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physics
college physics a strategic approach 2nd
College Physics Essentials Electricity And Magnetism Optics Modern Physics Volume Two 8th Edition Jerry D. Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou - Solutions
A wheel rotates about a rigid axis through its center. Do all points on the wheel travel the same distance? How about the same angular distance?
When “clockwise” or “counterclockwise” is used to describe rotational motion, why is a phrase such as “viewed from above” added?
Imagine yourself standing on the edge of an operating merry-go-round. How would your tangential speed be affected if you walked toward the center? (Watch out for the horses going up and down.)
The spin cycle of a washing machine is used to extract water from recently washed clothes. Explain the physical principle(s) involved.
A car increases its speed when it is on a circular track. Does the car have centripetal acceleration? How about angular acceleration? Explain.
Is it possible for a car traveling on a circular track to have angular acceleration, but not centripetal acceleration?
Is it possible for a car traveling on a circular track to have a change in tangential acceleration and no change in centripetal acceleration?
An amusement park merry-go-round at its constant operational speed makes one complete rotation in \(45 \mathrm{~s}\). Two children are on horses, one at \(3.0 \mathrm{~m}\) from the center of the ride and the other farther out, \(6.0 \mathrm{~m}\) from the center. What are(a) the angular speed
A DVD rotates in a player at a constant speed of \(800 \mathrm{rpm}\). What are the DVD's(a) frequency and(b) period of revolution?THINKING IT THROUGH. The relationships for the frequency \((f)\), the period \((T)\), and the angular frequency \((\omega)\) are expressed in Equations 7.7 and 7.8, so
A laboratory centrifuge like that shown in ( Figure 7.11) operates at a rotational speed of 12000 rpm.(a) What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of a red blood cell at a radial distance of \(8.00 \mathrm{~cm}\) from the centrifuge's axis of rotation?(b) How does this acceleration
A ball attached to a string is swung with uniform motion in a horizontal circle above a person's head (Figure 7.12a). If the string breaks, which of the trajectories shown in Figure 7.12b (viewed from above) would the ball follow? (a) String breaks Overhead view (b)
A car approaches a level, circular curve with a radius of \(45.0 \mathrm{~m}\). If the concrete pavement is dry, what is the maximum speed at which the car can negotiate the curve at a constant speed?THINKING IT THROUGH. The car is in uniform circular motion on the curve, so there must be a
Suppose that two masses, \(m_{1}=2.5 \mathrm{~kg}\) and \(m_{2}=3.5 \mathrm{~kg}\), are connected by light strings and are in uniform circular motion on a horizontal frictionless surface as illustrated in Figure 7.13, where \(r_{1}=1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) and \(r_{2}=1.3 \mathrm{~m}\). The tension forces
A \(1.0-\mathrm{m}\) cord is used to suspend a \(0.50-\mathrm{kg}\) tetherball from the top of the pole. After being hit several times, the ball goes around the pole in uniform circular motion with a tangential speed of \(1.1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) at an angle of \(20^{\circ}\) relative to the
A DVD accelerates uniformly from rest to its operational speed of \(570 \mathrm{rpm}\) in \(3.50 \mathrm{~s}\).(a) What is the angular acceleration of the DVD during this time?(b) What is the angular acceleration of the DVD after this time?(c) If the DVD comes uniformly to a stop in \(4.50
A microwave oven has a \(30-\mathrm{cm}\)-diameter rotating plate for even cooking. The plate accelerates from rest at a uniform rate of \(0.87 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\) for \(0.50 \mathrm{~s}\) before reaching its constant operational speed.(a) How many revolutions does the plate make before
The gravitational attractions of the Sun and the Moon give rise to ocean tides. It is sometimes said that since the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun, the Moon's gravitational attraction is much stronger and therefore has a greater influence on ocean tides. Is this true?THINKING IT
Some communication and weather satellites are launched into circular orbits above the Earth's equator so they are synchronous (from the Greek syn-, same, and chronos, time) with the Earth's rotation. That is, they remain "fixed" or "hover" over one point on the equator. At what altitude are these
Two \(50-\mathrm{kg}\) satellites move in circular orbits about the Earth at altitudes of \(1000 \mathrm{~km}\) (about \(620 \mathrm{mi}\) ) and \(36000 \mathrm{~km}\) (about \(22000 \mathrm{mi}\) ), respectively. The lower one monitors particles about to enter the atmosphere, and the higher,
