was there a statistically significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean? (b) What was the
M = 16, μ = 11, and the results were reported in APA format as p < .05.(a) Was there a statistically significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean?(b) What was the
Decide which option has a higher likelihood of being able to reject the null hypothesis.(a) μ0 = −17, μ1 = −23;(b) μ0 = −17; μ1 = −18
Decide which option has a higher likelihood of being able to reject the null hypothesis.(a) μ0 = 10, μ1 = 15;(b) μ0 = 10, μ1 = 20
The population of random, two-digit numbers ranges from 00 to 99, has μ = 49.50 and σ = 28.87. A statistician takes a random sample from this population and wants to see if his sample is
Label each conclusion as “correct” or “incorrect.” If incorrect, label it as a “Type I error” or a “Type II error.” Use the following scenario. A biochemist has developed a test to
Label each conclusion as “correct” or “incorrect.” If incorrect, label it as a “Type I error” or a “Type II error.” Use the following scenario. A biochemist has developed a test to
Label each conclusion as “correct” or “incorrect.” If incorrect, label it as a “Type I error” or a “Type II error.” Use the following scenario. A biochemist has developed a test to
Label each conclusion as “correct” or “incorrect.” If incorrect, label it as a “Type I error” or a “Type II error.” Use the following scenario. A biochemist has developed a test to
A researcher is testing the null hypothesis that μ = 35. She is doing a two-tailed test, has set alpha at .05, and has 121 cases in her sample. What is beta?
A researcher is testing the null hypothesis that Î¼ = 120, with ÏƒM= 20. In reality, the population mean is 140.(a) Draw a figure like Figure 6.12. Designate in the figure the
A health science researcher believes that athletes have a lower resting heart rate than the general population. He knows, for the general population, that μ = 78 and σ = 9. He is planning to do a
A lightbulb manufacturer believes that her compact fluorescent bulbs last longer than incandescent bulbs. She knows that the mean number of hours that a 60-watt incandescent bulb lasts is 2,350
Decide which option has a higher likelihood of being able to reject the null hypothesis.(a) β = .30;(b) Power = .50
Decide which option has a higher likelihood of being able to reject the null hypothesis.(a) β = .60;(b) Power = .60
At a large state university, the population data show that the average number of times that students meet with their academic advisors is 4.2 with σ = 1.8. The dean of student activities at this
A dietitian wondered if being on a diet was related to sodium intake. She knew that the mean daily sodium intake in the United States was 3,400 mg with a standard deviation of 270. She obtained a
Given β or power, calculate the other.If power = .90, β = ____.
Given β or power, calculate the other.If β = .75, power = ____.
A Verizon researcher compared the number of text messages sent by a sample of teenage boys to the population mean for all Verizon users. She found no evidence to conclude that there was a difference.
A journalist was comparing the horsepower of a sample of contemporary American cars to the population value of horsepower for American cars of the 1970s. He concluded that there was a statistically
In the population of children in a school district, the mean number of days tardy per year is 2.8. A sociologist obtained a sample of children from single-parent families and found the mean number of
Given N = 87 and z = −1.96,(a) Decide if the null hypothesis was rejected, and(b) Report the results in APA format. Use α = .05,two-tailed.
Given N = 23 and z = 2.37,(a) Decide if the null hypothesis was rejected, and(b) Report the results in APA format. Use α = .05, two-tailed.
Use the following information to calculate(a) σM and(b) z. M = 15, μ = 21, σ = 1.5, and N = 63.
Use the following information to calculate(a) σM and(b) z. M = 12, μ = 10, σ = 5, and N = 28.
Calculate z for M = 97, μ = 85, and σM = 4.5
Calculate z for M = 100, μ = 120, and σM = 17.5.
