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physics
conceptual physical science

Questions and Answers of Conceptual Physical Science

To be in mechanical equilibrium, an object must be(a) at rest.(b) moving at constant velocity.(c) either at rest or moving at constant velocity.(d) neither at rest nor moving at constant velocity.
When you stand on two bathroom scales, one foot on each scale with your weight evenly distributed, each scale will read(a) your weight.(b) half your weight.(c) zero.(d) actually more than your weight.
If an object moves along a straight-line path at constant speed, then it must be(a) accelerating.(b) acted on by a force.(c) both of these(d) neither of these
What is the net force on a box that is being pushed to the left with a force of 40 N while it is also being pushed to the right with a force of 50 N?(a) 10 N to the left(b) 10 N to the right(c) 90 N
Neglecting air resistance, when you toss a rock upward, by about how much does its upward speed decrease each second?(a) 10 m>s(b) 10 m>s2(c) The answer depends on the initial speed.(d) none of these
During each second of free fall, the speed of an object(a) increases by the same amount.(b) changes by increasing amounts.(c) remains constant.(d) doubles.
In 2.0 s, a car increases its speed from 30 km>h to 35 km>h while a bicycle goes from rest to 6 km>h. Which has the greater acceleration?(a) the car(b) the bicycle(c) The accelerations are equal.(d)
A freely falling object has a speed of 40 m>s at one instant. Exactly 1 s later its speed will be(a) the same.(b) 10 m>s.(c) 45 m>s.(d) greater than 45 m>s.
What is Newton’s first law of motion?
What is Newton’s second law of motion?
What is the acceleration of a 10-N freely falling object with no air resistance?
What two quantities does air resistance depend on?
Who falls faster when wearing the same-size parachute—a heavy person or a light person—or do both fall at the same speed?
What is Newton’s third law of motion?
Do action and reaction forces act in succession or simultaneously?
What is needed to accelerate a system?
Cite three examples of a vector quantity. Then cite three examples of a scalar quantity.
How great is the resultant of two equal-magnitude vectors at right angles to each other?
According to the parallelogram rule, what does the diagonal of a constructed parallelogram represent?
Can it be said that, when two vectors are at right angles to each other, the resultant is greater than either of the vectors separately?
When a vector at an angle is resolved into horizontal and vertical components, can it be said that each component has less magnitude than the original vector?
What is gliding locomotion?
Why is having a large surface area important for effective gliding?
Describe some of the physical characteristics that gliding organisms have evolved to increase their surface area.
Explain how Newton’s third law underlies many forms of animal locomotion—from fish, to birds, to humans.
A squid propels itself forward by pushing water backward.Why does this occur?
When you walk, what is the force that pushes you forward?
Why does a duck in an oil spill find it difficult to walk?
You push with a 20-N horizontal force on a 2-kg mass resting on a horizontal surface. The horizontal friction force is 12 N. Show that the acceleration is 4 m/s2.
You push with a 40-N horizontal force on a 4-kg mass resting on a horizontal surface. The horizontal friction force is 12 N. Show that the acceleration is 7 m/s2.
A cart of mass 1 kg is accelerated at 1 m>s2 by a force of 1 N. Show that a 2-kg cart pushed with a 2-N force would also accelerate at 1 m/s2.
A 747 jumbo jet of mass 30,000 kg experiences a 30,000-N thrust for each of four engines during takeoff. Show that its acceleration is 4 m/s2.
Suppose the jumbo jet in Exercise 48 flies against an air resistance of 90,000 N while the thrust of all four engines is 100,000 N. Show that its acceleration will be about 0.3 m/s2. What will the
A boxer punches a sheet of paper in midair, bringing it from rest to a speed of 25 m/s in 0.05 s. If the mass of the paper is 0.003 kg, show that the force the boxer exerts on it is only 1.5 N.
Suppose that you are standing on a skateboard near a wall and you push on the wall with a force of 30 N.(a) How hard does the wall push on you? (b) Show that if your mass is 60 kg your acceleration
Horizontal forces of 3 N and 4 N act at right angles on a block of mass 5 kg. Show that the resulting acceleration is 1 m/s2.
At what stage in a parachute jump are velocity and acceleration in opposite directions? At what stage does acceleration become zero while falling continues?
If Earth exerts a gravitational force of 1000 N on an orbiting communications satellite, how much force does the satellite exert on Earth?
What is the net force on the stone in Exercise 81 when it is at the top of its path? What is its instantaneous velocity?What is its acceleration?Exercise 81Suppose that the string in Exercise 80
When your hand turns the handle of a faucet, water comes out. Do your push on the handle and the water coming out constitute an action–reaction pair? Discuss.
When air drag builds up to equal the combined weight of Dick and Jane in their tandem skydive, a terminal velocity of nearly 200 km/h is reached. How would this terminal velocity compare for each if
If an object moves along a curved path, then it must be(a) accelerating.(b) acted on by a force.(c) both of these(d) none of these
As mass is added to a pushed object, its acceleration(a) increases.(b) decreases.(c) remains constant.(d) quickly reaches zero.
A ball rolls down a curved ramp as shown. As its speed increases, its rate of gaining speed(a) increases.(b) decreases.(c) remains unchanged.(d) none of these
A heavy rock and a light rock in free fall (zero air resistance) have the same acceleration. The reason the heavy rock doesn’t have a greater acceleration is that the(a) force due to gravity is the