Three masses are in a configuration as shown in Figure 7.20. What is their total gravitational potential energy?THINKING IT THROUGH. Equation 7.21 applies, but be sure to keep your masses and their distances distinct.Equation (7.21): m3 = 2.0 kg (0, 4.0 m) m = 1.0 kg (0, 0) m2 = 2.0 kg (3.0 m, 0) x
The planet Jupiter is the largest in the solar system, both in volume and mass. Jupiter has 79 known moons, the four largest having been discovered by Galileo in 1610. Two of these moons, Io and Europa, are shown in Figure 7.22. Given that Io is an average distance of \(4.22 \times 10^{5}
A spectator standing at the center of a circular running track observes a runner start a practice race 256 m due east of her own position (Figure 7.4). The runner runs on the track to the finish line, which is located north of the observer’s position. What is the distance of the run?THINKING IT
A sailor sights a distant tanker ship and finds that it subtends an angle of 1.15° as illustrated in Figure 7.5a. He knows from the shipping charts that the tanker is 150 m in length. Approximately how far away is the tanker?THINKING IT THROUGH. Note that in Figure 7.3, for small angles, the arc
Figure 1.7a (top) shows the elevation of a location in both feet and meters. Is the conversion correct? ELEVATION 1000 ft 305 m (a)
In Exercise 52, what would be the maximum height of the stone if the boy and the stone were on the surface of the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is only one-sixth of that of the Earth?Exercise 52A boy throws a stone straight upward with an initial speed of 15.0 m/s. What maximum height
Why is weight, not a base quantity?
The current of a 500-m-wide straight river has a flow rate of 2.55 km/h. A motorboat that travels with a constant speed of 8.00 km/h in still water crosses the river (Figure 3.21). (a) If the boat’s bow points directly across the river toward the opposite shore, what is the velocity of the boat
Linear momentum has units of (a) N/m, (b) kg·m/s, (c) N/s, and (d) all of the preceding.
Linear momentum is (a) unrelated to mass, (b) a scalar quantity, (c) a vector quantity, and (d) unrelated to force.
A net force on an object can cause (a) an acceleration, (b) a change in momentum, (c) a change in velocity, (d) all of the preceding.
A change in momentum requires which of the following: (a) an unbalanced force, (b) a change in velocity, (c) an acceleration, or (d) any of these?
Impulse has units (a) of kg·m/s, (b) of N·s, (c) the same as momentum, (d) all of the preceding.
Impulse is equal to (a) FΔx, (b) the change in kinetic energy, (c) the change in momentum, (d) Δp/Δt.
Impulse (a) is the time rate of change of momentum, (b) is the force per unit of time, (c) has the same units as momentum, (d) none of these.
The conservation of linear momentum is described by (a) the momentum-impulse theorem, (b) the work-energy theorem, (c) Newton’s first law, and (d) the conservation of energy.
The linear momentum of an object is conserved if (a) the force acting on the object is conservative, (b) a single, unbalanced internal force is acting on the object, (c) the mechanical energy is conserved, (d) none of the preceding.
Internal forces do not affect the conservation of momentum because (a) they cancel each other, (b) their effects are canceled by external forces, (c) they can never produce a change in velocity, (d) Newton’s second law is not applicable to them.
Which of the following is not conserved in an inelastic collision: (a) momentum, (b) mass, (c) kinetic energy, or (d) total energy?
A rubber ball of mass m traveling horizontally with a speed v hits a wall and bounces back with the same speed. The magnitude of the change in momentum is (a) 0, (b) mv, (c) mv/2, (d) 2mv.
In a head-on elastic collision, a mass m1 strikes a stationary mass m2. There is a complete transfer of energy if (a) m1 = m2, (b) m1 ≫ m2, (c) m1 ≪ m2, (d) the masses stick together.
The condition for a two-object inelastic collision is (a) Kf < Ki, (b) pi ≠ pf, (c) m1 > m2, (d) v1 < v2.
The center of mass of an object (a) always lies at the center of the object, (b) is at the location of the most massive particle in the object, (c) always lies within the object, (d) none of the preceding.
The center of mass and center of gravity coincide (a) if the acceleration due to gravity is constant, (b) if momentum is conserved, (c) if momentum is not conserved, (d) only for irregularly shaped objects.
In a football game, does a fast-running running back always have more linear momentum than a slow-moving, more massive lineman? Explain.
“Follow-through” is very important in many sports, such as in serving a tennis ball. Explain how follow-through can increase the speed of the tennis ball when it is served.
