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physics
college physics a strategic approach 2nd

College Physics A Strategic Approach 2nd Edition Randall D. Knight, Brian Jones, Stuart Field - Solutions

You are holding one end of an elastic cord that is fastened to a wall 3.0 m away. You begin shaking the end of the cord at 3.5 Hz, creating a continuous sinusoidal wave of wavelength 1.0 m. How much time will pass until a standing wave fills the entire length of the string?
A typical flute is about 66 cm long. A piccolo is a very similar instrument, though it is smaller, with a length of about 32 cm. How does the pitch of a piccolo compare to that of a flute?
Some pipes on a pipe organ are open at both ends, others are closed at one end. For pipes that play low-frequency notes, there is an advantage to using pipes that are closed at one end. What is the advantage?
A bass guitar string is 89 cm long with a fundamental frequency of 30 Hz. What is the wave speed on this string?
A flute player tunes her instrument when the air (and the flute) is cold. As she plays, the flute and the air inside it warm up. Both the changing speed of sound in the air inside and the thermal expansion of the flute affect the frequency of the sound wave produced by the flute. After some time,
The fundamental frequency of a guitar string is 384 Hz. What is the fundamental frequency if the tension in the string is halved?
A friend's voice sounds different over the telephone than it does in person. This is because telephones do not transmit frequencies over about 3000 Hz. 3000 Hz is well above the normal frequency of speech, so why does eliminating these high frequencies change the sound of a person's voice?
Suppose you were to play a trumpet after breathing helium, in which the speed of sound is much greater than in air. Would the pitch of the instrument be higher or lower than normal, or would it be unaffected by being played with helium inside the tube rather than air?
A 121-cm-long, 4.00 g string oscillates in its m = 3 mode with a frequency of 180 Hz and a maximum amplitude of 5.00 mm. What are (a) the wavelength and (b) the tension in the string?
A guitar string with a linear density of 2.0 g/m is stretched between supports that are 60 cm apart. The string is observed to form a standing wave with three antinodes when driven at a frequency of 420 Hz. What are (a) the frequency of the fifth harmonic of this string and (b) the tension in the
When you speak after breathing helium, in which the speed of sound is much greater than in air, your voice sounds quite different. The frequencies emitted by your vocal cords do not change since they are determined by the mass and tension of your vocal cords. So what does change when your vocal
A violin string has a standard length of 32.8 cm. It sounds the musical note A (440 Hz) when played without fingering. How far from the end of the string should you place your finger to play the note C (523 Hz)?
Sopranos can sing notes at very high frequencies-over 1000 Hz. When they sing such high notes, it can be difficult to understand the words they are singing. Use the concepts of harmonics and formants to explain this.
When you hit a baseball with a bat, the bat flexes and then vibrates. We can model this vibration as a transverse standing wave. The modes of this standing wave are similar to the modes of a stretched string, but with one important difference: The ends of the bat are antinodes instead of nodes,
The lowest frequency in the audible range is 20 Hz. (a) What are the lengths of (a) the shortest open-open tube and (b) the shortest open-closed tube needed to produce this frequency?
If a cold gives you a stuffed-up nose, it changes the way your voice sounds, even if your vocal cords are not affected. Explain why this is so.
The contrabassoon is the wind instrument capable of sounding the lowest pitch in an orchestra. It is folded over several times to fit its impressive 18 ft length into a reasonable size instrument. a. If we model the instrument as an open-closed tube, what is its fundamental frequency? The sound
A small boy and a grown woman both speak at approximately the same pitch. Nonetheless, it's easy to tell which is which from listening to the sounds of their voices. How are you able to make this determination?
Refer to the snapshot graph Figure Q 16.20.At t = 1 s, what is the displacement y of the string at x = 7 cm?A. -1.0 mm B. 0mm C. 0.5 mmD. 1.0 mmE. 2.0 mm y (mm) 3. v = +6 cm/s FIGURE Q16.20 Snapshot graph at 1 = 0 s 15 10 v = -6 cm/s 20 Tx (cm)
Refer to the snapshot graph Figure Q 16.20.At x = 3 cm, what is the earliest time that y will equal 2 mm? A. 0.5 s B. 0.7 s C. 1.0 s D. 1.5 s E. 2.5 S y (mm) 3- v = +6 cm/s FIGURE Q16.20 5 Snapshot graph at 1 = 0 s 15 10 v=-6 cm/s 20 -x (cm)
The lowest pedal note on a large pipe organ has a fundamental frequency of 16 Hz. This extreme bass note is more felt as a rumble than heard with the ears. What is the length of the open- closed pipe that makes that note?