You drop a basketball off the edge of the tallest building on your campus. While the ball falls, its speed(a) and acceleration both increase.(b) increases and its acceleration decreases.(c) and
A karate chop delivers a force of 3000 N to a board that breaks. The force that the board exerts on the hand during this event is(a) less than 3000 N.(b) 3000 N.(c) greater than 3000 N.(d)More
Two parachutists, a heavy person and a light person, jumping from the same altitude have the same size parachute.Which reaches the ground first?(a) The heavy person hits the ground first.(b) The
The amount of air resistance that acts on a wingsuit flyer(and a flying squirrel) depends on the flyer’s(a) area.(b) speed.(c) area and speed.(d) acceleration.
When you push a marble with a 0.5-N force, the marble(a) accelerates at 10 m/s2.(b) resists being pushed with its own 0.5 N.(c) will likely not move.(d) pushes on you with a 0.5-N force.
The force that propels a rocket is provided by(a) gravity.(b) Newton’s laws of motion.(c) its exhaust gases.(d) the atmosphere against which the rocket pushes.
What were Aristotle’s two main classifications of motion?
What two main ideas of Aristotle did Galileo discredit?
What is the name of the property of objects to maintain their states of motion?
Which depends on gravity—weight or mass?
Where would your weight be greater—on Earth or on the Moon? Where would your mass be greater?
One kg weighs 10 N on Earth. Would it weigh more or less on the Moon?
Which has the greater density—1 kg of water or 10 kg of water?
What test tells us whether or not a moving object is in equilibrium?
If we push a crate at constant velocity, how does friction acting on the crate compare with our pushing force?
What equation shows the relationship among speed, distance, and time.
How can you be at rest and also moving at 100,000 km>h at the same time?
What equation shows the relationship among velocity, time, and acceleration?
Why does the unit of time appear twice in the definition of acceleration?
When you toss a ball upward, by how much does its upward speed decrease each second?
Joints are places where bones meet. Many of them, such as the ball-and-socket joints in your shoulders and hips, are bathed with synovial fluid, a viscous substance resembling the white of an egg.
Describe one phenomenon from each of the major natural sciences—physics, chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy—in which friction plays a major and interesting role.
Is it more correct to say that friction prevents earthquakes or that friction causes earthquakes? Justify your answer.
When during a jump is your speed zero?
What are some anatomical features that affect an animal’s jumping ability?
Roll cans of different masses across the floor at equal initial speeds and notice the effect of inertia and friction on how far each can rolls.
Show that the acceleration of a rock that reaches a speed of 40 m>s in 4 s is 10 m>s2.
Suppose that a 30-N force and a 20-N force act on an object.(a) Show that when both forces act in the same direction the resultant force is 50 N.(b) Show that when the forces act in opposite
A horizontal force of 100 N is required to push a box across a floor at a constant velocity.(a) Show that the net force acting on the box is zero.(b) Show that the friction force that acts on the box
A firefighter with a mass of 100 kg slides down a vertical pole at a constant speed. Show that the force of friction provided by the pole is about 1000 N.
The ocean’s level is currently rising at about 1.5 mm per year. Show that at this rate the sea level will be 3 m higher in 2000 years.
A vehicle changes its velocity from 90 km>h to a dead stop in 10 s. Show that its acceleration in doing so is-2.5 m>s2.
A ball is thrown straight up with an initial speed of 40 m>s.(a) Show that its time in the air is about 8 s.(b) Show that the ball’s maximum height, neglecting air resistance, is about 80 m.
Extend Table 2.2 (which gives values from 0 to 5 s) from 6 to 10 s, assuming no air resistance.
One gram of lead has a mass of 11.3 g>cm3. What is its density? Two grams of aluminum have a mass of 5.4 g>cm3. What is the density of aluminum?
Which has the greater density—5 kg of lead or 10 kg of aluminum?
Can we accurately say that, if something moves at constant velocity, there are no forces acting on it? Explain.
At the moment an object that has been tossed upward into the air reaches its highest point, is it in equilibrium?Defend your answer.
A destination 120 mi away is posted on a highway sign, and the speed limit is 60 mi>h. If you drive at the posted speed, will you reach the destination in 2 h or in more than 2 h?
What launched the era of modern science in the 17th century?
Why do we believe that focusing on math too early is a mistake in an introductory science course?
Specifically, what do we mean when we say that a scientific hypothesis must be testable?
Is any hypothesis that is not scientific necessarily unreasonable?Explain.
How did Galileo disprove Aristotle’s idea that heavy objects fall faster than light objects?
Distinguish among a scientific fact, a hypothesis, a law, and a theory.
How does the definition of the word theory differ in science versus in everyday life?
Your friend says that scientific theories cannot be believed because they are always changing. What can you say to counter this argument?
What is meant by the term supernatural, and why doesn’t science deal with the supernatural?
Why do religious questions—such as What is the nature of the human spirit?—lie outside of the domain of science?
In what sense does physics underlie chemistry?
In what sense is biology more complex than the physical sciences?
Why should we study integrated science?
What two scientific disciplines were needed to understand the curious behavior of the Antarctic amphipods?
When was a control used in the investigation of the amphipods and sea butterflies? Why was a control necessary?
What was McClintock and Baker’s hypothesis? Was it a scientific hypothesis? Why?

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