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physics
conceptual physical science

Questions and Answers of Conceptual Physical Science

If high-silica minerals are the last to crystallize, why aren’t high-silica minerals the last to melt?
If a magma contains molten forms of mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would crystallize last as the magma cools?
If a magma contains molten forms of mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would crystallize first as the magma cools?
If a rock contains mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would melt last as temperature increases?
If a rock contains mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would melt first as temperature rises?
How are ferromagnesian silicates different from nonferromagnesian silicates?
What two mineral groups provide most of the ore that society needs?
What two minerals make up most of the sand in the world?
Silicon is essential for the computer industry in making microchips. Can silicon be mined directly from Earth? Defend your answer.
How are minerals classified?
For identifying metallic minerals, why is streak more useful than color?
Is cleavage the same thing as crystal form? Why or why not?
Imagine that we have a liquid with a density of 3.5 g/cm3. Knowing that objects of higher density will sink in the liquid, will a piece of quartz sink or float in the liquid? How about a piece of
What makes gold so soft (easily scratched) while quartz and diamond are so much harder?
While you are hiking in the wilderness, you find a shiny, glassy-looking mineral. What physical test could you use to determine whether this mineral is a diamond?
Why is color not always the best way to identify a mineral?
The factors that influence bond strength influence mineral hardness. What are these factors?
What do we call minerals that have the same combination of elements but a different arrangement of elements?
Other than location, what is the primary difference between Earth’s core and Earth’s crust? Explain.
Rank the following stages of sedimentary rock formation from first to last:(a) Erosion,(b) Lithification,(c) Weathering,(d) Deposition.
In partial melting, rocks and minerals with a low melting temperature melt more easily. Rank these minerals in order of partial melting:(a) Quartz,(b) Feldspar,(c) Olivine,(d) Pyroxene.
Different minerals crystallize at different times. Rank the following minerals in their order of crystallization:(a) Quartz,(b) Feldspar,(c) Olivine,(d) Pyroxene.
Rank these rock-forming minerals from most abundant to least abundant:(a) Silicates,(b) Carbonates,(c) Sulfates,(d) Phosphates.
Most minerals can be identified by their physical properties. Rank the following properties used for mineral identification from most useful to least useful:(a) Color,(b) Hardness,(c) Streak,(d)
Chemical bond strength greatly influences certain physical properties of a mineral. Rank these properties as to how much (from most to least) they are affected by chemical bonding.(a) Color,(b)
Each of the following statements describes one or more characteristics of a particular metamorphic rock. Name the rock for each statement, then rank them from low-grade to high-grade.(a) Foliated
Rank the magma types in order of increasing (low to high) silica content:(a) Basaltic,(b) Granitic,(c) Andesitic.
Mineral hardness depends on chemical bond strength. From hardest to softest, rank the following minerals:(a) Quartz,(b) Diamond,(c) Gold.
When Earth first formed, it’s elements were distributed evenly. Rank, from first to last, the episodes that brought about Earth’s uneven distribution of elements:(a) Gravitational contraction
What are the mass percentages of the oxides MgO, FeO, and SiO2 in pyroxene, MgFeSi2O6? Give your answers in whole numbers.(a) How many kilograms of silica are in 225 kg of pyroxene?(b) If 325 kg of
Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3. A 5-gal pail of water (density of water = 1.0 g/cm3) has a mass of about 18 kg. What is the mass of a 5-gal pail of gold?
The freezing, then thawing, of three common refrigerator items—ice, butter, and cheese—will help solidify your understanding of partial melting.Step 1. Mix cubes of ice, butter, and cheese
Look at some crystals of table salt under a microscope or a magnifying glass and observe their generally cubic shapes. There’s no machine at the salt factory specifically designed to give salt
Rock candy is a great example of crystallization in a supersaturated solution. Dissolve as much sugar as possible in some boiling water, then allow the solution to cool. To form crystals you need a
To see how various elements can separate from one another fill an empty large-mouthed jar (for example, a peanut butter jar) with sand, pebbles, coarse gravel, and small styrofoam pellets (perlite).
In contact metamorphism, water-rich, low-melting temperature minerals are found far away from the contact zone. Give two examples of such minerals.
Distinguish between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks.
What is metamorphism? What causes it?
How are most carbonate rocks formed?
What is the most abundant carbonate rock?
What are the three most common clastic sedimentary rocks?
What is a clastic sedimentary rock?
How does weathering produce sediment? Distinguish between weathering and erosion.
In Earth’s interior, does temperature increase or decrease with depth?
What is the primary determining factor for a rock’s melting/crystallization point?
With respect to the silica content of the parent rock, what type of magma does partial melting produce?
What is meant by partial melting?
What are the most common igneous rocks, and where do they generally occur?
Name the three major types of rocks and describe the conditions of their origin.
