Questions and Answers of Using Interpreting Statistics

____ is the abbreviation for population variance.
To use deviation scores to measure variability, statisticians ____ them before summing them.
The average deviation score is not useful as a measure of variability because the ____ of the deviation scores is always ____.
If scores are ____ clustered around the mean, then there is less variability in that set of scores.
The information used from each case, in calculating variance and standard deviation, is its ____ score.
The variance and standard deviation, unlike the range and the interquartile range,use information from all of the ____.
The ____ is the square root of the ____ and tells the average distance by which the raw scores deviate from the mean.
The ____ is the mean squared deviation score.
Because populations are so ____, it is practically impossible to measure variability in them.
There is more variability in a ____ than in a ____.
The interquartile range can be used as a measure of ____ as well as of variability.
If the interquartile range for student A’s grades is wider than it is for student B’s grades, then student A has ____ variability in his or her grades.
If the top 25% of scores and the bottom 25% of scores are trimmed off the range, it is called the ____.
The range is ____ influenced by outliers.
The range tells the distance from the ____ score to the ____ score.
The range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation can only be used with variables measured at the ____ or ____ level.
If one has nominal data, one should use a ____ as the measure of central tendency.
If one has interval or ratio data and the data set is multimodal, one should use ____ as the measure of central tendency.
If one has interval or ratio data and the data set is skewed, one should use a ____ as the measure of central tendency.
A sample is a ____ of a population.
A psychologist completes a survey in which residents in a psychiatric hospital are given diagnostic interviews in order to determine their psychiatric diagnoses. After each interview, the researcher
A cognitive psychologist wanted to investigate the stage of moral development reached by college students. She believed that people progressed, in order, through six stages of moral reasoning, from
A college registrar completes a survey of classrooms on campus in order to find out how many usable seats there are in each one. Make a grouped frequency distribution for her data, using an interval
A professor of education was curious about students’ expectations of academic success. She obtained a sample of college students at the start of their college careers and asked them what they
Continuous numbers can have ____ values.
The specificity of a ____ depends on the precision of the instrument used to measure it.
Continuous numbers are always ____- or ____- level numbers.
Interval- and ratio-level numbers can be ____ or ____.
A single value of a continuous number really represents a ____ of values.
The ____ are the upper and lower bounds of a single continuous number or of an interval in a grouped frequency distribution for continuous numbers.
The distance between the real limits of an interval is ____.
Which graph is used to display a frequency distribution depends on whether the numbers in the frequency distribution are ____ or ____.
The graph used for a frequency distribution of discrete data is a ____.
To make a graph of a frequency distribution of continuous data, one can use a ____ or a ____.
In terms of size, graphs are usually ____ than ____.
Graphs should have a descriptive title and the ____ should be clearly labeled.
Frequency is marked on the ____-axis of the graph of a frequency distribution.
The intervals for the values of the variable being graphed are marked on the ____ - axis of a histogram.
In a histogram, the data are continuous, so the bars ____ each other.
In a frequency polygon, frequency is marked with a dot placed at the appropriate height above the ____of an interval.
One shouldn’t look at the shape of a graph for ____-level data.
The ____ is symmetric, has the highest point in the middle, and includes frequencies that decrease as one moves away from the midpoint.
The three aspects of the shape of a frequency distribution that are described are ____, ____, and ____.
____ describes how many peaks exist in a frequency distribution.
If a frequency distribution has two peaks, it is called ____.
A frequency distribution that tails off on one side is said to be ____.
If a frequency distribution tails off on the lefthand side, it has ____ skewness.
Kurtosis refers to how ____ or ____ a frequency distribution is.