In addition to producing images, ultrasound can be used to heat tissues of the body for therapeutic purposes. When a sound wave hits the boundary between soft tissue and air, or between soft tissue and bone, most of the energy is reflected; only 0.11% is transmitted. This means that standing waves
An experimenter finds that standing waves on a 0.80-m-long string, fixed at both ends, occur at 24 Hz and 32 Hz, but at no frequencies in between. a. What is the fundamental frequency? b. What is the wave speed on the string? c. Draw the standing-wave pattern for the string at 32 Hz. ears
A 75 g bungee cord has an equilibrium length of 1.2 m. The cord is stretched to a length of 1.8 m, then vibrated at 20 Hz. This produces a standing wave with two antinodes. What is the spring constant of the bungee cord?
An oil film on top of water has one patch that is much thinner than the wavelength of visible light. The index of refraction of the oil is less than that of water. Will the reflection from that extremely thin part of the film be bright or dark? Explain.
A 1.0-cm-wide diffraction grating has 1000 slits. It is illuminated by light of wavelength 550 nm. What are the angles of the first two diffraction orders?
Should the antireflection coating of a microscope objective lens designed for use with ultraviolet light be thinner, thicker, or the same thickness as the coating on a lens designed for visible light?
A lab technician uses laser light with a wavelength of 670 nm to test a diffraction grating. When the grating is 40.0 cm from the screen, the first-order maxima appear 6.00 cm from the center of the pattern. How many lines per millimeter does this grating have?
The human eye can readily detect wavelengths from about 400 nm to 700 nm. If white light illuminates a diffraction grating having 750 lines/mm, over what range of angles does the visible m = 1 spectrum extend?
You are standing against the wall near a corner of a large building. A friend is standing against the wall that is around the corner from you. You can't see your friend. How is it that you can hear her when she talks to you?
Light of wavelength 500 nm in air enters a glass block with index of refraction n = 1.5. When the light enters the block, which of the following properties of the light will not change? A. The speed of the light.B. The frequency of the light C. The wavelength of the light.
The frequency of a light wave in air is 4.6 x 1014 Hz. What is the wavelength of this wave after it enters a pool of water? A. 300 nm B. 490 nm C. 650 nm D. 870 nm
Looking straight downward into a rain puddle whose surface is covered with a thin film of gasoline, you notice a swirling pattern of colors caused by interference inside the gasoline film. The point directly beneath you is colored a beautiful iridescent green. You happen to remember that the index
The second minimum in the diffraction pattern of a 0.10-mm- wide slit occurs at 0.70. What is the wavelength of the light?
A laser beam of wavelength 670 nm shines through a diffraction grating that has 750 lines/mm. Sketch the pattern that appears on a screen 1.0 m behind the grating, noting distances on your drawing and explaining where these numbers come from.
Because sound is a wave, it is possible to make a diffraction grating for sound from a large board with several parallel slots for the sound to go through. When 10 kHz sound waves pass through such a grating, listeners 10 m from the grating report "loud spots" 1.4 m on both sides of center. What is
Figure P18.5 shows an object O in front of a plane mirror. Use ray tracing to determine from which locations A-D the object's image is visible. FIGURE P18.5 Mirror ΤΑ B 0 C D
The change in color when acetone is placed on the wing is due to the difference between the indices of refraction of acetone and air. Consider light of some particular color. In acetone, A. The frequency of the light is less than in air. B. The frequency of the light is greater than in air. C.
A ray of light impinges on a mirror as shown in Figure P18.8. A second mirror is fastened at 90 to the first.a. After striking both mirrors, at what angle relative to the incoming ray does the outgoing ray emerge? b. What is the answer if the incoming angle is 30? 35° FIGURE P18.8
A swim mask has a pocket of air between your eyes and the flat glass front. a. If you look at a fish while swimming underwater with a swim mask on, does the fish appear closer or farther than it really is? Draw a ray diagram to explain. b. Does the fish see your face closer or farther than it
A convex mirror, like the passenger-side rearview mirror on a car, has a focal length of 2.0 m. An object is 4.0 m from the mirror. Use ray tracing to determine the location of its image. Is the image upright or inverted? Is it real or virtual?