A karate student tries not to follow through in order to break a board, as shown in Figure 6.27. How can the abrupt stop of the hand (with no follow-through) generate so much force? A FIGURE 6.27 A karate chop See Conceptual Question 5 and Exercise 18.
Two identical objects are located a distance d apart. If one of the objects remains at rest and the other moves away with a constant velocity, what is the effect on the center of mass of the system?
If the ball rebounds at the same speed and angle, what is the change in its momentum? 60 60 College Physics Essentials
A 0.30-kg ball with a speed of 2.0 m/s in +x-direction has a head-on elastic collision with a stationary 0.70-kg ball. What are the velocities of the balls after collision? THINKING IT THROUGH. The incoming ball is less massive than the stationary one, so it might be expected that the objects
In Figure 3.23, a spring-loaded “cannon” on a wheeled car fires a metal ball vertically. The car is given a push and set in motion horizontally with constant velocity. A pin is pulled with a string to launch the ball, which travels upward and then falls back into the moving cannon every time.
A student walks on a treadmill moving at 4.0 m/s and remains at the same place in the gym.(a) What is the student’s velocity relative to the gym floor?(b) What is the student’s speed relative to the treadmill?
What are the conditions for two vectors to add to zero?
Can a nonzero vector have a zero x-component? Explain.
A golf ball is hit on a level fairway. When it lands, its velocity vector has rotated through an angle of 90°. What was the launch angle of the golf ball? Pyo By Dyz =0 Uso Range R x max dya
Figure 3.11b shows a situation of one ball dropping from rest, and at the same time, another ball projected horizontally from the same height. The two balls hit the ground at the same time. Explain. t=0 (a) Dyo 0 Imax B (b)
Is it possible for an object’s velocity to be perpendicular to the object’s acceleration? If so, describe the motion.
On Cartesian axes, the x-component of a vector is generally associated with a (a) cosine, (b) sine, (c) tangent,(d) none of the foregoing.
The equation x = xo +vxot + axt 12 2 applies (a) to all kinematic problems, (b) only if you is zero, (c) to constant accelerations, (d) to negative times.
For an object in curvilinear motion, (a) the object’s velocity components are constant, (b) the y-velocity component is necessarily greater than the x-velocity component, (c) there is an acceleration non-parallel to the object’s path, (d) the velocity and acceleration vectors must be at right
Which one of the following cannot be a true statement about an object: (a) It has zero velocity and a nonzero acceleration; (b) it has velocity in the x-direction and acceleration in the y-direction; (c) it has velocity in the y-direction and acceleration in the y-direction; or(d) it has constant
Two linear vectors of magnitudes 3 and 4 are added.The magnitude of the resultant vector is (a) 1, (b) 7,(c) between 1 and
A unit vector has (a) magnitude, (b) direction, (c) neither of these, (d) both of these.
If air resistance is neglected, the motion of an object projected at an angle consists of a uniform downward acceleration combined with (a) an equal horizontal acceleration, (b) a uniform horizontal velocity, (c) a constant upward velocity, (d) an acceleration that is always perpendicular to the
A football is thrown on a long pass. Compared to the ball’s initial horizontal velocity component, the velocity at the highest point is (a) greater, (b) less, (c) the same.
A football is thrown on a long pass. Compared to the ball’s initial vertical velocity, the vertical component of its velocity at the highest point is (a) greater, (b) less,(c) the same.
You are traveling in a car on a straight, level road going 70 km/h. A car coming toward you appears to be traveling 130 km/h. How fast is the other car going? (a) 130 km/h,(b) 60 km/h, (c) 70 km/h, (d) 80 km/h?
Can the displacement of a person’s trip be zero, yet the distance involved in the trip is nonzero? How about the reverse situation? Explain.
An object traveling at a constant velocity vo experiences a constant acceleration in the same direction for a period of time t. Then an acceleration of equal magnitude is experienced in the opposite direction of vo for the same period of time t. What is the object’s final velocity?
You are told that a person has walked 750 m. What can you safely say about the person’s final position relative to the starting point?
If the displacement of an object is 300 m north, what can you say about the distance traveled by the object?
Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Is average speed the magnitude of average velocity? Explain.
The average velocity of a jogger on a straight track is computed to be +5 km/h. Is it possible for the jogger’s instantaneous velocity to be negative at any time during the jog? Explain.
A car is traveling at a constant speed of 60 mi/h on a circular track. Is the car accelerating? Explain.