When water evaporates from a body of water, what type of sediment is left behind?
As minerals crystallize in cooling magma, which minerals are the first to crystallize: The minerals with lower amounts of silica or the minerals with higher amounts of silica?
What are two sources from which minerals crystallize?
Describe the process of crystallization.
What is the most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust? What is the second most abundant mineral?
Silicate minerals are subdivided into ferromagnesian silicates and nonferromagnesian silicates. What two factors contribute to this subdivision?
What is the difference between a silicate mineral and a nonsilicate mineral?
What is a polymorph?
Most mineral samples do not display their crystal forms. Why not?
What physical properties are used to identify minerals?
What does inorganic mean in the definition of a mineral?
What is the most abundant element in Earth’s crust? What is the second most abundant element?
What is the most abundant element for Earth as a whole?
What three sources of heat contributed to the melting and density segregation of early Earth?
How did density segregation contribute to Earth’s internal layers?
Go online and look up the total synthesis of the anticancer drug Taxol. With this major accomplishment in mind, discuss the relative merits of specializing in a single area versus becoming an expert
Alkaloid salts are not very soluble in the organic solvent diethyl ether. What might happen to the free-base form of caffeine dissolved in diethyl ether if gaseous hydrogen chloride, HCl, were
The solvent diethyl ether can be mixed with water but only by shaking the two liquids together. After the shaking is stopped, the liquids separate into two layers, much like oil and vinegar. The
Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by photosynthetic plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the nutrient
Citral and camphor are both 10-carbon odoriferous natural products made from the joining of two isoprene units plus the addition of a carbonyl functional group. Shown below are their chemical
The polymer styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), shown below, is used for making tires as well as bubble gum. Is it an addition polymer or a condensation polymer? SBR
Hydrocarbons release a lot of energy when ignited. Where does this energy come from?
Would you expect polypropylene to be more dense or less dense than low-density polyethylene? Why?
The disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, also known as EDTA, has a great affinity for lead ions, Pb2+. Why? Can you think of any useful applications of this chemistry? Na+ Na + _0° N -
What products are formed upon the reaction of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide, NaOH? One of these products is a common food preservative. Can you name it?
Suggest an explanation why aspirin has a sour taste.
An amino acid is an organic molecule that contains both an amine group and a carboxyl group. At an acidic pH, which structure is most likely? Explain your answer. но (a) Н— N— С—с Н но
The amino acid lysine is shown below. What functional group must be removed in order to produce cadaverine, as shown in Figure 19.18?Figure 19.18 NH2 * NH, НО Lysine H,N H,N NH2 NH2 Putrescine
If you saw the label phenylephrine . HCl on a decongestant, would you worry that consuming it would expose you to the strong acid hydrochloric acid? Explain. НО Н It H Но. N. CI- CH3
In water, does the following molecule act as an acid, a base, neither, or both?
Draw all the structural isomers for amines having the molecular formula C3H9N.
The phosphoric acid salt of caffeine has the structureThis molecule behaves as an acid in that it can donate a hydrogen ion, created from the hydrogen atom bonded to the positively charged nitrogen
What is the percent volume of water in 80-proof vodka?
Why do ethers typically have lower boiling points than alcohols?
An ether is to an alcohol as an ester is to(a) A phenol.(b) A carboxylic acid.(c) An amide.(d) An ether.
According to Figure 19.3, which has the higher boiling point: gasoline or kerosene?Figure 19.3 - Natural gas COOLER Gasoline Fractionating tower Kerosene Pipe still Diesel Lubricants Crud e oil Crude
How many structural isomers are shown here?
Draw all the structural isomers for hydrocarbons having the molecular formula C6H14.
Why does the melting point of hydrocarbons increase as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases?
What property of carbon allows for the formation of so many different organic molecules?
Rank the following organic molecules in order of increasing solubility in water: Н CI- -н (b) (c) (a)
Rank the following organic molecules in order of increasing solubility in water: ОН ОН ОН (b) (c) (a)
Rank the following hydrocarbons in order of increasing number of hydrogen atoms: (a) (b) (c)
Rank the following molecules in order of the phase they form at room temperature: solid, liquid, gas.a.b. CH3CH2CH2CH3c. CH3CH2CH2CH2 - OH CHз H;C- C- ОН Н
A property of polymers is their glass transition temperature, Tg, which is the approximate temperature below which the polymer is hard and rigid, but above which the polymer is soft and flexible. The
What is a copolymer?
Why is plastic wrap made of polyvinylidene chloride stickier than plastic wrap made of polyethylene?
What is released in the formation of a condensation polymer?
What happens to the double bond of a monomer participating in the formation of an addition polymer?
From what naturally occurring compound is aspirin prepared?
How are amides and carboxylic acids related to each other? How are they different from each other?

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