Iontophoresis is a noninvasive process that transports drugs through the skin without needles. In the photo, the red electrode is positive and the black electrode is negative. The electric field between the electrodes will drive the negatively charged molecules of an anesthetic through the skin.
A protein molecule in an electrophoresis gel has a negative charge. The exact charge depends on the pH of the solution, but 30 excess electrons is typical. What is the magnitude of the electric force on a protein with this charge in a 1500 N/C electric field?
When you stand on a bathroom scale, it reads 700 N. Suppose a giant vacuum cleaner sucks half the air out of the room, reducing the pressure to 0.5 atm. Would the scale reading increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.
Suppose you stand on a bathroom scale that is on the bottom of a swimming pool. The water comes up to your waist. Does the scale read more, less, or the same as your true weight? Explain.
When you place an egg in water, it sinks. If you add salt to the water, after some time the egg floats. Explain.
Submerged submarines contain tanks filled with water. To rise to the surface, compressed air is used to force the water out of the tanks. Explain why this works.
A cargo barge is loaded in a saltwater harbor for a trip up a freshwater river. If the rectangular barge is 3.0 m by 20.0 m and sits 0.80 m deep in the harbor, how deep will it sit in the river?
Ships A and B have the same height and the same mass. Their cross-section profiles are shown in Figure Q13.25. Does one ship ride higher in the water (more height above the water line) than the other? If so, which one? Explain. UV A FIGURE Q13.25 B
What is the tension in the string in Figure P13.25? FIGURE P13.25 Ethyl alcohol 100 cm³ of aluminum, density PA=2700 kg/m³¹
A 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm wood block with a density of 700 kg/m3 floats in water.a. What is the distance from the top of the block to the water if the water is fresh? b. If it's seawater?
A 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm block of steel (Psteel= 7900 kg/m3) is suspended from a spring scale. The scale is in newtons.a. What is the scale reading if the block is in air? b. What is the scale reading after the block has been lowered into a beaker of oil and is completely submerged?
Styrofoam has a density of 300 kg/m3. What is the maximum mass that can hang without sinking from a 50-cm-diameter Styrofoam sphere in water? Assume the volume of the mass is negligible compared to that of the sphere.
Calculate the buoyant force due to the surrounding air on a man weighing 800 N. Assume his average density is the same as that of water.
River Pascal with a volume flow rate of 5.0 × 105 L/s joins with River Archimedes, which carries 10.0 X 105 L/s, to form the Bernoulli River. The Bernoulli River is 150 m wide and 10 m deep. What is the speed of the water in the Bernoulli River?
Water flowing through a 2.0-cm-diameter pipe can fill a 300 L bathtub in 5.0 min. What is the speed of the water in the pipe?
A pump is used to empty a 6000 L wading pool. The water exits the 2.5-cm-diameter hose at a speed of 2.1 m/s. How long will it take to empty the pool?
Masses A and B rest on very light pistons that enclose a fluid, as shown in Figure Q13.32. There is no friction between the pistons and the cylinders they fit inside. Which of the following is true?A. Mass A is greater. B. Mass B is greater. C. Mass A and mass B are the same. Mass A Area = 1.0
A 1.0-cm-diameter pipe widens to 2.0 cm, then narrows to 0.50 cm. Liquid flows through the first segment at a speed of 4.0 m/s. a. What are the speeds in the second and third segments? b. What is the volume flow rate through the pipe?