Calculate σM using the data Exercise 6.78.Data from exercise 6.78A Veterans Administration researcher has developed a test that is meant to predict combat soldiers’ vulnerability to developing
Calculate σM using the data from Exercise 6.77.Data from problem 6.77A researcher has a first-grade readiness test that is administered to kindergarten students and scored at the interval level. The
State the decision rule for Exercise 6.78.Data from exercise 6.78A Veterans Administration researcher has developed a test that is meant to predict combat soldiers’ vulnerability to developing
State the decision rule for Exercise 6.77.Data from problem 6.77A researcher has a first-grade readiness test that is administered to kindergarten students and scored at the interval level. The
List the null and alternative hypotheses for Exercise 6.78.Data from exercise 6.78A Veterans Administration researcher has developed a test that is meant to predict combat soldiers’ vulnerability
List the null and alternative hypotheses for Exercise 6.77.Data from exercise 6.77A researcher has a first-grade readiness test that is administered to kindergarten students and scored at the
A Veterans Administration researcher has developed a test that is meant to predict combat soldiers’ vulnerability to developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). She has developed the test so
A researcher has a first-grade readiness test that is administered to kindergarten students and scored at the interval level. The population mean is 60 with a standard deviation of 10. He has
The mean vacancy rate for apartment rentals in the United States is 10% with a standard deviation of 4.6. An urban studies major obtained a sample of 15 rustbelt cities and found that the mean
A scientific supply company has developed a new breed of lab rat, which it claims weighs the same as the classic white rat. The population mean (and standard deviation) for the classic white rat is
If one makes a Type I error or a Type II error, then the conclusion about the ____ is wrong.
If one rejects the null hypothesis, one needs to worry about ____ error but not ____ error.
Power is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when ____.
As the size of the effect increases, the probability of Type II error ____.
If one fails to reject the null hypothesis, one needs to worry about ____ error but not ____ error.
The probability of Type II error is commonly set at ____.
The probability of Type I error is usually set at ____.
The term for the error that occurs when the null hypothesis should be rejected but isn’t is ____.
In hypothesis testing, one wants to keep the probability of Type I error ____ and still have a reasonable chance to ____ the null hypothesis.
When alpha is set low, say, at .01, the chance of being able to reject the null hypothesis is ____larger / smaller____.
Compared to α = .01, α = .10 has a ____ rare zone, making it ____ to reject the null hypothesis.
If the cost of making a Type I error is high, one might set alpha at ____.
If α = .05, then the probability of making a Type I error is ____.
Type ____ error occurs when one rejects the null hypothesis but shouldn’t have.
With hypothesis testing, one can/can’t be sure that the conclusion about the null hypothesis is correct.
It is an incorrect conclusion in hypothesis testing if one ____ the null hypothesis and it should have been rejected.
It is a correct conclusion in hypothesis testing if one rejects the null hypothesis and the null hypothesis should ____.
If one fails to reject the null hypothesis, one says there is ____ evidence to conclude that the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
If one fails to reject the null hypothesis for a single-sample z test, one does/does not need to be concerned about the direction of the difference between the sample mean and the population mean.
____, in APA format, means the null hypothesis was not rejected.
____, in APA format, means the null hypothesis was rejected.
APA format tells what statistical test was done, how many ____ there were, what the value of the ____ was, what ____ was selected, and whether the null hypothesis was ____.
If the result of a single-sample z test is statistically significant, that means the sample mean is ____ from the population mean.
If one rejects the null hypothesis, one can decide the direction of the difference by comparing the ____ to the ____.
The first question to be addressed in an interpretation is whether one ____ the null hypothesis.
The denominator in calculating a single-sample z test is ____.
The numerator in calculating a single-sample z test is the difference between the ____ and the ____.
If alpha equals ____, then a rare event is something that happens at most only 5% of the time.
____ is the abbreviation for alpha.
The alpha level is the probability that an outcome that is ____ to occur if the null hypothesis is true does occur.
If ____ ≥ ____, reject the null hypothesis.
If ____ ≤ ____, reject the null hypothesis.

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