For each variable, decide if it is discrete or continuous:a. The number of cases of flu diagnosed at a college in a given semesterb. The size, in grams, of a rat’s hypothalamusc. The number of
For each variable, decide if it is continuous or discrete:a. The depth, in inches, a person can drive a 3″ nail with one hammer blowb. The number of students in a classroom who are absent for at
Below are sets of consecutive numbers, or intervals, from frequency distributions for continuous variables. For the second number, or interval, in each set, the one in bold, identify the real lower
For each scenario, tell what the real limits of the number/interval are:a. If a person’s temperature is reported as 100.3 (and not 100.2 or 100.4), what is the interval within which the person’s
A developmental psychologist observes children interact with their parents and classifies the children’s attachment as secure, avoidant, resistant, or disorganized. He classifies 33 children as
A music teacher held an assembly at an elementary school during which he explained the different types of instruments to the children. Afterwards, he surveyed them as to what kind of instrument each
A psychologist administered an aggression scale to a sample of high school girls. Scores on the scale can range from 20 to 80. Fifty is considered an average score; higher scores mean more
If the real limits and the apparent limits for an interval are the same, then the variable is:a. Continuous.b. Discrete.c. Interval.d. Ratio.e. Real and apparent limits are never the same.
A researcher from a search engine company runs Internet searches and times how long each one takes. She found that 17 searches took 0.01 to 0.05 seconds; 57 took 0.06 to 0.10 seconds; 134 took 0.11
For a row in the middle of a frequency distribution, either ungrouped or grouped, which statement is probably true?a. f > fcb. fc > fc. f = fcd. None of these statements is ever true.
If a researcher has a grouped frequency distribution for a continuous variable and there are five people in the interval ranging from 50 to 54, what X values should he assign them if he wants to
The distribution of prices of all the new cars sold in a year, including Ferraris, Lamborghinis, and other high-end cars, is probably:a. Normally distributed.b. Positively skewed.c. Negatively
The two dimensions used in this chapter to summarize a set of data are measures of ____ and ____.
The three measures of central tendency covered in this chapter are ____, ____, and ____.
Two sets of scores may be alike in central tendency, but can still differ in ____.
The formula for a ____ is X − M.
The sum of deviation scores equals ____.
A mean may be influenced by ____, which are extreme scores.
The median is ____ influenced by outliers than is the mean.
The median separates the top ____% of scores from the bottom ____% of scores.
If one has interval or ratio data, the first choice for a measure of central tendency to calculate should be a ____.
____ numbers answer the question “How much?”
____- and ____-level numbers are discrete numbers.
Discrete numbers take on ____ number values only.
Discrete numbers answer the question ____.
If the value for a case in an interval is unknown, assign it the value associated with the ____.
A ____ is the middle point of an interval.
All intervals in a grouped frequency distribution should be the same ____ so the frequencies in different intervals can be compared meaningfully.
Having a small number of intervals may show the big picture, but the danger exists of losing sight of the ____ in the data set.
As a general rule of thumb, grouped frequency distributions have from ____ to ____ intervals.
When dealing with a variable that has a large range, a ____ frequency distribution usually makes more sense than an ungrouped frequency distribution.
The ____ column in a frequency distribution is a restatement of the information in the cumulative frequency column.
If one has ____ -level data in a frequency distribution, it should be organized in some logical fashion.
The cumulative frequency for the top row in a frequency distribution is equal to ____.
The abbreviation for cumulative frequency is____.
____ tells how many cases in a data set have a given value or a lower one.
A basic frequency distribution just contains information about what ____ occur in a data set and what their ____ are.
There are two types of frequency distribution tables: ____ and ____.
A frequency distribution is a ____ of how often the values of a variable occur in a data set.
A clinical psychologist administers a list of fears to measure how phobic people are. It has 10 items on it (such as spiders, snakes, height, darkness). For each item, a person answers “yes” or
A sociologist believes that physical distress in cities leads to social distress. She measures physical distress by seeing how much graffiti there is. Based on this, she classifies cities as being
Independent variable is to dependent variable as:a. Controlled is to manipulated.b. Relationship is to cause and effect.c. Statistic is to parameter.d. Parameter is to statistic.e. None of the above
A researcher gives different amount of X to different subjects and then measures how much Y each subject produces. She finds that subjects who got more X produce more Y and subjects who got less X
Use the rounding rules to round the following.99.995 =
Use the rounding rules to round the following.2.53200005 =
Use the rounding rules to round the following.37.97700001 =
Use the rounding rules to round the following.22.467 =
Use the rounding rules to round the following.674.064005 =
Use the rounding rules to round the following.121.0056 =
Use the rounding rules to round the following.189.9895 =
Use the rounding rules to round the following.12.6845 =
Use this data set: 13, 18, and 11 to find the following:Σ(X − 14) =

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