What does the top pressure gauge in Figure P13.33 read? 2.0 m/s 200 kPa Oil FIGURE P13.33 -3.0 m/s 10 m
The 3.0-cm-diameter two 1.0-cm-diameter water line in Figure P13.34 splits into pipes. All pipes are circular and at the same elevation. At point A, the water speed is 2.0 m/s and the gauge pressure is 50 kPa. What is the gauge pressure at point B? View from above A. 3.0 cm FIGURE P13.34 1.0
A syringe is being used to squirt water as shown in Figure Q13.37. The water is ejected from the nozzle at 10 m/s. At what speed is the plunger of the syringe being depressed? Radius = 1 cm FIGURE Q13.37 Radius= 1 mm 10 m/s
A rectangular trough, 2.0 m long, 0.60 m wide, and 0.45 m deep, is completely full of water. One end of the trough has a small drain plug right at the bottom edge. When you pull the plug, at what speed does water emerge from the hole?
What pressure difference is required between the ends of a 2.0-m-long, 1.0-mm-diameter horizontal tube for 40°C water to flow through it at an average speed of 4.0 m/s?
Figure P13.38 shows a water-filled syringe with a 4.0-cm-long needle. What is the gauge pressure of the water at the point P, where the needle meets the wider chamber of the syringe? Radius 1.0 cm Radius = 1.0 mm 10 m/s FIGURE P13.38 Pe 4.0 cm
Water flows at 0.25 L/s through a 10-m-long garden hose 2.5 cm in diameter that is lying flat on the ground. The temperature of the water is 20°C. What is the gauge pressure of the water where it enters the hose?
The density of gold is 19,300 kg/m3. 197 g of gold is shaped into a cube. What is the length of each edge?
The density of copper is 8920 kg/m3. How many moles are in a 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm X 2.0 cm cube of copper?
What is the frequency of blue light with a wavelength of 400nm? A. 1.33 X 10³ Hz C. 1.33 X 10¹4 Hz B. 7.50 × 10¹2 Hz D. 7.50 x 10¹4 Hz
The density of aluminum is 2700 kg/m3. How many atoms are in a 2.0 cm X 2.0 cm X 2.0 cm cube of aluminum?
In the deep ocean, a water wave with wavelength 95 m travels at 12 m/s. Suppose a small boat is at the crest of this wave, 1.2 m above the equilibrium position. What will be the vertical position of the boat 5.0 s later?
Ultrasound can be used to deliver energy to tissues for therapy. It can penetrate tissue to a depth approximately 200 times its wavelength. What is the approximate depth of penetration of ultrasound at a frequency of 5.0 MHz? A. 0.29 mm B. 1.4 cm C. 6.2 cm D. 17 cm
Two strings of different linear density are joined together and pulled taut. A sinusoidal wave on these strings is traveling to the right, as shown in Figure Q15.24. When the wave goes across the boundary from string 1 to string 2, the frequency is unchanged. What happens to the velocity?A. The
A sinusoidal wave traveling on a string has a period of 0.20 s, a wavelength of 32 cm, and an amplitude of 3 cm. The speed of this wave is A. 0.60 cm/s. B. 6.4 cm/s. C. 15 cm/s. D. 160 cm/s.
At a rock concert, the sound intensity 1.0 m in front of the bank of loudspeakers is 0.10 W/m2. A fan is 30 m from the loudspeakers. Her eardrums have a diameter of 8.4 mm. How much sound energy is transferred to each eardrum in 1.0 second?
A large solar panel on a spacecraft in Earth orbit produces 1.0 kW of power when the panel is turned toward the sun. What power would the solar cell produce if the spacecraft were in orbit around Saturn, 9.5 times as far from the sun?
The sound intensity from a jack hammer breaking concrete is 2.0 W/m2 at a distance of 2.0 m from the point of impact. This is sufficiently loud to cause permanent hearing damage if the operator doesn't wear ear protection.(a) The sound intensity(b) The sound intensity level for a person watching
A rock band playing an outdoor concert produces sound at 120 dB 5.0 m away from their single working loudspeaker. What is the sound intensity level 35 m from the speaker?
An osprey's call is a distinct whistle at 2200 Hz. An osprey calls while diving at you, to drive you away from her nest. You hear the call at 2300 Hz. How fast is the osprey approaching?
A whistle you use to call your hunting dog has a frequency of 21 kHz, but your dog is ignoring it. You suspect the whistle may not be working, but you can't hear sounds above 20 kHz. To test it, you ask a friend to blow the whistle, then you hop on your bicycle. In which direction should you ride
While anchored in the middle of a lake, you count exactly three waves hitting your boat every 10 s. You raise anchor and start motoring slowly in the same direction the waves are going. When traveling at 1.5 m/s, you notice that exactly two waves are hitting the boat from behind every 10 s. What is
A Doppler blood flow unit emits ultrasound at 5.0 MHz. What is the frequency shift of the ultrasound reflected from blood moving in an artery at a speed of 0.20 m/s?