Does a fast-moving object always have greater acceleration than a slower object? Give a few examples, and explain.
A classmate states that a negative acceleration always means that a moving object is decelerating. Is this statement true? Explain.
Describe the motions of the two objects that have the velocity-versus-time plots shown in Figure 2.19. Velocity 0 Time (a) (b) FIGURE 2.19 Description of motion See Conceptual
If an object’s velocity-versus-time graph is a horizontal line, what can you say about the object’s acceleration?
When a ball is thrown upward, what are its velocity and acceleration at its highest point?
Can the displacement of a person’s trip be zero, yet the distance involved in the trip be nonzero? How about the reverse situation? Explain.
A scalar quantity has (a) only magnitude, (b) only direction, (c) both magnitude and direction.
Which of the following is always true about the magnitude of the displacement: (a) it is greater than the distance traveled; (b) it is equal to the distance traveled;(c) it is less than the distance traveled, or (d) it is less than or equal to the distance traveled?
A vector quantity has (a) only magnitude, (b) only direction, (c) both direction and magnitude.
What can be said about average speed relative to the magnitude of the average velocity?(a) greater than,(b) equal to,(c) less than,(d) both (a) and (b).
Distance is to displacement as (a) a scalar is to a scalar,(b) a vector is to a scalar, (c) a scalar is to a vector,(d) a vector is to a vector.
On a position-versus-time plot for an object that has a constant acceleration, the graph is (a) a horizontal line,(b) a non-horizontal and non-vertical straight line,(c) a vertical line, (d) a curve.
An acceleration may result from (a) an increase in speed, (b) a decrease in speed, (c) a change of direction,(d) all of the preceding.
A negative acceleration can cause(a) an increase in speed,(b) a decrease in speed,(c) either (a) or (b).
The gas pedal of an automobile is commonly referred to as the accelerator. Which of the following might also be called an accelerator: (a) the brakes, (b) the steering wheel, (c) the gear shift, or (d) all of the preceding?
For a constant acceleration, what changes uniformly?(a) acceleration, (b) velocity, (c) displacement,(d) distance.
Which one of the following is true for a deceleration?(a) The velocity remains constant. (b) The acceleration is negative. (c) The acceleration is in the direction opposite to the velocity. (d) The acceleration is zero.
For a constant linear acceleration, the velocity-versus time graph is (a) a horizontal line, (b) a vertical line,(c) a non-horizontal and non-vertical straight line,(d) a curved line.
For a constant linear acceleration, the position-versus time graph would be (a) a horizontal line, (b) a vertical line, (c) a non-horizontal and non-vertical straight line,(d) a curve.
Example In January 2004, a Mars Exploration Rover touched down on the surface of Mars and rolled out for exploration (▼ Figure
A couple in a sport-utility vehicle (SUV) is traveling at 90 km/h on a straight highway. The driver sees an accident in the distance and slows down to 40 km/h in
As discussed, the metric unit of mass was originally related to length, with a liter (1000 cm3) of water having a mass of 1 kg. The standard metric unit of volume is the cubic meter (m3) and this volume of water was used to define a larger unit of mass called the metric ton (or tonne, as it is
A professor puts two equations on the board: (a) v = vo + at and(b) x = v/(2a), where x is distance in meters (m); v and vo are velocities in meters/second (m/s); a is acceleration in(meters/second)/second, or meters/second2 (m/s2); and t is time in seconds (s). Are the equations dimensionally
The world record of men’s pole vault is 6.16 m while the female record is 5.06 m. What is the difference in these heights in feet?THINKING IT THROUGH. After using the correct conversion factor, the rest is arithmetic.
Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels of the body, connect the arterial system with the venous system and supply our tissues with oxygen and nutrients (Figure 1.8). It is estimated that if all of the capillaries of an average adult were unwound and spread out end to end, they would extend to a
A hall bulletin board has an area of 2.5 m2. What is this area in(a) square centimeters (cm2) and (b) square inches (in2)?THINKING IT THROUGH. This problem is a conversion of area units, and we know that 1 m = 100 cm. So, some squaring must be done to get square meters related to square centimeters.
A grocery store has a sale on sodas. A 2-liter bottle sells for \($1.35,\) and the price of a half-gallon bottle is \($1.32.\) Which is the better buy?THINKING IT THROUGH. The answer is obtained by knowing the price per common volume. This means that liters must be converted to quarts or vice
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