You're watching a carpenter pound a nail. He hits the nail twice a second, but you hear the sound of the strike when his hammer is fully raised. What is the minimum distance from you to the carpenter? Assume the air temperature is 20°C.
A stout cord is stretched between two fixed supports. You vigorously shake one end of the string and send a sinusoidal wave of wavelength 4.0 m along it at 16 m/s. The amplitude of the motion is 2.0 cm. What are the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of a point on the string as the wave passes?
Write the y-equation for a wave traveling in the negative x-direction with wavelength 50 cm, speed 4.0 m/s, and amplitude 5.0 cm.
A simple pendulum is made by attaching a small cup of sand with a hole in the bot- tom to a 1.2-m-long string. The pendulum is mounted on the back of a small motorized car. As the car drives forward, the pendulum swings from side to side and leaves a trail of sand as shown in Figure P15.67. How
Write the y-equation for a wave traveling in the positive x-direction with frequency 200 Hz, speed 400 m/s, and amplitude 0.010 mm.
a. A typical 100 W lightbulb produces 4.0 W of visible light. (The other 96 W are dissipated as heat and infrared radiation.) What is the light intensity on a wall 2.0 m away from the lightbulb? b. A krypton laser produces a cylindrical red laser beam 2.0 mm in diameter with 2.0 W of power. What
Light can pass easily through water and through air, but light will reflect from the surface of a lake. What does this tell you about the speed of light in air and in water? co www
Bats are sensitive to very small changes in frequency of the reflected waves. What information does this allow them to determine about their prey?A. Size B. Speed C. Distance D. Species
Ocean waves are partially reflected from the entrance to a harbor, where the depth of the water is suddenly less. What does this tell you about the speed of waves in water of different depths?
A string has an abrupt change in linear density at its midpoint so that the speed of a pulse on the left side is 2/3 of that on the right side. a. On which side is the linear density greater? Explain. b. From which side would you start a pulse so that its reflection from the midpoint would not be
A guitarist finds that the frequency of one of her strings is too low by 1.4%. Should she increase or decrease the tension of the string? Explain.
Certain illnesses inflame your vocal cords, causing them to swell. How does this affect the pitch of your voice? Explain.
Refer to the snapshot graph Figure Q 16.20.At t = 1.5 s, what is the value of y at x = 10 cm? A. -2.0 mm B. -1.0 mm C. -0.5 mm D. 0 mm E. 1.0 mm y (mm) 3- c v = +6 cm/s FIGURE Q16.20 Snapshot graph at t=0 s 15 10 v=-6 cm/s 20 +x (cm)
At t = 0 s, a small "upward" (positive y) pulse centered at x = 6.0 m is moving to the right on a string with fixed ends at x = 0.0 m and x = 10.0 m. The wave speed on the string is 4.0 m/s. At what time will the string next have the same appearance that it did at t = 0 s?
Parasaurolophus was a dinosaur whose distinguishing feature was a hollow crest on the head. The 1.5-m-long hol-low tube in the crest had connections to the nose and throat, leading some investigators to hypothesize that the tube was a resonant chamber for vocalization. If you model the tube as an
A drainage pipe running under a freeway is 30.0 m long. Both ends of the pipe are open, and wind blowing across one end causes the air inside to vibrate.a. If the speed of sound on a particular day is 340 m/s, what will be the fundamental frequency of air vibration in this pipe? b. What is the
A student in her physics lab measures the standing-wave modes of a tube. The lowest frequency that makes a resonance is 20 Hz. As the frequency is increased, the next resonance is at 60 Hz. What will be the next resonance after this? A. 80 Hz B. 100 Hz C. 120 Hz D. 180 Hz
An organ pipe is tuned to exactly 384 Hz when the temperature in the room is 20°C. Later, when the air has warmed up to 25°C, the frequency is A. Greater than 384 Hz. B. 384 Hz. C. Less than 384 Hz.

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